104  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

*605.    H.  gigaiiteus,  L.  Th. 

Low  grounds;  variable.    Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  Ann  Arbor:  Macomb  Co.,  and  northward.    Common. 

*606.    H.  divaricatus,   L.  Th. 

Dry  woods.    Common. 

607.    H.  hirsutus,  Raf.  S. 

Dry  soil;  Ann  Arbor,  and  S.  W. 

*608.    H.   strumosus,  L.  C.  &  S. 

Dry  soil.    Frequent. 

609.    H.  tracheliifolius,  Willd.  C.  &  S. 

Copses.    8.  Mich.,— Wright's  Cat;  Macomb  Co.,— Dr.  D.  Cooley. 

*610.    H.  decapetalus,  L.  L.  P. 

Low  grounds.    Frequent. 

*611.    H.  tuberosus,     L.    Jerusalem  Artichoke. 
Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens. 

2O8.     ACTINOMERIS,  Nutt, 

612.  A.  squarrosa,  Nutt.  S. 

Rich  soil.  S.  Mich.- Wright's  Cat.;  Dundee,— Wheeler;  Islands  in  the  Detroit  river,— Maclagan, 
Can.  Cat. 

2O9.     COREOPSIS,  L.    TICKSEED. 

613.  C.  laiiceolata,  L.  Th. 

Sandy  shores  of  Lake  Huron;  sand  hills,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K.;  sandy  plains  near  Baldwin,— Dr. 
Beal;  south  to  Macomb  Co.,— Cooley. 

614.  var.    augustifolia,  T.  &  G. 

Shore  of  Little  Traverse  Bay  and  Lake  Superior. 

615.  C.  palmata,   Nutt.  S. 
S.  Mich.,— Wright's  Cat. ;  shore  of  Barren  Lake,— Wheeler,  1890;  Gull  Prairie,— Dr.  Houghton,  1838. 

616.  C.  vertieillata,  L. 

Samaria,  Monroe  Co.,  Grand  Rapids,— Wheeler. 

617.  C.  tripteris,  L.    Tall  Coreopsis.  S. 
Detroit;  Macomb  Co.;  Oakland  Co.;  S.  Mich.,— Wright's  Cat. ;  Ionia;  Grand  Rapids. 

*618.    C.  tricliosperma,  Michx.,  var.  tenuiloba,  Gray.  C.  &  S. 

Swamps.  Flint;  Montcalm  Co.;  Ionia  Co.;  S.  Mich.— Wright's  Cat.  Common  in  pine  country, 
infrequent  elsewhere.  Flowers  a  beautiful  golden  yellow.  Frequently,  in  September,  swamps  of  large 
eize  may  be  seen  so  full  of  this  Coreopsis  that  at  a  little  distance  they  seem  one  mass  of  yellow. 

619.  C.  aristosa,  Michx.  C.  &  S. 
S.  Mich.— Univ.  Herb. 

620.  C.  discoidea,  Torr.  &  Gray. 
Wet  ground.    Ionia  Co.    Scarce. 

21O.     BIDETS,  L.    BUR-MARIGOLD. 
*  621.    B.  frondosa,  L.    Common  Beggar-ticks.    Stick-tight.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    A  troublesome  weed.    Common. 

*622.    B.  connata,  Muhl.    Swamp  Beggar- ticks.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Common. 

*623.  var.  comosa,  Gray. 

Infrequent. 

*624.    B.  cernua,  L.    Smaller  Bur-Marigold.  Th. 

Wet  places.    Cheboygan  Co., — Kofoid.     Southward.    Frequent. 

*625.    B.  clirysaiitliemoides,  Michx.    Larger  Bur-Marigold.  Th. 

Swamps.    Common. 


FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN.  105 

*626.    B.  Becrkii,  Torr.    Water  Marigold. 

S.  Mich.— Wright's  Cat. ;  Ann  Arbor;  Wexford  Co.,— Cooley;  Manistee,— E.  J.  Hill;  Indian  River,- 
Wheeler.    Rare. 

211.     HEL.ENIUM,  L..    SNEEZE-WEED. 
*627.    H.  autumiiale,  L.  C.  &  S. 

River  banks.    Common. 

212.     ANTHEMIS,  L.     CHAMOMILE. 

*628.     A.  COTULA,  DC.     May- weed.     Dog-Fennel.  Th. 

Roadsides,  etc.    Common. 

629.    A.  ARVENSIS,  L.    Corn  Chamomile. 
Introduced.    Three  Rivers,— Wheeler;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

213.     ACHIL.L.EA,  L.     YARROW. 

*630.    A.  Millefolium,  L.    Common  Yarrow  or  Milfoil.  Th. 

Fields.    Common. 

631.  A.  PTARMICA,  L.     Sneeze  wort. 
Mich.,— Gray's  Manual.    Rare. 

214.     MATKICAKIA,  Tourn.    WILD  CHAMOMILE. 

632.  M.  INODORA,  L. 
Flint,— Dr.  D.  Clark. 

215.     CHRYSANTHEMUM,  Tourn.     OX-EYE  DAISY. 

*633.    C.  LEUCANTHEMUM,  L.    Ox-eye  or  White  Daisy.  Th. 

Meadows  and  pastures.    A  vile  weed,  becoming  frequent  in  E.  &  S.  parts  of  the  State. 

*634.     C.  BALSAMITA,  L.,  var.  TANACETOIDES,  Boiss.     Mint-Geranium. 
Escaped  from  gardens. 

216.     TANACETUM,  L.    TANSY. 

*635.     T.  VULGARE,  L.     Common  Tansy. 
Escaped  from  gardens.    Frequent. 

636.    T.  Huroiieiise,  Nutt. 
Sand  dunes  at  the  head  of  Little  Traverse  Bay,  and  northward.    Frequent. 

217.     ARTEMISIA,  L.    WORMWOOD. 

*  637.    A.  caudata,  Michx.  C.  &  S. 

Sandy  fields.    Ionia  Co.;  Montcalm  Co. ;  S.  Haven,— Bailey.    Infrequent.     , 

638.  A.  Canadeiisis,  Michx.  Th. 
Sand  dunes.    Barren  Lake ;  New  Buffalo,— Wheeler ;  Ottawa  Co.;  Emmet  Co.;  to  Lake  Superior. 

639.  A.  Ludoviciana,  Nutt.    Western  Mugwort. 

Dry  banks.    Niles,— J.  T.  Scoville,  Univ.  Herb.;  Keweenaw  Co.,— Farwell.    Rare. 

640.  A.  VULGARIS,  TJ.    Common  Mugwort. 
Waste'places.   Infrequent. 

*S41.    A.  bieimis,  Willd. 

A  road-side  weed,  lately  introduced  from  the  west  and  extending  throughout  the  State. 

642.    A.  ABSINTHIUM,  L.     Common  Wormwood. 
Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  Gratiot  Co.    Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens. 

•218.     TUSSIL.AGO,  Tourn.    COLTSFOOT. 

*643.    T.  Farfara,  L. 

Saultde  Ste.  Marie,— Whitney's  Cat. ;  Washington.  Macomb  Co.,— W.  A.  Brotherton. 


$5$ 

G 


MICHIGAN  FLORA. 


PREPARED    FOR  THE    THIRTIETH    ANNUAL    REPORT    OF    THE 

SECRETARY  OF  THE  STATE  BOARD  OF 

AGRICULTURE 


BY  W.  J.  BEAL,  M.  S.,  Ph.  D.,  AND   C.  F.  WHEELER,  B.  S. 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE.  MICHIGAN. 


G 


PREFACE. 


The  work  which  forms  the  basis  of  this  catalogue  of  Michigan  plants 
is  a  "Catalogue  of  the  Phsenogamous  and  Vascular  Cryptogamous  Plants 
of  Michigan,  Indigenous,  Naturalized  and  Adventive,  by  Charles  F. 
Wheeler  and  Erwin  F.  Smith,"  which  was  published  in  the  tenth  annual 
report  of  the  State  Horticultural  Society,  1880.  Some  years  siuce  E.  F. 
Smith  was  appointed  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture  a  special  agent  to 
investigate  the  Peach  Yellows.  The  loss  of  Dr.  Smith's  assistance  in  the 
preparation  of  this  revision  is  deeply  regretted.  Much  new  matter  is 
added  in  the  introduction  which,  it  is  hoped,  will  make  the  work  useful  to 
agriculturists,  horticulturists,  and  all  persons  interested  in  floriculture, 
forestry,  etc.  The  catalogue  proper  has  been  revised  and  corrected  as  far 
as  possible.  With  few  exceptions,  the  sixth  edition  of  Gray's  Manual  has 
been  followed  in  the  arrangement  of  orders  and  genera,  and  in  nomenclat- 
ure. We  do  not  thereby  wholly  indorse  the  conservatism  of  that  excellent 
work,  but  as  this  catalogue  is  prepared  mainly  for  the  use  of  those  persons 
to  whom  Gray's  Botany  is  perhaps  the  only  accessible  book  on  the  subject, 
we  feel  justified  in  using  it  as  a  basis  of  nomenclature. 

A  large  majority  of  the  plants  admitted  to  this  list  have  been  collected 
by  the  compilers  in  different  parts  of  the  State- during  the  past  twenty-five 
years  and,  with  very  few  exceptions,  the  name  of  no  plant  is  published  of 
which  there  is  not  an  authentic  specimen  in  some  herbarium,  public  or 
private. 

A  large  number  of  species  of  mosses,  liverworts,  saprophytic  and  para- 
sitic fungi  have  been  collected,  a  separate  catalogue  of  which  may  be 
published  in  the  future.  Any  one  finding  plants  which  are  not  in  this 
list,  or  new  stations  for  rare  plants,  should  send  us  notice  of  the  locality, 
with  specimens,  if  possible. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  publication  of  this  list  will  stimulate  local  observers 
and  collectors  in  all  parts  of  the  State  to  assist  in  contributing  to  the 
60 


.:»V.,:V'  PREFACE. 

better  knowledge  of  our  plants,  especially  in  the  matter  of  geographical 
distribution.     M.  S.  Bebb  has  kindly  looked  over  specimens  of  our  Wil- 
lows.    The  genus  Carex  has  been  corrected  by  Prof.  L.  H.  Bailey.     To 
G.  H.  Hicks  we  are  greatly  indebted  for  assistance  in  revision,  copying 
and  proof  reading. 
AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,   ) 
Mich.,  April  25,  1892.       \ 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE  . 

Bibliography 7 

Herbaria  consulted 8 

Local  lists  consulted 9 

Topography 9 

Regions — 

A.  Southeastern  littoral  region 10 

B.  South  central  region 11 

C.  Sagi naw  Valley  region 11 

D.  Southwestern  littoral  region 12 

E.  North  central  region 12 

F.  Northeastern  littoral  region '_ 13 

G.  Northwestern  littoral  region 13 

H.    Eastern  Upper  Peninsula  region 13 

I.     Marquette  region : 14 

J.    Keweenaw  region 14 

Climate  and  distribution . 14 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  Miphigan  compared  with  those  of  the  rest  of  the  world 17 

Why  has  Michigan  so  many  trees  and  Great  Britain  so  few? 18 

Flora  of  the  Jack  Pine  Plains 19 

a.  Those  most  common 19 

b.  Those  less  frequent 20 

Plants  peculiar  to  the  prairies . 21 

Comparison  of  the  flora  of  the  eastern  and  the  western  sides  of  the  State  in  lati- 
tude 40°  41' 21 

a.  Northern  plants  found  on  the  east  side  of  the  State  and  not  on  the  weet__  21 

b.  Southern  plants  found  on  the  west  side  of  the  State  and  not  on  the  east--  21 

Plants  supposed  to  have  immigrated  from  the  northeast 22 

Plants  supposed  to  have  immigrated  from  the  north  and  west 22 

Overlapping  of  northern  and  southern  species  in  the  Grand  River  Valley 22 

Southern  species 22 

Planting  the  roadside  and  about  the  home 23 

Planting  a  grove 24 

Planting  a  wild  garden 25 

Autumn  foliage 27 

Native  trees  selected  for  the  color  of  their  leaves  in  autumn 28 

a.  Green 28 

b.  Brown _ 28 

c.  Yellow  and  orange _._  29 

d.  Scarlet,  crimson,  red ,. 29 

Native  small  trees  or  shrubs  distinguished  for  their  flowers 29 

Native  trees  or  shrubs  distinguished  for  their  beautiful  fruit 30 

List  of  native  trees  and  shrubs  distinguished  for  showy  or  brilliant  colored  bark  30 

Native  climbing  plants _  _  31 

1.  Root  climbers ._ _       _       _  .31 

2.  Twiners •__ 31 

a.  Woody  twiners 31 

b.  Herbaceous  twiners 31 

3.  Leaf  climbers 31 

4.  Tendril  climbers 31 

5.  Climbing  by  recurved  prickles 31 

Native  plants  which  are  very  light  colored 31 

a.  Glaucous 31 

b.  Clothed  with  white  hairs  ._  32 


J  .S*.  •••'  CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

A  list  of  small  evergreens _ - - 

Bronze  evergreens 

Plants  suitable  for  winter  bouquets 

Native  bog  and  marsh  plants  which  are  promising  for  cultivation 

Native  aquatic  plants  most  worthy  of  cultivation 35 

A  list  of  native  ferns  most  promising  for  cultivation 35 

a.  Thriving  in  sun  or  shade  in  poor  soil 35 

b.  Thriving  in  cool  rocky  places 35 

c.  Thriving  in  bogs  or  swamps 35 

d.  Thriving  in  rich  woods  __ 35 

The  procession  of  flowers 36 

A.  Flowers  of  April '_ 36 

B.  Flowers  of  May 

C.  Flowers  of  summer  and  autumn 

Plants  indicating  a  fertile  soil 

Plants  indicating  a  barren  soil __  39 

Trees  valuable  for  timber 40 

The  best  kinds  of  timber  for  firewood 41 

The  most  durable  kinds  of  timber  for  posts  or  sills 

Favorite  kinds  of  timber  for  the  cabinetmaker 41 

Timber  for  farm  implements 

Timber  valuable  for  small  or  large  boats 

Kinds  of  timber  most  employed  for  boxes,  baskets  and  barrels 

Timber  for  paper  pulp 

Trees  for  sugar 43 

Trees  and  shrubs  best  suited  for  screens  or  wind-breaks 43 

Some  of  our  wild  fruits  and  nuts,  with  suggestions  concerning  their  improve- 
ment  43 

Aj>artial  list  of  wild  fruits,  nuts,  etc.  ___ 46 

Native  forage  plants 

Native  bee  plants 48 

Native  plants  for  the  protection  of  hillsides,  embankments  and  drifting  sands 48 

Plants  for  carp  ponds 49 

Native  tree-like  or  large  shrubs 49 

List  of  smaller  shrubs 50 

Weeds,  native  and  introduced 51 

List  of  weeds  introduced  from  Europe 52 

List  of  indigenous  weeds 53 

List  of  rare  or  local  plants _____ ^ 53 

Native  plants  fast  disappearing 56 

List  of  plants  introduced  from  Europe  and  becoming  naturalized 57 

Parasitic  fungi 59 

Flowering  parasites  and  saprophytes  destitute  of  green  leaves 60 

Green  leaved  parasites __ 61 

Native  poisonous  plants 61 

Botany  and  the  common  school 61 

List  of  Michigan  plants  which  are  admitted  to  the  U.  S.  pharmacopoeia 63 

List  of  medicinal  jdants  not  officinal  _                                                           _*_,. 64 

"Flora J? 67 

Index  _.  171 


INTRODUCTION. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

The  following  publications  have  been  consulted  in  the  preparation  of 
this  work: 

Catalogue  of  the  Phsenogams  and  Filicoid  Plants  collected  on  the  Geo- 
logical Survey  of  Michigan.  John  Wright,  M.  D.,  Legislative  Report  No. 
23,  pp.  17-44.  Detroit,  1839. 

Catalogue  of  the  Plants  collected  by  W.  A.  Burt  in  the  primitive  region 
south  of  Lake  Superior  in  1846.  D.  Cooley,  Jackson's  Lake  Superior,  pp. 
875-882.  Washington,  D.  C.,  1849. 

Lake  Superior,  its  Physical  Character,  Vegetation  and  Animals,  etc. 
Louis  Agassiz,  1850. 

List  of  Plants  of  the  Upper  Peninsula.  W.  D.  Whitney  in  Eeport 
on  the  Geology  of  the  Lake  Superior  Land  District.  J.  W.  Foster  and  J. 
D.  Whitney,  part  2,  1851. 

A  Manuscript  List  of  the  Plants  growing  spontaneously  within  ten  miles 
of  Cooley's  Corners,  Washington,  Macomb  Co.  D.  Cooley,  M.  D.,  1853. 

Catalogue  of  Phaonogamous  and  Acrogenous  Plants  found  growing  wild 
in  the  Lower  Peninsula  of  Michigan  and  the  Islands  at  the  head  of  Lake 
Huron.  N.  H.  Winchell,  Geological  Eeport  for  I860,  pp.  245-330. 

Catalogue  of  Flowering  Plants  of  the  Southern  Peninsula  of  Michigan, 
with  a  few  of  the  Cryptogamia.  N.  Coleman,  Grand  Rapids,  1873,  Miscel- 
laneous Publications,  No.  2,  Kent  Scientific  Institute. 

Some  notes  on  the  Flora  near  Kalamazoo,  Mich.  F.  H.  Tuthill,  Botani- 
cal Gazette,  Vol.  1,  No.  4,  1876. 

Flora  of  Ann  Arbor  and  Vicinity.  Miss  E.  C.  Almendinger,  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Ann  Arbor  Scientific  Association,  1876,  pp.  85-116. 

Catalogue  of  Phaenogamous  and  Acrogenous  Plants  found  growing  wild 
in  the  State  of  Michigan.  Elmore  Palmer,  M.  D.,  1877. 

List  of  Native  Medicinal  Plants  of  Michigan.  Prof.  V.  M.  Spalding, 
Proceedings  of  the  Michigan  Pharmaceutical  Association,  1877. 

Medicinal  Plants  Indigenous  in  Michigan.  A.  B.  Lyons,  M.  D.,  Nov. 
27,  1877,  Detroit  Lancet,  February  and  March,  1878. 

Michigan  Lake  Shore  Plants  at  South  Haven.  L.  H.  Bailey,  Jr.,  Botan- 
ical Gazette,  pp.  76-77  and  pp.  90-91,  1880. 

Catalogue  of  the  Phsenogamous  and  Vascular  Cryptogamous  Plants  of 


8  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

Michigan,  Indigenous,  Naturalized  and  Adventive.     Charles  F.  Wheeler 
and  Erwin  F.  Smith,  1881. 

Limits  of  Michigan  Plants.  L.  H.  Bailey,  Jr.,  Botanical  Gazette,  pp. 
106-108,  1882. 

Plants  of  Belle  Isle,  Michigan.  A.  F.  Foerste,  Botanical  Gazette,  pp. 
202-203,  1882. 

The  Menominee  Iron  Eegion  and  its  Flora.  E.  J.  Hill,  L,  pp.  208-211; 
II.,  pp.  225-229;  Botanical  Gazette,  1884. 

Plants  of  the.  Detroit  Eiver.  D.  H.  Campbell,  Bulletin  of  the  Torrey 
Botanical  Club,  Vol.  XIII,  pp.  93-94,  1886. 

List  of  Trees  and  Shrubs  belonging  to  Michigan.  W.  J.  Beal,  First 
Report  of  State  Forestry  Commission,  pp.  36-51,  1888. 

Flora  of  the  Sandy  Pine  Plains  of  Michigan.  W.  J.  Beal,  Report  of 
Michigan  Horticultural  Society,  1888. 

Notes  on-  the  Flora  of  the  Lake  Superior  Region.  E.  J.  Hill,  I.,  pp. 
140-149;  II. ,  pp.  159-166;  Botanical  Gazette,  1890. 

The  Carices  of  the  Upper  Half  of  the  Keweenaw  Peninsula.  L.  H. 
Bailey,  Jr.,  Bulletin  of  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club,  pp.  61-64,  1890. 

Catalogue  of   Canadian  Plants.     John  Macoun,  M.  A.,  F.  L.  S.,  F.  R. 

S.  C.,  1883-1890. 

Central  Michigan  Cyperacere.  C.  F.  Wheeler,  Bulletin  of  the  Torrey 
Botanical  Club,  p.  148,  1891. 

HERBARIA  CONSULTED. 

The  following  Herbaria  have  been  examined: 

The  Herbarium  of  the  State  Agricultural  College  is  fortunate  in  pos- 
sessing the  collection  of  Dr.  D.  Cooley,  an  excellent  botanist  who  lived 
many  years  in  Washington,  Macomb  county.  He  was  a  valued  correspond- 
ent of  Dr.  Gray,  Dr.  Torrey,  W.  S.  Sullivant  and  other  botanists  of  the 
early  part  of  this  century. 

The  Herbarium  of  Dr.  D.  Clark,  of  Flint,  Mich.,  has  lately  become  the 
property  of  the  State  Agricultural  College.  This  collection  contains  sets 
of  Bebbs'  Willows,  Olney's  Carices  and  many  specimens  from  the  earlier 
American  collectors,  besides  valuable  collections  of  Michigan  plants. 

The  large  collection  of  Prof.  C.  F.  Wheeler,  which  was  destroyed  by  the 
burning  of  the  Botanical  Laboratory  on  the  23d  of  March,  1890. 

Prof.  V.  M.  Spaulding  kindly  permitted  us  to  examine  the  University 
Herbarium  at  Ann  Arbor,  in  which  are  deposited  the  collections  of  Dr. 
Douglass  Houghton,  1838;  Miss  Mary  H.  Clark,  Miss  E.  C.  Almendinger, 
Prof.  M.  W.  Harrington,  Prof.  N.  H.  Winchell,  Geo.  L.  Ames,  M.  D.,  F. 
E.  Wood  and  others. 

The  collection  of  plants  belonging  to  the  Kent  Scientific  Institute  at 
Grand  Rapids  under  the  charge  of  Mr.  George  D.  Sones. 

The  collection  of  O.  J.  Stilwell,  which  belongs  now  to  Prof.  C.  A.  Davis, 
of  Alma  College;  also  Prof.  Davis'  collection. 

The  collection  of  G.  H.  Hicks,  of  the  Agricultural  College,  made 
in  Northern  and  Central  Michigan. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  9 

The  collection  of  G.  F.  Comstock,  made  in  Lena  wee  County,  1845-'50, 
now  the  property  of  Dr.  W.  J.  Beal. 

The  collection  of  Dr.  W.  J.  Beal,  now  the  property  of  the  Michigan 
Agricultural  College. 

LOCAL    LISTS   CONSULTED. 

To  the  following  persons  we  are  indebted  for  lists  of  the  plants  growing 
in  their  several  localities: 

To  O.  A.  Farwell,  for  full  list  of  plants  of  the  Keweenaw  peninsula  with 
copious  notes  and  many  specimens. 

To  Prof.  H.  C.  Beardslee,  of  the  University  School,  Cleveland,  O.,  and 
Prof.  Chas.  A.  Kofoid,  of  Oberlin  College,  for  a  very  complete  list  of  the 
plants  of  Cheboygan  County,  Mich.,  observed  by  them  during  the  summer 
of  1890,  with  full  notes  and  many  specimens. 

To  Charles  K.  Dodge,  for  a  collection  t)f  the  plants  growing  in  the 
vicinity  of  Port  Huron,  with  many  notes  on  variation  and  distribution. 

To  L.  H.  Dewey,  for  a  list  of  the  plants  in  the  vicinity  of  Tecumseh, 
Mich. 

To  Prof.  W.  Hull,  for  notes  and  specimens  from  Albion  and  vicinity. 

To  S.  P.  Orth,  for  list  of  plants  in  the  vicinity  of  Imlay  City. 

To  E.  H.  Moseley,  for  a  list  of  plants  observed  near  Union  City. 

To  A.  F.  Fcerste,  for  a  list  of  plants  observed  in  the  eastern  part  of  St, 
Clair  county. 

To  Prof.  I.  N.  Mitchell,  for  a  list  of  plants  collected  in  various  parts  of 
the  State. 

To  Prof.  C.  E.  St.  John,  for  a  list  of  plants  collected  in  Mason  county 
and  in  the  southeastern  portion  of  the  State. 

TOPOGEAPHY. 

Michigan  is  peculiarly  situated  within  the  waters  of  the  great  lakes,  N. 
latitude  41°45'  to  4S°20';  W.  longitude,  82°25'  to  90°34'.  It  is  divided 
into  two  parts,  called  the  Upper  and  Lower  Peninsulas.  *  The  greatest 
length  of  the  northern  portion  from  east  to  west  is  318  miles,  width  80  to 
164  miles,  forming  about  two-fifths  of  the  State.  The  greatest  length  of 
the  southern  portion  from  north  to  south  is  277  miles  and  its  extreme 
width  259  miles.  The  total  area  is  58,915  square  miles,  with  a  coast  line 
of  over  1,600  miles. 

The  general  elevation  of  the  Upper  Peninsula  is  400  to  1,100  feet  above 
Lake  Superior,  and  that  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  is  400  to  600  feet  above 
the  level  of  Lakes  Michigan  and  Huron. 

The  two  parts  of  the  State  present  a  striking  contrast  in  many  respects. 
The  Upper  peninsula  may  be  divided  into  two  sections  east  and  west  of  a 
line  drawn  through  Marquette  which  present  very  marked  surface  and  geo- 
logical characteristics.  The  eastern  portion  slopes  northward  from  its 
southern  border  to  a  watershed  and  thence  falls  rapidly  to  the  shores  of 
Lake  Superior.  This  plateau  contains  many  lakes  and  marshes,  also  fine 
forests  of  pine  intermixed  with  groves  of  hardwood. 

The  western  part  is  rugged  and  hilly,  some  of  the  hills  rising  1,000  to 


10  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

1,200  feet.  In  the  extreme  northwest  are  ranges  which  form  the  copper 
region ;  the  central  range  extends  from  Keweenaw  point  across  to  the  Wis- 
consin line;  on  either  side  are  the  Porcupine  mountains  and  the  copper 
range  proper. 

South  and  east  of  the  copper  range  lies  the  iron  range  of  Marquette  and 
Iron  counties.  The  eastern  portion  of  this  peninsula  is  underlaid  with 
stratified  rocks  belonging  to  the  Silurian  period,  while  the  western  part  is 
occupied  by  the  copper  bearing  rocks  and  those  of  the  Huronian  period. 
Glacial  diiit  covers  deeply  a  large  portion  of  both  the  eastern  and  western 
sections. 

The  Lower  Peninsula  is  generally  level  or  rolling,  sloping  up  in  its 
northern  portion  to  a  central  ridge  or  watershed  which  extends  nearly 
northeast  and  southwest,  the  highest  part  of  which,  in  Otsego  county,  is 
1,100  feet  above  the  lake  level. 

The  shores  along  the  west  side  of  this  peninsula  are  generally  bold  bluffs 
which  are  constantly  wearing  away,  while  on  the  Huron  shore  they  are 
low  and  extending  by  additions*  of  earth  cast  up  by  the  waves. 

The  rivers  are  small  but  their  number  is  great,  and  these,  with  the  5,000 
lakes  scattered  along  the  watersheds  of  the  State  abundantly  water  all  parts 
of  it. 

Dr.  0.  Bominger,  a  former  State  Geologist,  writes  of  the  geology  of  the 
Lower  Peninsula  as  follows:  "It  forms  the  center-point  of  an  oceanic  bay 
which  seems  to  have  existed  without  any  important  alteration  in  its  limits, 
from  the  beginning  of  the  Silurian  period  to  the  end  of  the  Carboniferous 
time.  We  find  within  the  space  supposed  to  have  been  the  bay  an  uninter- 
rupted series  of  marine  deposits,  following  each  other  in  the  greatest  regu- 
larity of  superposition,  which  represent  all  the  known  formations  deposited 
on  this  continent  from  the  Silurian  period  on  to  the  coal  formation." 
The  entire  surface  of  th^  peninsula  is  covered  deeply  with  glacial  drift, 
consisting  of  sand,  gravels  and  clays  variously  intermixed. 

The  topographical  outlines  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  are  due  to  the  joint 
action  of  moving  ice  and  flowing  water  during  and  following  the  glacial 
period. 

Beginning  in  Presque  Isle  county  the  lateral  moraine  of  the  Huron  gla- 
cier passes  southwest  near  the  line  between  Montmorency  and  Alpena 
counties,  thence  south  by  west  through  Oscoda,  Roscommon  and  Clare, 
meeting  in  Me^osta  county,  the  east  lateral  moraine  of  Lake  Michigan. 
These  join  ana  pass  in  a  southwest  direction  through  Kent,  Barry,  Kala- 
niazoo  and  St.  Joseph  counties.  The  Saginaw  bay  branch  of  the  Huron 
glacier  unites  with  the  Huron  glacier  proper,  and  forms  a  lateral  moraine 
beginning  in  Huron  county,  passing  through  Sanilac,  Lapeer,  Oakland, 
Livingston  and  portions  of  Jackson,  Washtenaw  and  Hillsdale  counties. 
This  peninsula  is  divided  by  these  moraines  into  certain  more  or  less 
clearly  marked  floral  regions. 

On  the  map  ten  regions  have  been  roughly  outlined.  They  are  desig- 
nated by  the  first  ten  letters  of  the  alphabet.  The  following  lists  of  plants 
are  characteristic  of  the  different  regions: 

A.  SOUTHEASTERN  LITTORAL,  REGION. 

Acerates  viridiflora,  Ell.     Green  Milkweed. 
Agrimonia  parviflora,  Ait,    Small-flowered  Agrimony. 
Allium  Schoenoprasum,  L.    Chives. 

Castanea  sativa,  Mill.,  var.  Americana,  Gray.     Chestnut. 
Dalibarda  repens,  LJ. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  11 

Dentaria  maxima,  Nutt.    Large  Toothwort. 

Draba  nemorosa,  L.    Whitlow-Grass. 

Eleocharis  equisetoides,  Torr.    Spike-Rush. 

Fimbristylis  capillaris,  Gray.    Sedge. 

Fuirena  squarrosa,  Michx.,  var.  hispida,  Chapm.    Umbrella-Grass. 

Gaura  biennis,  L.    Gaura. 

Gentians,  puberula,  Michx.    Gentian. 

Gentiana  Saponaria,  L.    Soapwort  Gentian. 

Heuchera  Americana,  L.    Common  Alum-root. 

Juncus  filiformis,  L.    Rush.  V-t 

Juncus  Greenii,  Oakes  and  Tuckerm.    Rush. 

Juncus  Vaseyi,  Engelm.     Rush. 

Ludwigia  alternifolia,  L.    Seed-Box. 

Ludwigia  sphcerocarpa,  Ell.    False  Loosestrife. 

Myrica  cerifera,  L.     Bayberry.    Wax- Myrtle. 

Pentstemon  Icevigatus,  Solander,"*var.  Digitalis,  Gray.     Beard-tongue. 

Quercus palustris,  Du  Roi.     Swamp  Spanish  or  Pin  Oak. 

Ranunculus  ambigens,  Watson.    Water  Plantain  Spearwort. 

Rosa  setigera,  Michx.     Climbing  or  Prairie  Rose. 

Rubus  odoratus,  L.    Purple  Flowering  Raspberry. 

Scirpus  maritimus,  L.    Sea  Club-Rush. 

Scleria  verticillata,  Muhl.    Nut-Rash. 

S.  triglomerata,  Michx.    Nut-Rush. 

Valeriana  edulis,  Nutt.    Valerian. 

Valerianella  radiata,  Dufr.    Corn  Salad.    Lamb-Lettuce. 

Vernonia  faseiculata,  Michx.    Iron- Weed. 

Zannichellia  palustris,  L.    Horned  Pondweed. 

B.  SOUTH  CENTRAL,  REGION. 

Actinomeris  squarrosa,    Nutt. 

^Esculus  glabrat    Willd.    Fetid  or  Ohio  Buckeye. 

Amorpha  canescens,    Nutt.    Lead- Plant. 

Asclepias  obtusifolia,  Michx.     Milkweed. 

Asclepias  verticillata,  L.    Milkweed. 

Aster  sericeus,  Vent.    Aster. 

Baptisia  leucantha,  Torr.  &  Gray.    False  Indigo. 

Cacalia  tuberosa,  Nutt.    Tuberous  Indian  Plantain. 

Commelina  Virginica,  L.    Day  Flower. 

Coreopsis  palmata,  Nutt.     Coreopsis. 

Desmodium  Illinoense,  Gray.    Tick-Trefoil. 

EryngiumYucccefolium,  Michx.    Button  Snake-root. 

Gaura  biennis,  L. 

Gerardia  auric.ulata,  Michx. 

Heliopsis  Icevis,  Pers.    Ox-Eye. 

Houstonia  purpurea,  L,,  var.  r.iliolata.    Gray, 

Liparis  liliifolia,  Richard.     Twayblade. 

Onosmodiujfi  Carolinianum,  D.  C.     False  Gromwell. 

Phlox  bifida,  Beck.    Phlox. 

Polygala  cruciata,  L.     Milkwort. 

Pogonia  pendula,  Lindl. 

Pogonia  verticillata,  Nutt. 

Ruellia  strepens,  L. 

Silphium  laciniatum,  L.    Rosin-weed.    Compass-Plant. 

Silphium  trifoliatum,  L.    Rosin-weed. 

Verbena  angustifolia,  Michx.    Vervain. 

Verbena  bracteosa,  Michx.    Vervain. 

Zizia  cordata,  D.  C. 

C.  SAGINAW  VALLEY  REGION. 

t 

Anemonella  thalictroides,  Spach.     Rue-Anemone. 
Arabis  dentata,  Torr.  and  Gray.     Rock  Cress. 
Asimina  triloba,  Dunal.    Common  Papaw. 
Astragalus  Cooperi,  Gray.    Milk- Vetch. 
Brascnia  peltata.  Pursh.    Water-Shield. 
Carex  sychnocephala,  Carey.    Sedge. 
Cassia  Marilandica,  L.     Wild  Senna. 
Collinsia  verna,  Nutt.    Innocence. 

2 


12  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

Cyperus  Engelmanni,  Steud.     Sedge. 

Cyperhs  speciosus,  Vahl.    Sedge. 

Eleocharis  olivacea,  Torr.    Spike-Rush. 

Eleocharis  pygmcea,  Torr.     Spike-Rush. 

Eleocharis  Robbinsii,  Oakes.    Spike-Rush. 

Eleocharis  rostellata,  Torr.    Spike-Rush. 

Eragrostis  Frankii,  Meyer. 

Eragrostis  pectinacea,  Gray. 

Erigenia  bulbosa,  Nutt.    Harbinger-of -Spring. 

Gerardia  purpurea,  L.  var.  paupercula,  Gray.    Purple  Gerard ia. 

Gymnocladus  Canadensis,  Lam.    Ky.  Coffee-tree. 

Hydrocotyle  umbellata,  L.    Water  Pennywort. 

Jeffersonia  diphylla,  Pers.    Twin-leaf. 

Juncus  pelocarpus,  E.  Meyer.     Rush. 

Juniperus  communis,  L.     Common  Juniper. 

Juniperus  Virginiana,  L.    Red  Cedar. 

Lespedeza  reticulata,  Pers.     Bush-Clover. 

Nasturtium  lacustre,  Gray.    Lake  Cress. 

Poa  alsodes,  Gray.    Meadow-Grass. 

Poaflexuosa,  Muhl.     Meadow-Grass. 

Prenanthes  racemosa,  Michx.    Rattlesnake-root. 

Quercus  imbricaria,  Michx.    Laurel  or  Shingle  Oak. 

Quercus  prinoides,  Willd. 

Ranunculus  rhomboideus,  Goldie.    Crowfoot. 

Scirpus  Smithii,  Gray.    Sedge.  * 

Scirpus  Torreyi,  Olney.     Sedge. 

Silphium  terebinthinaceum,  L.    Prairie  Dock. 

Tiedmannia  rigida,  Coult.  &  Rose.     Cowbane. 

Trillium  nivale,  Riddell.    Dwarf  White  Trillium. 

Utricularia  resumnata,  B.  D.  Greene.     Bladderwort. 

D.  SOUTHWESTERN  LITTORAL,  REGION. 

Asplenium  ebeneum,  Ait.     Spleenwort. 

Calamagrostis  longifolia,  Hook. 

Cyperus  Schweinitzii,  Torr.     Galingale. 

Euphorbia  poly gonifolia.  L.     Spurge. 

Monarda  punctata,  L.    Horse-Mint. 

Ranunculus  Cymbalaria,  Pursh.     Sea-side  Crowfoot. 

Sabbatia  angularis,  Pursh. 

Salix  adenophylla.  Hook.    Willow. 

Smilax  rotundifolia,  L.     Greenbrier. 

Viburnum  prunifolium,  L.     Black  Haw. 

Woodwardia  angustifolia,  Smith.     Chain-Fern. 

E.  NORTH-CENTRAL.  REGION. 

Calypso  borealis,  Salisb. 
Carex  adusta,  Boot. 
Carex  Houghtonii,  Torr. 
Carex  Schweinitzii,  Dewey. 
Carex  Saltuensis,  Bailey. 

Ceanothus  ovatus,  Desf .    New  Jersey  Tea.     Red-root. 
Corydalis  glauca,  Pursh.    Pale  Corydalis. 
Dracocephalum  parviflorum,  Nutt.     Dragon  Head. 
Eriophorum  alpinum,  L.    Cotton  Grass. 
Goodyera  Menziesii,  Lindl.    Rattlesnake-Plantain. 
Goodyera  repens,  R.  Br.     Rattlesnake-Plantain. 
Habenaria  obtusata,  Richardson.    Rein-Orchis. 
Kalmia  angustifolia,  L.    Sheep  Laurel.    Lambkill. 
Krigia  Virginica,  Willd.     Dwarf  Dandelion. 
Linaria  Canadensis,  Dumont.    Toad-Flax. 
Lonicera  hirsuta,  Eaton.    Hairy  Honeysuckle. 
Lonicera  oblong  if olia,  Muhl.    Swamp  Honeysuckle. 
Mimulus  Jamesii,  Torr.     Monkey-flower. 
Moneses  grandiflora,  Salisb.     One-flowered  Pyrola. 
Physalis  grandiflora,  Hook.    Ground  Cherry. 
Pinus  Banksiana,  Lambert.    Jack,  Scrub  or  Gray  Pine. 
Pinus  resinosa,  Ait.    Red  or  Norway  Pine. 
Potentilla  tridentata,  Ait.    Three-toothed  Cinquefoil. 


FLORA  OP  MICHIGAN.  13 

F.  NORTHEASTERN  LITTORAL  REGION. 

Campanula  rotundifolia,  L.,  var.  arctica,  Lange.    Harebell. 

Carex  Backii,  Boot.    Sedge. 

Carex  capillaris,  L.    Sedge. 

Carex  gynocrates,  Wormsk.     Sedge. 

Carex  umbellata,  Schkuhr,  var.  vicina,  Dewey.    Sedge. 

Carex  communis,  Bailey,  var.  Wheeleri,  Bailey.     Sedge. 

Equisetum  littorale,  Kiihlewein.     Scouring  Rush. 

Centiana  linearis,  Froel ,  var.  lanceolata,  Gray.    Gentian. 

Hudsonia  tomentosa,  Nutt. 

Monotropa  Hypopitys,  L.     Pine  Sap.    False  Beech-drops. 

Myrica  Gale,  L.    Sweet  Gale. 

Nuphar  advena.  Ait.  f.  var.  minus.  Morong.    Yellow  Pond-Lily. 

(Enothera,  pumila,  L.    Evening  Primrose. 

Panicum  xanthophysum,  Gray. 

Pellcea  gracilis,  Hook.    Cliff  Brake. 

Petasites  palmata,  Gray.     Sweet  Coltsfoot. 

Phegopteris  polypodioides,  Fee.    Beech  Fern. 

Polygonella  articulata,  Meisn. 

Polygouum  Hartwrightii,  Gray.     Knotweed. 

Ranunculus  Flammula,  L.  var.  reptans,  E.  Meyer.     Creeping  Crowfoot. 

Rosa  acicularis,  Lindl.    Rose. 

Viola  canina,  L.  var.  puberula,  Watson.    Violet. 

G.  NORTHWESTERN  LITTORAL  REGION. 

Acer  Pennsylvanicum,  L.    Striped  Maple. 

Agropyrum  dasystachyum,  Vasey. 

Ammophila  arundinacea,  Host.     Sea  Sand-Reed. 

Aphyllon  fasciculatum,  Gray.    Naked  Broom-rape. 

Artemisia  Canadensis,  Michx.     Wormwood. 

Bromus  breviaristatus,  Thurb. 

Claytonia  Caroliniana,  Michx.    Spring  Beauty. 

Cnicus  Pitcheri,  Torr.    Pitcher's  Thistle. 

Coreopsis  lanceolata,  L.    Coreopsis. 

Dicksonia  pilosiuscula,  Willd. 

Halenia  deflexa,  Grisebach.    Spurred  Gentian. 

Hypericu'm  Kalmianum,  L.    Kalm's  St.  John's-wort. 

Juniperus  Sabinn,  L.  var.  procumbens,  Pursh.    Juniper. 

Melica  Smithii,  Vasey. 

Orchis  rctundifolia,  Pursh.    Orchis. 

Picea  alba,  Link.    White  Spruce. 

Primula  farinosa,  L.     Birds-eye  Primrose. 

Prunus  pumila,  L.    Dwarf  Cherry. 

Pyrus  Americana,  D.  C.     American  Mountain  Ash. 

Rosa  Engelmanni,  Watson.     Rose. 

Rubus  Nutkanus,  Mocino.    Salmon-berry. 

Rumex  salicifolius,  Weinmann.    White  Dock. 

Salix  glaucophylla,  Bebb.    Willow. 

Symphoricarpos  racemosus,  Michx.    Snowberry. 

Tanacetum  Huronense,  Nutt.    Tansy. 

H.     EASTERN  UPPER  PENINSULA  REGION. 

Aspidium  Lonchitis,  Swartz.    Shield  Fern. 

Asplenium  Trichomanes,  L.     Spleenwort. 

Aster  Lindleyanus,  T.  &  G.     Lindley's  Aster. 

Botrychium  Lunaria,  Swartz.     Moonwort. 

Botrychium  simplex,  Hitchcock.    Moonwort. 

Castilleeia  pallida,  Kunth,  var.  septentrionalis,  Gray.    Painted-Cup. 

Carex  scirpoidea,  Michx.     Sedge. 

Cerastium  arvense,  L.     Field  Chickweed. 

Drosera  linearis,  Goldie.     Slender  Sundew. 

Erigeron  acris,  L.    Fleabane. 

Erigeron  glabellus,  Nutt.    Fleabane. 

Iris  lacustris,  Nutt.     Lake  Dwarf  Iris. 

Lactuca  pulchella,  D.  C.    Lettuce. 

Lucopodium  innndatum,  L.     Club-Moss. 

Parnassia  palustris,  L.    Grass  of  Parnassus. 


14  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

Parnassia  parviflora,  D.  C.    Grass  of  Parnassus. 

Pellcea  gracilis,  Hook.    Cliff-Brake. 

Pinguicula  vulgaris,  L.     Butterwort. 

Pyrus  sambucifolia,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.    Mountain- Ash. 

Scirpus  sylvaticus,  L.  var.  digynus,  Boeckl.     Bulrush.    Club-Rush. 

Solidago  Hougjitonii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Golden  Rod. 

Woodsia  Ilvensis,  R.  Brown.    Fern. 

I.    MARQUETTE  REGION. 

Alnus  viridis,  D.  C.    Mountain  Alder. 

Amelanchier  alnifolia,  Nutt.     Service-berry. 

Artemisia  borealis,  Pallas.  Northern  Wormwood. 

Carex  Michauxiana,  Boeckl.    Sedge. 

Carex  virescens,  Muhl.,  var.  costata,  Dew.    Sedge. 

Erigeron  acris,  L.    Fleabane. 

Erigeron  hyssopifolius,  Michx.    Fleabane. 

Juncus  stygius,  L.    Rush. 

Mertensia  paniculata,  Don.    Lungwort. 

Potamogeton  rufescens,  Schrader.    Pond-weed. 

Potamogeton  RobbinsU,  Oakes.    Pond-weed. 

Primula  Mistassinica,  Michx.    Primrose. 

Scirpus  ccespitosus,  L.     Bulrush. 

Trisetum  subspicatum,  Beauv.,  var.  molle,  Gray. 

J.  KEWEENAW  REGION. 

Adenocaulon  bicolor,  Hook. 

Amelanchier  oligocarpa,  Roem.     Shad-bush.     Service-berry. 

Anemone  parviflora,  Michx.     Anemone. 

Betula  glandulosa,  Michx.    Dwarf  Birch. 

Carex  Crawei,  Dewey.    Sedge.  ^ 

Carex  exilis,  Dewey.     Sedge. 

Carex  livida,  Dewey.     Sedge. 

Comandra  livida,  Richardson.    Bastard  Toad-flax. 

Collinsia  parviflora,  Dougl. 

Jva  Xanthiifolia,  Nutt. 

Juniperus  communis,  L.,  var.  alpina,  Gaud.    Juniper. 

Listera  cordata,  R.  Brown.    Twayblade. 

Lonicera  ccerulea,  L.    Mountain  Fly-Honeysuckle. 

Lonicera  involucrata,  Banks.    Honeysuckle. 

Phacelia  Franklinii,  Gray. 

Polygonum  viviparum,  L.    Knotweed. 

Ranunculus  Flammula,  L.  var.  intermedium,  Gray.    Smaller  Spearwort. 

Rosa  Sayi,  Schwein.    Rose. 

Sagina  nodosa,  Fenzl.    Pearlwort. 

Salix  balsamifera,  Barratt.     Willow. 

Sisymbrium  humile,  Meyer.     Hedge  Mustard. 

Stellaria  borealis,  Bigel.    Northern  Starwort. 

Vaccinium  myrfilloides,  Hook.     Bilberry. 

Viola  Selkirkii,  Pursh.  .  Great-spurred  Violet. 

CLIMATE   AND   DISTRIBUTION. 

"  The  sinuosities  of  the  several  isothermal  lines  will  demonstrate  at  a 
glance  the  peculiar  character  of  the  climate  of  Michigan,  and  the  fact  that 
both  in  summer  and  winter,  it  is  better  adapted  to  the  interests  of  agricult- 
ure and  horticulture,  and  probably  also  to  the  comfort  and  health  of  its 
citizens,  than  the  climate  of  any  other  northwestern  state.  The  marked 
peculiarity  of  the  climate  of  Michigan  in  these  respects  is  attributable  to 
the  influence  of  the  great  lakes  by  which  the  state  is  nearly  surrounded. 
It  has  long  been  known  that  considerable  bodies  of  water  exert  a  local 
influence  in  modifying  climate  and  especially  in  averting  frosts,  but  it  has 
never  been  expected  that  Lake  Michigan,  for  instance,  impresses  upon  the 
climatic  character  of  a  broad  region  an  influence  truly  comparable  with 
that  exerted  by  the  great  ocean." — WINCHELL. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  15 

The  following  general  notes  on  Climate  and  Distribution  are  from  the 
preface  to  the  first  edition  by  E.  F.  Smith: 

"The  influence  of  climate  on  vegetation  may  be  summed  up  in  a  few 
words.  The  climate  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  is  not  as  severe  as  that  of  the 
Upper,  nor  so  even,  but  is  subject  to  frequent,  sudden,  and  extreme  changes 
of  temperature — as  great  a  variation  during  the  winter  season  as  53°  Fahr. 
in  less  than  24  hours  having  been  recorded.  Such  rapid  changes  more  or 
less  affect  vegetation,  especially  the  tender  branches  of  cultivated  trees, 
which  are  sometimes  seriously  injured.  In  one  or  two  instances  a  like 
effect  on  our  forest  trees  has  been  noticed.  The  annual  range  of  temper- 
ature is  about  116°,  and  the  annual  mean  46°.  Of  rainfall,  including 
what  falls  in  form  of  snow,  we  have,  yearly,  about  thirty  inches.  Our 
snowfall  is  much  less,  for  the  same  latitude,  than  that  of  New  York  and 
New  England.  In  the  center  of  the  peninsula,  we  seldom  have  more  than 
a  few  inches  at  a  time. 

"The  proximity  of  the  Great  Lakes  exerts  a  marked  influence  in 
equalizing  the  temperature  and  the  effects  are  marked  upon  our  flora. 

"Trees  like  Liriodendron  Tulipifera,  Asimina  triloba,  Cercis  Canaden- 
sis,  Gleditschia  friacanthos,  Cornus  florida,  Nyssa  multi flora,  and  Morus 
rubra,  which  belong  to  Ohio  and  Central  Illinois,  have  crept  northward, 
favored  by  the  mild  influence  of  the  lake  winds,  through  the  central  and 
western  part  of  the  Lower  Peninsula,  often  beyond  the  middle,  and  the 
same  is  true  of  smaller  and  less  noticeable  plants. 

"As  might  be  expected  from  the  uniform  surface  of  the  peninsula,  the 
flora  is  much  alike  throughout.  Probably  three-fourths  of  our  species  are 
common  to  all  sections,  though  by  no  means  equally  distributed;  some 
being  very  abundant  in  one  district  and  rare  in  another  at  no  great  dis- 
tance. In  most  cases  such  change  is  due  to  soil  rather  than  to  difference 
in  elevation,  temperature,  or  atmospheric  moisture. 

"The  Lower  Peninsula  is  covered  with  a  deep  drift  of  alternating  sands, 
clays,  and  gravels,  and  the  flora  of  any  section  depends  chiefly  on  which 
of  these  happens  to  lie  uppermost.  With  reference  to  its  flora,  the  penin- 
sula may  be  roughly  divided  into  two  great  divisions — the  hardwood  and 
the  softwood  lands;  one  representing  the  Appalachian  flora,  and  the 
other,  the  Canadian. 

"The  hardwood  country  lies  south  of  latitude  43°,  and  consists  of  very 
fertile  sand,  clay,  or  loam,  mostly  cleared  of  the  original  forest,  and  largely 
cultivated. 

"  The  sandy  or  stony  drift  of  many  river  valleys  in  this  section  supports 
a  heavy  growth  of  oak,  frequently  interspersed  with  walnut  and  hickory, 
while  the  margins  of  the  streams,  and  the  neighboring  swamps,  abound  in 
soft  maples,  swamp  and  chestnut  oak,  white  and  black  ash,  elm,  hackberry, 
sycamore,  butternut,  and  similar  trees.  Willows,  dogwoods,  viburnums, 
and  buttonbush,  are  common  shrubs  in  the  swamps;  and  hazel,  hawthorn, 
wild  cherry  and  plum,  June  berry,  witch-hazel,  etc.,  are  abundant  on  the 
dryer  ground. 

"  On  the  uplands,  and  away  from  streams,  clay,  loam,  and  a  peculiar 
black  muck  soil  supersede  the  sands  and  gravels  of  the  valleys.  The  pre- 
vailing timber  here  is  beech  and  maple  and  oak  forest  in  about  equal  pro- 
portions. Beech  and  maple  generally  grow  together,  forming  magnificent 
forests  of  great  extent.  The  best  wheat  farms  are  usually  found  on 
uplands  near  streams,  where  the  oak  timber  gradually  shades  into  beech 
and  maple.  Plains  of  fertile  sand  covered  with  a  low,  or  scattering  growth 


16  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

of  oak  (oak  openings)  are  frequent,  and  always  very  desirable  for  farming 
purposes. 

"  Marshes  densely  covered  with  tamarack  are  common  in  this  part  of 
the  State,  and  nourish  in  their  thick  shade  such  plants  as  Drosera 
rotundifolia,  Sarracenia  purpurea,  Rhus  venenaia,  Ribes  rubrum,  Chio- 
genes  hispidula,  Salix  Candida,  Similacina  trifolia,  Pogonia  ophiogloss- 
oides  and  Calopogon  pulchettus,  Arbor-vitse,  red  cedar  and  black  spruce 
are  comparatively  rare. 

"A  similar  tract  of  soil  and  timber  occurs  in  the  upper  end  of  the  pen- 
insula, north  of  a  line  drawn  from  Thunder  bay  west  to  the  head  of  Grand 
Traverse  bay.  This  is  commonly  known  as  the  "Traverse  region,"  and 
has  a  flora  much  like  that  we  have  just  described,  with  the  exception  that 
some  of  the  southern  species  disappear,  and  northern  ones  begin  to  take 
their  place,  or  if  found  growing  further  south,  here  first  become  frequent. 
Deep  forests  of  hemlock  and  yellow  birch  (B.  lutea)  mixed  with  a  fine, 
tall  growth  of  striped  maple  (A.  Pennsylvanicum)  are  frequent,  having 
underneath  a  tangled  growth  of  Taxus  baccata,  var.  Canadensis,  and  under 
all  a  carpet  of  Lycopodium  annotinum.  Alternating  with  these  are  .sandy 
plains  covered  with  a  dense  growth  of  Vacciniums,  yielding  a  great  abund- 
ance of  fruit.  Sugar  maples  and  basswood  are  also  abundant  in  this 
region,  and  reach  an  immense  size.  In  fact,  it  would  be  difficult  to  find 
finer  groves  of  maple  in  any  part  of  the  State. 

"  The  pine  country  proper  lies  between  the  two  tracts  we  have  described, 
and  embraces  about  15,000  square  miles.  It  is  composed  largely  of  sand 
hills  and  plains,  either  scantily  furnished  with  vegetation,  or  densely  cov- 
ered with  pine  forest.  Argillaceous  tracts  wooded  with  beech  and  maple 
also  occur,  like  oases  in  a  desert;  and  swamps  abound,  with  the  usual  low- 
land timber.  Forests  of  hemlock  spruce  are  frequent,  and  there  are  occa- 
sional ridges  of  oak.  Birch  (B.  lutea)  also  begins  to  be  a  common  forest 
tree,  and  attains  a  large  size.  The  usual  timber  of  the  barrens  is  Jack 
Pine  (P.  Banksiana).  Climatic  and  other  influences  have  combined  to 
produce  groves  composed  entirely  of  this  species  of  large  size  and  of  great 
beauty,  for,  instead  of  being  'a  straggling  shrub,  or  low  tree'  (Gray),  it 
rises,  often  50-60  seet,  straight  and  symmetrical.  All  through  this  region 
Pinus  strobus  is  the  prevailing  species  and  furnishes  most  of  the  lumber, 
but  P.  resinosa  is  frequent  as  far  south  as  Clare  county,  and  occurs  spar- 
ingly in  the  northern  part  of  Isabella  county,  which  appears  to  be  its 
southern  limit. 

"Such  is  the  general  character  of  the  sylva  down  to  about  latitude  43°, 
but  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  owing  perhaps  to  moister  climate,  or 
to  favorable  soil,  hemlock  spruce  is  more  abundant,  and  reaches  much 
farther  south,  nearly  or  quite  to  the  Indiana  line,  ancl  the  same  is  true  of 
white  pine. 

"  The  flora  of  the  deep  pine  woods  is  interesting,  though  rather  monot- 
onous. Yery  little  undergrowth  is  found,  and  their  gloomy  recesses 
nourish  only  such  plants  as  love  thick  shade.  Here  the  club-mosses 
(Lycopodiums)  find  a  congenial  home,  and  flourish  luxuriantly,  while 
Clintonia  borealis  covers  the  ground.  The  great  round-leaved  orchid 
(Habenaria  orbiculata),  with  its  tall,  greenish  spike  and  twin  leaves  close 
to  the  earth,  is  also  frequent  and  striking.  We  shall  also  meet  Mitchella 
repens,  Maianthemum  Canadense,  Trillium  grandiflorum,  perhaps,  and  a 
few  ferns,  particularly  Asplenium  Filix-foemina  and  Phegopteris  Dryop- 
teris.  Other  species  occur,  of  course,  but  not  so  abundantly.  In  more 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  17 

open  places,  and  on  ridges,  we'  meet  Rhn,s  aromatica  and  Comptonia  along 
with  wintergreen  (Gaultheria)  and  trailing  arbutus  (Epigcea),  and  are 
often  fortunate  enough  to  find  the  wax-white,  fragrant  flower  of  Moneses 
uniflora,  or  Poly  gala  paucifolia,  hiding  its  shining  leaves  under  a  wealth 
of  showy  pink  blossoms. 

"  The  floral  treasures  of  the  pine  region  lie,  however,  in  its  swamps  and 
lake  borders  rather  than  in  the  deep  woods.  Therein  grows  Linncea 
borealis  in  all  its  delicate  beauty,  carpeting  the  ground,  and  close  at  hand, 
the  odd,  brown-purple  flower  of  Cypripedium  acaule  and  the  small  yellow 
blossom  of  its  water-loving  relative  C.  parviflorum.  In  such  swamps,  or 
within  a  stone's  throw  of  them,  may  be  found  many  other  plants  of  equal 
interest,  such  as  Medeola  Virginica,  Ledum  latifolium,  Andromeda  poli- 
folia,  Kalmia  glauca,  Lonicera  oblongifolia,  Cardamine  pratensis,  Ger- 
ardia  aspera,  Miiella  nuda,,  Eriophorum  vaginatum,  etc.  On  lake  mar- 
gins we  shall  find  Lysimachia  and  the  blue  Poniederia  and  more  rarely, 
Nescea  and  Eleocharis  quadrangulata.  The  lake  itself,  most  likely,  will 
be  full  of  Nymphoea,  Nuphar,  Utrtcularias,  and  a  world  of  Potamage- 
fons  and  similar  water  weeds.  Shrubby  Vacciniums  line  the  bluffs,  and 
here  and  there  gleam  the  white  trunks  of  paper  birches  against  the  dark 
background  of  pines. 

"  In  the  thick-pine  country,  where  the  lumberman's  ax  has  let  in  the 
sunlight,  new  plants  spring  up  freely.  Here,  Prunus  Pennsylvania  and 
poplars  are  frequent,  and  the  blackberry  is  omnipresent.  Aralia  hispida 
and  Phy salis  lanceolaia  are  also  peculiar  to  such  land,  and  in  August 
Gnaphalium  decurrens  may  be  seen  whitening  thousands  of  acres. 

"  One  seldom  beholds  a  drearier  sight  than  a  dead  and  deserted 
lumber  region.  The  valuable  trees  were  all  felled  years  ago,  and  the  lum- 
berman moved  on  to  fresh  spoils,  leaving  behind  an  inextricably  confused 
mass  of  tree  tops,  broken  logs,  and  uprooted  trunks.  Blackberry  canes 
spring  up  everywhere,  forming  a  tangled  thicket,  and  a  few  scattering 
poplars,  birches,  and  cherries  serve  for  arboreal  life,  above  which  tower  the 
dead  pines,  bleached  in  the  weather  and  blackened  by  fire,  destitute  of 
limbs,  and  looking  at  a  distance  not  unlike  the  masts  of  some  great  harbor. 
Thousands  of  such  acres,  repellent  alike  to  botanist  and  settler,  can  be  seen 
in  any  of  our  northern  counties. 

"In  certain  districts  considerable  beech  is  found  associated  with  the 
pine.  The  soil  of  such  tracts  is  usually  of  better  quality,  and  can  be 
rendered  productive  without  much  labor.  It  may  be  noted  that  in  such 
cases  the  pine  also  grows  thriftier  and  mak^s  better  lumber." 

TREES  AND  SHRUBS  OF  MICHIGAN  COMPARED  WITH  THOSE  OF  THE  REST  OF 

THE  WORLD. 

Michigan  is  very  rich  in  trees  and  shrubs.  If  we  have  counted  correctly 
there  are  69  species  of  indigenous  trees  and  three  exotics  which  have 
escaped  from  cultivation;  150  native  shrubs,  5  exotics  spread  from  cultiva- 
tion. This  gives  us  220  indigenous  woody  plants  and  8  exotics  which  have 
become  naturalized. 

To  comprehend  the  relative  importance  of  our  trees  and  shrubs,  let  us 

glance  at  the  forests  of  Great  Britain.      Great  Britain  and  Ireland  contain 

121,260  square  miles  of  land,  Michigan  60,000,  a  little  less  than  one-half  as 

much  as  Great  Britain.      She  has  one  species  of  basswood  not  so  good  as 

•ours;  one  maple  not  over  twenty  feet  high;  one  cherry  from  ten  to  twenty 


18  FLORA   OF   MICHIGAN. 

feet  high;  one  small  ash,  two  elms,  two  poplars,  one  beech,  which  grows 
very  large  but  not  very  high;  one  small  white  birch,  one  species  of  pine,  by 
no  means  a  match  for  our  white  pine;  a  species  of  oak  which  sometimes 
grows  to  a  great  size. 

Great  Britain  has  about  ten  species  of  trees  native  to  her  soil.  Michigan, 
with  half  the  territory,  has  sixty-nine  species  (ninety  if  we  compare  the 
sizes  exactly),  nine  times  as  great  a  variety.  Great  Britain  has  no  white- 
wood,  no  white  or  red  cedar,  no  walnuts  or  hickories.  Michigan  has  six 
species  of  maple  of  tree  size,  a  basswood,  a  whitewood,  honey  locust, 
Kentucky  coffee  tree,  three  cherries,  a  pepperidge,  five  species  of  ash,  a 
sassafras,  three  elms,  a  hackberry,  a  mulberry,  a  buttonwood,  black  walnut, 
butternut,  six  hickories,  ten  oaks,  a  chestnut,  a  beech,  four  tree  birches, 
four  willows  of  tree  size,  five  poplars,  three  pines,  two  spruces,  one  hem- 
lock, a  balsam  fir,  one  larch,  one  arbor-vitse  and  a  red  cedar. 

The  forests  of  North  America  may  be  divided  into  two  regions,  the 
Atlantic  and  the  Pacific.  In  the  Atlantic  region  there  are  292  species,  in 
the  Pacific  region  153  species. 

In  all  Europe  there  are  only  85  species  of  trees. 

WHY  HAS  MICHIGAN  SO  MANY  TREES  AND  GREAT  BRITAIN  SO  FEW. 

This  question  now  very  naturally  arises:  Why  has  the  Atlantic  region, 
including  Michigan,  so  many  species  of  trees  and  why  has  Europe  so  few? 
Certainly  we  cannot  attribute  this  difference  to  a  defective  soil  and  climate 
of  Europe,  as  they  now  exist,  for  Europe  can  grow  all  sorts  of  trees  now 
found  in  the  temperate  zone,  while  "  Great  Britain  alone  can  grow  double 
or  treble  the  number  of  trees  that  the  Atlantic  States  can." 

The  former  geological  conditions  of  their  continents  help  to  explain  all 
this  difference  in  the  distribution  of  trees  to  the  entire  satisfaction  of 
scientists. 

Away  back  in  the  Tertiary  Period  the  trees  of  the  regions  now  possess- 
ing an  arctic  climate  were  such  as  now  thrive  in  a  warm  temperate  zone 
like  that  of  Georgia  and  California.  This  is  well  illustrated  by  the 
abundant  fossil  remains  of  trees.  Following  this,  came  a  long  time  when 
extreme  cold  prevailed,  known  as  the  Glacial  Epoch,  when  snow  and  ice 
for  niost  or  all  of  the  year  extended  to  the  Ohio  river.  At  the  approach  of 
cold,  the  trees  slowly  retreated  southward,  as  generation  followed  genera- 
tion. The  plants  such  as  now  thrive  in  southern  Michigan,  perhaps  then 
extended  to  what  now  forms  the  State  of  Alabama,  while  the  arctic  plants 
reached  Ohio. 

As  the  climate  again  gradually  grew  warmer,  the  trees  and  other  plants 
slowly  migrated  northward.  Some  arctic  plants  were  stranded  on  the 
White  mountains  and  in  Labrador,  where  they  still  remain;  others  went 
farther  north. 

Plants  of  the  cool  temperate  zone  reached  Michigan.  In  a  similar  manner, 
during  the  Glacial  Epoch  the  plants  of  Europe  were  driven  southward. 
The  Alps,  the  Pyrenees,  the  Appenines,  the  Caucasus,  still  contain  some 
of  these  arctic  plants  which  retreated  there  at  the  close  of  the  Glacial 
Epoch.  Most  of  the  plants  of  the  warm  temperate  region  had  perished 
and  therefore  were  unable  to  retreat  when  the  continent  became  warmer. 

I  quote  the  words  of  Dr.  A.  Gray,  from  whom  other  hints  are  taken,  as 
found  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  page  194,  1878.  "  I  conceive 
that  three  things  have  conspired  to  this  loss.  First,  Europe  hardly  extend- 


FLORA   OF   MICHIGAN.  19 

ing  south  of  latitude  40°,  is  all  within  the  limits  generally  assigned  to 
severe  glacial  action.  Second,  its  mountains  trend  east  and  west,  from  the 
Pyrenees  to  the  Carpathians  and  the  Caucasus  beyond,  near  its  southern 
border;  and  they  had  glaciers  of  their  own,  which  must  have  begun  opera- 
tions, and  poured  down  the  northward  flanks,  while  the  plains  were  still 
covered  with  forest  on  the  retreat  from  the  great  ice  wave  coming  from  the 
north.  Attacked  both  on  front  and  rear,  much  of  the  forest  must  have 
perished  then  and  there.  Third,  across  the  line  of  retreat  of  those  which 
may  have  flanked  the  mountain  ranges,  or  were  stationed  south  of  them, 
stretched  the  Mediterranean,  an  impassable  barrier." 

"  Greenland  may  be  referred  to,  by  way  of  comparison,  as  a  country 
which,  having  undergone  extreme  glaciation,  bears  the  marks  of  it  in  the 
extreme  poverty  of  its  flora,  and  in  the  absence  of  the  plants  to  which  its 
southern  portion,  extending  six  degrees  below  the  arctic  circle,  might  be 
entitled.  It  ought  to  have  trees,  and  might  support  them.  But  since 
destruction  by  glaciation,  no  way  has  been  open  for  their  return." 

"  In  the  American  continent  -the  mountains  run  north  and  south.  The 
trees,  when  touched  on  the  north  by  the  on-coming  refrigeration,  had  only 
to  move  their  southern  border  southward,  along  an  open  way,  and  there 
was  no  impediment  to  their  due  return.  So  our  lines  have  been  cast  in 
pleasant  places,  and  the  goodly  heritage  of  forest  trees  is  one  of  the 
consequences. ' ' 

A 

FLORA    OF    THE    JACK-PINE    PLAINS. 

The  plants  of  this  region  are  all  found  in  one  or  more  of  the  regions 
previously  enumerated. 

The  soil  of  these  plains  is  mainly  sand  of  considerable  depth  which  dries 
out  quickly  after  a  rain,  and  is  then  especially  liable  to  be  burned  over, 
the  burning  often  destroying  every  living  plant  above  the  surface  of  the 
soil.  In  this  way,  by  repeated  burning,  much  of  the  vegetable  matter  is 
removed,  leaving  the  surface  soil  thin. 

The  following  seventy  species  of  plants  are  almost  certain  to  be  found 
in  considerable  quantity  on  any  extended  area  of  Jack-pine  plains: 

a.  THOSE  MOST  COMMON. 

Amelanchier  Canadensis,  var.  oblongifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Dwarf  June-Berry. 

Andropogon  fureatus,  Muhl.    Finger,  or  Beard-Grass. 

Andropogon  scoparius,  Michx.     Beard-Grass. 

Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi,  Spreng.     Bearberry. 

Aster  Icevis,  L.     Aster. 

Carex  Pennsylvania,  Lam.    Pennsylvania  Sedge. 

Danthonia  spicata,  Beauv.    Wild  Oat-Grass. 

Epigc&a  repens,  L.    Trailing  Arbutus. 

Erigeron  Canadensis,  L.    Horse-weed. 

Gaultheria  procumbens,  L.    Wintergreen. 

Myrica  asplenifolia,  Endl.     Sweet  Fern. 

Oryzopsis  Canadensis,  Torr.    Mountain  Rice. 

Pinus  Bariksiana,  Lambert.    Scrub,  or  Jack-pine. 

Populus  tremuloides,  Michx.     Aspen. 

Prunus  Pennsylvania,  L.  f.    Wild  Red,  or  Pin  Cherry, 

Prunus  pumila,  L.    Sand  Cherry. 

Prunus  Virginiana,  L.    Choke- Cherry. 

Pteris  aquilina,  L.     Brake.    Eagle  Fern. 

Quercus  coccinea,  Wang.    Scarlet  Oak. 

Quercus  tinctoria,  Bartr.    Black  Oak. 

Rumex  Acetosella,  L.    Sheep  Sorrel. 

3 


20  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

Salix  humilis,  Marsh.    Low,  or  Prairie  Willow. 
Solidago  nemoralis,  Ait.    Golden-rod. 
Vaccinium  Canadense.  Kalm.    Low  Blueberry. 
Vaccinium  Pennsylvanicum,  Lam.    Dwarf  Blueberry. 
Vaccinium  vacillans,  Solander.    Low  Blueberry. 

b.  THOSE  LESS  FREQUENT, 

Agrostis  scabra,  Willd.     Hair-Grass. 

Antennaria  plantaginifolia,  Hook,    Plantain-leaved  Everlasting. 

Apocynum  androscemifolium,  L.    Dogbane. 

Aralia  hispida,  Vent.    Bristly  Sarsaparilla. 

Campanula  rotundifolia,  L.    Bluebell.    Harebell. 

Ceanothus  Americana,  L.    New  Jersey  Tea. 

Comandra  umbellata,  Nutt.    Bastard  Toad-flax. 

Cnicus  pumilus,  Torr.    Low  Thistle. 

Convolvulus  spithamceus,  L.    Low  Bindweed. 

Diervilla  trifida,  Moench.     Bush  Honeysuckle. 

Erigeron  strigosus,  Muhl.    Daisy  Fleabane. 

Festuca  ovina,  L.    Sheep's  Fescue. 

Fragaria  Virginiana,  Mill.,  var.  Illinoiensis,  Gray     Strawberry. 

Gaylussacia  resinosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Black  Huckleberry. 

Gnaphal'ium  decurrens,  Ives.    Everlasting. 

HeHanthemum  Canadense,  Michx.    Frost-weed. 

Helianthus  divaricatus,  L.    Wild  Sunflower. 

Helianthus  occidentalis,  Walt.    Wild  Sunflower. 

Hieracium  venosum,  L.    Rattlesnake- weed. 

Houstonia  purpurea,  L.,  var.  longifolia,  Gray.    Houstonia. 

Kceleria  cristata,  Pers.    Koeleria. 

Krigia  amplexicaulis,  Nutt.    Dwarf  Dandelion. 

Liatris  cylindracea,  Michx.    Blazing  Star. 

Lycopodium  complanatum.  L.    Ground-Pine. 

Lithospermum  hirtum,  Lehm.     Hairy  Puccoon. 

Maianthemum  Canadense,  Desf. 

Melampy'rum  Americanum,  Michx.    Cow-Wheat. 

Monarda fistulosa,~L.    Wild  Bergamot. 

(Enothera  biennis,  L.     Evening  Primrose. 

Panicum  depauperatum,  Muhl.    Panic-Grass. 

Panicum  dichotomum,  L.    Panic-Grass. 

Pinus  resinosa,  Ait.    Norway,  or  Red  Pine. 

Pinus  Strobus,  L.    White  Pine. 

Polygala  polygama,  Walt.    Pink  Polygala. 

Populus  grandidentata,  Michx.    Large-toothed  Aspen. 

Potentilla  Canadensis,  L.    Five-Finger.    Cinque-foil. 

Potentilla  tridentata,  Ait.    Three- toothed  Cinque-foil. 

Quercus  alba,  L.    White  Oak. 

Rubus  Canadensis,  L.    Dewberry. 

Rubus  hispidus,  L.    Dewberry. 

Rudbeckia  hirta,  L.     Cone-flower. 

Solidago  juncea,  Ait.    Golden  Rod, 

Viola  canina,  L.,  var.  puberula,  Wats.    Violet. 

Viola  pedata,  L.    Bird-foot  Violet. 

The  above  list  consists  of  representatives  of  twenty-seven  families,  of 
fifty -four  genera,  and  of  seventy  species. 

The  families  of  plants  best  represented  on  the  plains  are  the  Rosacece 
by  nine  species,  Composites  by  fifteen  species,  Ericacece  by  seven 
species,  and  Graminece  by  nine  species. 

The  following  large  and  prominent  families  of  the  State  are  not  repre- 
sented in  the  list  given  above:  Ranunculacew.  Cruciferce,  Caryophylla- 
cece,  Saxifragacece,  Umbelliferce,  Orchidacece. 

Most  remarkable  of  all  is  the  absence  of  any  Leguminosce,  though  the 
family  contains  6,500  species  and  is  second  in  size  only  to  the  Compositae. 
The  Leguminosce  is  represented  in  the  State  by  47  native  species  and 
varieties. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  21 

The  number  of  biennials  given  in  this  list  is  remarkably  small,  only  two, 
and  there  are  no  annuals  in  it.  Sixty-eight  out  of  seventy  are  perennials 
and  most  persistent  plants  weU  adapted  by  long,  deep  roots  and  rootstocks 
to  live  in  poor  soil  which  is  subject  to  severe  droughts.  Most  of  them  are 
admirably  adapted  to  survival  after  a  severe  fire  has  burned  over  the 
ground  and  killed  the  tops  of  the  plants. 

PLANTS   PECULIAR   TO   THE   PRAIRIES. 

The  following  plants  are  peculiar  to  the  prairie  region  of  the  south- 
western portion  of  the  State: 

Amorpha  canescens,  Nutt.     Lead-Plant. 

Asclepias  verticillata,  L.    Milkweed. 

Aster  sericeus,  Vent.     Aster. 

Baptisia  leucantha,  Torr.  &  Gray.     False  Indigo. 

Bouteloua  racemosa,  Lag.     Muskit-Grass. 

Coreopsis  palmata,  Nutt. 

Echinaceapurpurea,  Mcench.     Purple  Cone-flower. 

Helianthus  rigidus,  Desf.     Sunflower. 

Phlox  biftda,  Beck.    Phlox. 

Silphium,  integrifolium,  Michx.     Rosin-weed. 

Silphium  laciniatum,  L.    Compass-plant. 

Silphium  perfoliatum,  L.     Cup-plant. 

Silphium  terebinthinaceum,  L.     Prairie  Dock. 

COMPARISON  OF  THE  FLORA.  OF   THE  EASTERN  AND   THE   WESTERN   SIDES   OF   THE 
STATE  IN  THE  LATITUDE  OF  44°40  . 

On  the  east  side,  the  latitude  in  question  is  near  Harrisville  in  Alcona 
county.  On  the  west  side  it  is  near  Frankfort  in  Benzie  county. 

It  has  long  been  known  that  the  climate  of  the  west  shore  where  the 
wind  sweeps  across  Lake  Michigan  was  milder  in  winter,  and  throughout 
the  year  less  variable  than  it  is  on  the  east  side  of  the  State.  So  far  as 
observed,  the  plants  of  the  State  which  are  only  found  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  great  lakes  are  more  abundant  in  individuals  on  the  west  shore. 

A.  NORTHERN   PL, ANTS    FOUND  ON   THE   EAST  SIDE   OF  THE  STATE  AND  NOT  ON  THE 

WEST. 

Botrychium  Lunaria,  Swartz.    Moon  wort. 
Botrychium  simplex,  Hitchcock.    Moonwort. 
Carex  Backii,  Boot.    Sedge. 
Carex  capillaris,  L.    Sedge. 
Carex  Houghtonii,  Torr.     Sedge. 
Dracocephalum  parviflorum,  Nutt.    Dragon-Head. 
Kalmia  augustifolia,  L.    Sheep  Laurel.    Lambkill. 
Kalmia  glauca,  Ait.    Swamp  Laurel.    Pale  Laurel. 
Picea  alba.  Link.    White  Spruce. 
Ribes  lacustre,  Poir.    Swamp  Gooseberry. 
Sparganium  simplex,  Huds. 

B.  SOUTHERN  PLANTS  FOUND   ON  THE   WEST   SIDE   OP   THE  STATE  AND  NOT  ON  THE 

EAST. 

Adiantum  pedatum,  L.    Maiden  Hair  Fern. 
Acer  dasycarpum,  Ehrh.     Silver  Maple. 
Rubus  occidentalism  L.     Black  .Raspberry. 
Sambucus  Canadensis,  L.    Common  Elder. 
Sassafras  officinale,  Nees.     Sassafras. 
Ulmus  fulva,  Michx.    Red  Elm. 
Ulmus  racemosa,  Thomas.    Rock  Elm. 

This  list  is  doubtless  incomplete,  but  so  far  as  it  goes  it  sustains  tfae  pre- 
vailing notion  that  the  west  side  of  the  State  has  the  milder  climate.  We 
might  be  able  to  see  why  silver  maple,  sassafras,  black  raspberry,  red  elm 


22  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

and  rock  elm  thrive  on  the  west  shore  and  not  on  the  east,  but  we  are 
unable  to  see  why  the  northern  plants  found  on  the  east  shore  should  not 
be  found  on  the  west  shore. ;  Perhaps  there  is  some  other  reason  than  the 
difference  of  climate  of  the  present  day. 

PLANTS   SUPPOSED   TO   HAVE  IMMIGRATED   FROM   THE   NORTHEAST. 

Calypso  borealis,  Salisb. 

Clintonia  borealis,  Raf. 

Equisetum  litorale,  Kuhlewein. 

Eriocaulon  septangulare,  Withering.     Pipewort. 

Selaginella  spinosa,  Beauv. 

Spiranthes  Romanzoffiana,  Cham.    Ladies'  Tresses. 

Trillium  erectum,  L.    Wake  Robin. 

Trillium  erythrocarpum,  Michx.    Painted  Trillium. 

PLANTS  SUPPOSED  TO  HAVE  IMMIGRATED  FROM  THE  NORTH  AND  WEST. 

Adenocaulon  bieolor,  Hook. 
Anemone  parvifl ora,  Michx.     Anemone. 
Artemisia  Ludoviciana,  Nutt.    Mugwort. 
Bromus  breviaristatus,  Thurber.    Brome  Grass. 
Castilleia  pallida,  Kunth.,  var.  septentrionalis,  Gray.    Painted  Cup. 
Drosera  linearis,  Goldie.    Sundew. 
Echinacea  angustifolia,  DC.    Purple  Cone-flower. 
Euphorbia  serpyllifolia,  Pers.     Spurge. 
Olyceria  pallida,  Trin. 
,      Iva  xanthiifolia,  Nutt.    Marsh  Elder. 

Lonicera  involucrata,  Banks.    Honeysuckle. 

Mertensia  paniculata,  Don.    Lungwort. 

Mimulus  Jamesii,  Torr.    Monkey-flower. 

Mimulus  moschatus,  Dougl.    Monkey-flower. 

Nasturtium  obtusum,  Nutt. 

Parnassia  palustris,  L.     Grass  of  Parnassus. 

Parnassia  parviflora,  DC.     Grass  of  Parnassus. 

Phacelia  Franklinii,  Gray. 

Polyonum  lapathifolium,  L.,  var.  incanum,  Koch.     Knot  weed. 

Potentilla  frigida,  Vill.    Cinque-foil. 

Pyrus  sambucifolia,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.    Mountain  Ash. 

Ranunculus  Ffammula,  L.,  var.  intermedius,  Hook.     Spearwort. 

Rosa  acicularis,  Lindley.    Rose. 

Rosa  Eugelmanni,  Watson.    Rose. 

Rosa  Sayi,  Schwein.    Rose. 

Rumex  salicifolius,  Weinmann.     White  Dock. 

Symphoricarpos  occidentalism  Hook.     Snowberry.  «• 

' 

OVERLAPPING   OF   NORTHERN   AND   SOUTHERN   SPECIES   IN   THE    GRAND    RIVER 

VALLEY. 
NORTHERN  SPECIES: 

Carex  Magellanica,  Lam.     Sedge. 

Oarex  pauciflora,  Lightf.    Sedge. 

Carex  tenuiflora,  Wahl.    Sedge. 

Dracocephalum  parviflorum,  Nutt.    Dragon-head. 

Eriophorum  vaginatum,  L.     Cotton-grass. 

Lonicera  oblongifolia,  Muhl.     Swamp  Ply-Honeysuckle. 

Mimulus  Jamesii,  Torr.     Monkey-flower. 

Primula  Mistassinica,  Michx.    Primrose. 

Symphoricarpos  racemosus,  Michx.,  var.  pauciflorus^  Robbins.     Snowberry. 

Taxas  Canadensis,  Willd.     American  Yew.    Ground  Hemlock. 

SOUTHERN  SPECIES: 

Asimina  triloba,  Dunal.    Papaw. 

Carya  sulcata,  Nutt.    Big  Shell-bark.    King-nut. 

Cassia  Marilandica,  L.    Wild  Senna. 


FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN.  23 

Cercis  Canadensis,  L.    Red-bud.    Judas-tree. 

Chcerophyllum  procumbens,  Crantz. 

Collinsia  verna,  Nutt. 

Coreopsis  trichosperma,  Michx.,  var.  tenuiloba,  Gray.     Tickseed  Sunflower. 

Desmodium  Manlandicum,  F.  Boot.    Tick-Trefoil. 

Eleocharis  equisetoides,  Torr.    Spike-Rush. 

Eleocharis  olivacea,  Torr.    Spike-Rush. 

Eleocharis  quadrangulata,  R.  Br.    Spike-Rush. 

Eleocharis  tiobbinsii,  Oakes.    Spi  tee-Rush. 

Eleocharis  rostellata,  Torr.    Spike-Rush. 

Erigenia  bulbosa,  Nutt.    Harbinger-of-Spring. 

Gymnocladus  Canadensis,  Lam.     Ky.  Coffee-tree. 

Hemicarpha  subsquarrosa,  Nees. 

Liriodendron  Tulipifera,  L.    White-wood.    Tulip-tree. 

Morus  rubra,  L.    Red  Mulberry. 

Silphium  terebinthinaceum,  L.     Prarie  Dock. 

Tradescantiu  Virginica,  L.     Common  Spiderwort. 

Utricularia  resupinata,  B.  D.  Greene.    Bladderwort. 

PLANTING   THE   ROADSIDE   AND   ABOUT   THE   HOME. 

As  students  and  admirers  of  nature,  we  are  unable  to  name  a  single 
native  tree  or  shrub  that  is  not  interesting  and,  in  some  important  respects, 
beautiful  and  worthy  of  consideration  in  making  a  list  for  ornamental 
planting,  especially  on  a  large  estate.  For  certain  places  each  kind  of 
"tree  is  just  the  thing."  With  a  more  extended  knowledge  of  these  trees, 
one  is  usually  much  less  liable  to  be  hampered  by  fashion.  He  will  not 
make  the  same  selections  as  his  neighbors  and  will  thereby  exhibit  more 
originality  in  his  designs. 

In  most  species  there  is  considerable  variation  in  the  modes  of  growth 
of  different  individuals.  The  student  of  botany  and  horticulture  is  learn- 
ing never  to  express  surprise  at  finding  or  hearing  of  specimens  of  any 
species  of  our  trees  or  shrubs  which  have  a  weeping  habit.  In  like  man- 
ner, time  is  almost  sure  to  produce  dwarf  specimens  of  every  plant,  and 
those  with  variegated  or  cut  leaves,  as  well  as  those  with  white  or  double 
flowers.  Testimony  regarding  variations  of  this  sort  is  all  the  time  com- 
ing in  from  different  sources. 

For  a  complete  list  of  our  sixty-nine  native  species  of  trees,  the  reader 
is  referred  to  page 

For  shade  trees  along  the  roadside,  or  in  the  front  yard,_in  country  or 
city,  among  our  deciduous-leaved  trees,  the  sugar  maple  (including  the 
black  maple)  is  a  general  favorite  and  the  one  most  extensively  planted. 
It  is  a  fashionable  tree,  producing  a  dense,  clean  top,  much  the  shape  of  a 
well-built  hay  stack.  Too  many  trees  of  this  sort,  however  beautiful  they 
may  be,  give  a  monotonous  appearance  to  a  yard  or  roadside. 

The  American  elm,  when  well  grown,  is  the  queen  of  the  deciduous- 
leaved  trees  of  northern  temperate  regions,  and  is  often  planted.  Our 
numerous  species  of  oaks  are  too  much  neglected  as  ornamental  trees, 
partially,  perhaps,  because  they  often  hold  their  dead  leaves  during  winter. 

Among  evergreens,  for  general  planting,  the  white  pine,  arbor- vitse, 
hemlock,  red  cedar  and  Norway  pine,  can  scarcely  be  equalled  by  any 
species  in  temperate  climates.  Well-grown  hemlocks  have  been  considered 
by  competent  judges  to  be  the  finest  evergreens  in  cultivation,  while,  in 
many  respects,  the  white  pine  cannot  be  excelled. 

It  should  not  be  forgotten  that  a  very  large  proportion  of  foreign  trees 
and  shrubs  have  not  proved  hardy,  or.  after  a  few  years,  in  some  respects 


24  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

fail  and  become  unsightly.  In  this  regard,  if  we  try  natives  of  our  own 
region  there  is  scarcely  any  risk. 

Doubtless  the  time  will  come,  when  the  officers  of  at  least  some  of  our 
rural  highways  will  learn  that  it  is  next  to  vandalism  to  remove  the  last 
.vestige  of  every  shrub  or  small  tree  along  the  roadside.  They  often  leave 
a  tree  here  and  there,  but  these  are  frequently  damaged  by  the  trimming. 
Groups  or  thickets  of  native  shrubbery,  including  vines,  untouched  by  ax 
or  bush-hook,  are  a  great  source  of  delight  to  a  well- trained  person,  as  he 
views  them  while  passing  along  the  road.  As  a  rule,  at  present,  all  bushes 
and  shrubs  are  considered  by  the  average  pathmaster  as  entirely  out  of 
place  and  not  to  be  tolerated  in  any  well  regulated  neighborhood.  There 
never  was  a  greater  mistake,  and  the  more  we  talk  about  it,  the  sooner  we 
may  look  for  much  needed  reforms. 

"Many  of  the  most  attractive  highways  in  the  State  owe  their  beauty  to 
the  shiftlessness  of  the  pioneers,  who  allowed  a  mass  of  bushes  to  grow  up 
in  the  corners  of  the  old  worm  fences  undisturbed  for  a  generation;  after- 
ward to  be  utilized  by  more  thrifty  successors  in  the  embellishment  of  the 
roadsides.  No  plantations  formed  by  man  are  equal  in  beauty  to  these 
irregular  masses  of  trees  that  are  of  Nature's  planting. 

"Occasionally  I  note  an  example  of  the  workings  of  some  man's  mathe- 
matical mind,  who  has  tried  to  clear  out  one  of  these  rows,  leaving  a  tree 
once  in  so  many  feet,  and  thus  ruining  the  effect  for  all  time." — C.  W. 
Garfield,  in  Garden  and  Forest,  1888,  p.  149. 

"  The  Thorns  and  Dogwoods  and  Viburnums,  the  thickets  of  Elder  and 
Hazel,  the  Bitter-sweet  and  Clematis  and  Moonseed  climbing  over  all — 
the  flora  of  the  world  has  no  more  beautiful  plants  than  these  and  a  hun- 
dred more  which  spring  up  of  themselves  and  flourish  until  some  one  with 
a  zeal  for  *  trimming  up '  attacks  them  with  grubbing-hoe  and  brush-hook. 
And  when  the  vines  are  stripped  from  the  fences,  and  the  brush  all  cut, 
gathered  and  burned,  the  roadsides  are  thoroughly  cleared,  it  is  true,  but 
a  desolation  of  rocks  and  ashes  is  all  that  is  left  in  exchange  for  the 
fragrance  of  flowers,  the  beauty  and  coolness  of  green  leaves,  and  the 
melody  of  the  birds  among  them. 

"  It  is  a  comfort  to  note  that  road  borders  of  native  shrubs  are  being 
used  more  and  more  in  the  best  park  work.  Every  one  of  these  shrubs 
would  grace  a  palace  garden,  and  yet  when  they  modestly  appear  along  a 
rural  highway  they  are  mowed  down  to  '  improve  the  appearance  '  of  the 
country."— Garden  and  Forest,  1889,  p.  337. 

PLANTING   A   GROVE. 

Without  discussing  at  present  the  utility  of  planting  trees  for  growing 
timber  in  Michigan,  we  can  mos  heartily  encourage  every  farmer  who  has 
the  least  inclination  that  way,  to  plant  on  some  acre,  more  or  less,  one  or 
many  specimens  of  native  trees  and  shrubs  of  as  many  kinds  as  be  can 
secure.  When  properly  attended  to,  such  a  piece  will  prove  to  be  an  addi- 
tional attraction  for  home.  If  properly  located,  it  will  serve  to  check  the 
fierce  winds  which  chill  the  animals  in  the  barn,  drift  the  snows  in  winter, 
shake  the  apples  from  the  trees  in  summer  or  lodge  the  grain  before  it  is 
ripe. 

A  part  of  this  acre,  or  even  more,  could  be  planted  to  chestnuts,  hickory 
nuts,  black  walnuts,  butternuts  and  hazelnuts. 


FLORA  OP  MICHIGAN.  25 

It  will  also  be  interesting  to  have  a  part  of  a  country  cemetery  planted 
with  all  the  kinds  of  native  trees  that  can  be  found. 

PLANTING   A   WILD   GAKDEN. 

"Few  have  any  conception  of  the  great  number  of  really  pretty  flowers 
that  may  be  selected  from  wild  places,  and  cultivated  with  success  in  a 
garden.  As  a  rule,  horticulturists  have  never  attempted  a  selection  from 
our  wild  flowers  as  adapted  for  garden  use.  The  botanist,  as  a  rule,  deals 
with  things  in  a  wild  state  only,  and  therefore  the  subject  has  never  been 
thought  of  by  him. 

" Some  are  looking  back  with  regret  to  the  old  mixed-border  gardens; 
others  are  endeavoring  to  soften  the  harshness  of  the  bedding  system  by 
the  introduction  of  fine-leaved  plants,  but  all  are  agreed  that  a  great  mis- 
take has  been  made  in  destroying  all  our  sweet  old  border  flowers,  from 
tall  lilies  to  dwarf  hepaticas,  though  very  few  persons  indeed  have  any 
idea  of  the  numbers  of  beautiful  subjects  in  this  way  which  we  may 
gather  from  every  northern  and  temperate  clime. 

"What  is  to  be  done?     Every  garden  should  have  a  mixed  border. 

"  To  most  people  a  pretty  plant  in  the  wild  state  is  more  attractive  than 
any  garden  denizen.  It  is  free,  and  taking  care  of  itself,  it  has  had  to 
contend  with  and  has  overcome  weeds  which,  left  to  their  own  sweet  will 
in  a  garden,  would  soon  leave  very  small  trace  of  the  plants  therein;  and, 
moreover,  it  is  usually  surrounded  by  some  degree  of  graceful  wild  spray 
— the  green  above,  and  the  moss  and  brambles  and  grass  around. 

"  There  can  be  few  more  agreeable  phases  of  communion  with  nature 
than  naturalizing  the  natives  of  countries  in  which  we  are  infinitely  more 
interested  than  in  those  of  greenhouse  or  stove  plants. 

"It  is  quite  practicable  to  create  aspects  of  vegetation  along  our  wood 
and  shrubbery  walks,  and  in  neglected  places,  superior  to  any  seen  in 
nature,  because  we  may  cull  from  the  place  of  every  northern,  temperate 
and  alpine  region;  whereas  in  nature  comparatively  few  plants  exist  wild 
in  a  restricted  space." — Garden  and  Forest. 

In  planting  and  managing  a  mixed  border  of  native  wild  plants,  or  a 
wild  garden  or  botanic  garden,  whichever  you  choose  to  call  it,  there  is  a 
great  opportunity  to  acquire  knowedge  of  the  habits  of  plants.  Some  of 
these  lessons  may  be  a  surprise.  In  a  small  botanic  garden  at  the  College, 
a  considerable  portion  is  river  bottom  of  the  Ked  Cedar  river.  Summer 
freshets  have  more  than  once  killed  spikenard,  ginseng,  adder's  tongue, 
burdock,  dandelion,  catnip,  motherwort,  houstonia,  wild  lettuce,  May- 
weed, mallow,  broad-leaved  plantain  and  many  others  not  usually  found  in 
abundance  on  river  bottoms.  Why  these  were  killed  and  not  most  of  the 
others  we  cannot  tell. 

Some  of  the  asters,  goldenrods,  hawkweed,  great  willow-herb,  artichokes, 
lilies,  bladder  fern,  iris,  bur-reed,  water  weed,  arrow-head,  cat-tail  flag, 
toad-flax,  germander,  yellow  pond-lilies,  and  others,  spread  rapidly  in 
every  direction,  and  if  not  disturbed  will  soon  monopolize  all  of  the 
unoccupied  land.  A  good  many  are  more  modest  and  spread  little,  but 
root  deeply  as  though  they  had  come  to  stay.  Of  these,  are  water-dock, 
several  wild  sunflowers,  elecampane,  rosin-weed,  pokeweed,  comfrey  and 
horseradish.  Many  are  delicate  and  make  slow  progress,  perhaps  because 
we  do  not  understand  their  wants.  Such  with  us  have  been  the  beautiful 
hepaticas,  gold-thread,  trailing  arbutus,  wintergreen,  cranberry,  laurel, 


26  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

rhododendron,  Labrador  tea,  shin-leaf,  pipsissewa,  and  most  others  which 
have  broad  evergreen  leaves.  The  hot  suns  in  summer,  but  especially 
those  in  March,  kill  the  leaves. 

In  a  garden  we  have  a  chance  to  study  the  effect  of  large  masses  of  one 
species  of  wild  plant.  The  shape  and  color  of  the  leaves  and  the  posi- 
tions assumed  by  each  are  very  interesting  studies.  For  example,  the 
dark  lanceolate  leaves  of  several  sorts  of  wild  sunflowers,  each  bunch  five  to 
eight  feet  in  diameter,  hang  down,  overlapping  one  another  in  a  beautiful 
manner  somewhat  like  the  shingles  of  a  roof.  For  the  back  part  of  a  gar- 
den in  front  of  a  tall  fence,  a  building,  or  some  trees  or  shrubbery,  these 
plants  are  appropriate  and  much  more  attractive  than  many  suppose. 

The  large  coarse  plants  of  Silphium  perfoliatum,  cup-plant,  are  almost 
subtropical  in  effect. 

Wild  lettuce  has  smooth  pinnatifid  leaves  which  hang  down  from  the 
erect  stem,  which  is  often  ten  feet  high.  Before  flowering,  this  plant  is  a 
real  beauty. 

Wild  senna  has  long,  pinnate  leaves  and  racemes  of  yellow  flowers.  A 
mass  five  feet  high  and  six  feet  in  diameter  cannot  fail  to  awaken  the 
admiration  of  every  true  florist.  When  placed  together,  it  is  striking  to 
study,  by  day  or  night,  the  change  of  position  of  leaves  of  most  legumi- 
nous plants,  such  as  the  last  mentioned,  including  peas,  locust,  clovers  and 
the  like. 

Several  of  the  wild  asters  and  golden-rods,  when  placed  in  damp,  rich 
soil,  in  large  bunches  which  are  a  trifle  isolated,  will  astonish  almost  any- 
one who  has  never  seen  them  thus  situated.  The  graceful,  even  outline, 
the  leaves  and  the  flowers  are  a  study. 

Let  us  here  call  attention  to  the  idea  of  growing  some  of  our  grasses  in 
large  unmixed  masses.  The  andropogons,  wild  sorghum,  Panicum 
virgatum,  several  species  of  Elymu<s  (wild  rye),  bottle-brush  grass,  in  fact 
almost  every  grass  we  have,  and  there  are  sixty  or  more  in  almost  every 
neighborhood,  are  fine  ornamental  plants. 

The  horticulturist  will  be  well  repaid  by  a  study  of  the  sedges,  of  which 
he  will  find  a  number  that  are  valuable  for  use  in  masses,  each  sort  by 
itself  in  bogs  or  low  places. 

The  fruits  of  our  different  species  of  Trillium  are  quite  dissimilar  and 
afford  good  points  for  distinguishing  them.  , 

In  a  botanic  garden  or  wild  garden,  throughout  the  season,  from  the 
first  willows  to  the  witch-hazel  and  gentians,  the  apiarist  can  see  what  his 
favorite  insects  visit  for  nectar  and  pollen.  The  mints  always  attract  the 
bees;  they  hum  and  crawl  about  the  flowers  of  germander,  blue-curls, 
pennyroyal,  spearmint,  peppermint,  watermint,  catmint,  bugle-weed,  hore- 
hound,  dittany,  hyssop,  basil,  marjoram,  thyme,  summer  savory,  calaminth, 
balm,  stone-Aot,  sage,  Oswego-tea,  bergamot,  horsemint,  blephilia,  gill, 
dragon-head,  cedronella,  synandra,  self-heals,  skullcap,  hedge-nettle,  dead- 
nettle  and  mountain  mints.  All  of  these  and  many  more  are  mints,  and 
they  are  much  benefited  by  the  visits  of  bees,  which  are  rewarded  with 
nectar  for  services  rendered.  One  who  passes  by  such  plants  can  scarcely 
help  picking  fragments  for  a  nosegay. 

The  figworts,  too,  in  large  numbers  are  hardly  less  valuable,  and  to  them 
belong  the  mulleins,  toad-flax,  snap  dragon,  snakehead,  pentstemon, 
mimulus,  and  a  host  of  others.  The  immense  sunflower  family  contains 
hundreds  of  plants  valuable  for  bees. 

Here   the   young   and  enthusiastic  entomologists  sweep  in  our  insect 


FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN.  27 

friends  as  well  as  our  insect  foes.  They  learn  to  look  for  certain  insects 
about  the  plants  of  a  certain  species,  genus,  or  family. 

Here  the  landscape  artist  can  study  the  plants  with  reference  to  produc- 
ing certain  effects.  Some  are  subtropical,  some  suitable  for  bog  or 
pond,  some  for  sunshine  all  the  day  long,  others  only  for  shade.  Some 
are  best  in  groups  of  one  kind,  others  are  best  massed  with  one  or 
more  sorts;  some  are  eccentric,  some  noble,  some  clean,  some  strag- 
gling. Plants  with  tall,  slender,  or  naked  stems  may  be  properly 
planted  in  or  near  low  bushy  ones  which  will  support  or  cover 
their  nakedness.  With  some  the  chief  glory  lies  in  their  flowers;  with 
others  in  the  foliage.  Some  are  out  early  in  spring,  and  go  to  rest 
during  the  heat  of  summer,  while  others  barely  get  into  flower  when  the 
frosts  of  September  appear.  Some  will  be  well  cared  for  if  all  the  allied 
hardy  species  are  placed  in  a  ward  or  group,  while  others,  like  the  violets, 
shoot  their  seeds  for  a  yard  or  more  in  every  direction  and  soon  become 
hopelessly  mixed. 

Some  plants  are  suitable  for  dry,  sunny  slopes,  others  retire  to  the  shade. 
Study  the  soil  and  location  of  wild  plants  to  learn  how  to  treat  them  in  a 
wild  garden.  The  following  are  excellent  to  hang  over  the  crest  of  banks 
in  exposed  places:  Wintergreen,  bearberry,  trailing  arbutus,  dwarf  blue- 
berries, dwarf  June-berry,  violets,  harebell,  wild  asters,  the  sweet  golden- 
rod,  anemones,  the  bushy  andropogons  and  panicums,  and  the  dwarf 
sedges. 

Cheap  and  unique  ornaments  are  the  sprouts  of  low  stumps  cut  back  each 
spring  to  near  the  old  roots.  For  this  purpose  use  any  oak,  the  Juneberry, 
witch-hazel,  the  maples,  ashes,  basswood,  poplars,  alders,  birches  or 
chestnuts. 

If  once  well  selected  and  well  started  in  a  wild  garden,  plants  may 
remain  very  attractive  for  a  great  many  years  without  much  attention, 
save  now  and  then  a  little  thinning  of  the  most  vigorous  to  keep  them  from 
overrunning  their  more  retiring  neighbors.  Considering  the  outlay,  if  the 
taste  leads  that  way,  one  will  get  better  returns  for  labor  spent  in  a  wild 
garden  than  he  will  from  the  one  neatly  shorn  near  the  house. 

AUTUMN   FOLIAGE. 

For  reasons  which  need  not  here  be  explained,  the  leaves  of  many  of  our 
native  trees  during  autumn  assume  different  colors  from  the  usual  green  of 
spring  and  summer.  In  the  autumn  of  some  years,  many  trees  are  truly 
gorgeous,  and  become  the  admiration  of  everyone.  To  set  off  these  autumn 
tints  to  best  advantage,  some  evergreens  or  deciduous  trees  are  needed 
which  retain  their  green  colors  till  late  in  the  season. 

In  planting  along  the  roadside,  in  parks,  cemeteries,  or  near  the  home 
buildings,  too  little  attention  is  usually  given  to  the  selection  and  arrange- 
ment of  trees  with  reference  to  what  pleasure  they  may  afford  in 
autumn.  To  render  the  subject  more  complex  and  the  effects  more  uncer- 
tain, trees  of  the  same  species  do  not  all  of  them  assume  the  same  colors  at 
the  same  time  in  autumn.  Certain  trees  or  parts  of  trees  are  more  bril- 
liant than  others.  Different  leaves  or  branches,  or  different  parts  of  the 
same  leaves  of  some  sumachs  will  be  red,  crimson,  orange  or  yellow.  The 
red  maples  may  be  orange  or  gold,  crimson  or  scarlet — and  many  leaves 
may  contain  clear  blotches  of  bright  yellow,  and  scarlet  splashed  among 
4 


28  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

the  deep  green.  The  soil  and  degree  of  moisture,  the  nature  of  the  season, 
the  age  and  thriftiness  of  a  tree,  all  tend  to  modify  its  appearance. 

To  acquire  hints  as  to  what  trees  to  set  out,  and  how  to  arrange  them 
for  producing  the  best  effect,  one  should  note  the  colors  assumed  in  autumn 
by  our  trees  and  shrubs,  then  like  an  artist,  he  can  study  all  the  compli- 
cated or  simple  combinations  possible. 

The  favorite  views  in  the  case  of  woody  plants  will  most  likely  be  found 
along  the  edge  of  marshes,  or,  if  viewed  at  a  distance  across  an  open  field 
or  a  valley,  as  the  trees  rise  on  the  hills  beyond. 

"Everyone  has  noticed,  in  the  case  of  the  sugar  maple,  that  on  some  indi- 
viduals the  leaves  are  all  golden,  while  on  others  a  portion  are  scarlet, 
or  that  sometimes  the  leaves  on  a  single  branch  turn  scarlet  while  the 
remainder  of  the  tree  is  still  green.  Individuals  of  the  scarlet  maple  differ 
even  more  than  sugar  maples  in  this  respect.  On  some  the  leaves  are  pale 
yellow;  on  others  they  are  green  with  scarlet  margins;  others  are  brilliantly 
scarlet.  In  western  Massachusetts  there  is  one  tree  of  this  species,  now 
known  from  one  end  of  the  commonwealth  to  the  other,  whose  leaves  turn 
from  green  first  to  deep,  dark  purple,  and  then  to  the  most  brilliant  scar- 
let. The  leaves  upon  some  trees  of  white  ash  turn  to  a  deep,  bronzy  pur- 
ple, while  in  others  they  turn  pale  yellow. 

"If  the  leaves  on  a  particular  branch  of  a  maple  tree  assume  a  particular 
color  one  year,  they  will  continue  to  do  so,  year  after  year,  as  long  as  the 
branch  exists.  If  the  leaves  of  a  certain  oak  are  more  brilliant  than  those 
of  any  of  its  associates,  they  will  continue  to  be  so  year  after  year. 

"Planters,  therefore,  can  well  select  and  perpetuate  these  individuals  as 
the  purple  beech,  pyramidal  oak,  have  been  propagated.  The  nurseryman 
who  will  propagate  by  grafting  maples  or  oaks  or  elms,  selected  with  refer- 
ence to  autumnal  tints  of  their  foliage,  will  open  the  way  to  more  effect- 
ive plantations  than  have  yet  been  made  in  this  country,  and  will  reap  the 
reward  of  his  intelligence  and  enterprise.  The  field,  so  far  as  we  know,  is 
entirely  a  new  one." — Garden  and  Forest,  1888,  p.  410. 

Aside  from  the  deep  green  colors  retained  till  the  hard  frosts  of  autumn 
by  many  thrifty  specimens,  most  of  our  cone-bearing  trees,  known  as 
evergreens,  are  the  most  certain  to  remain  green.  Some  of  these  should 
\)9  selected  for  autumn  planting  as  a  background  or  "setting"  for  the 
picture  to  be  produced  by  trees  of  different  colors. 

NATIVE   TREES  AND    SHRUBS  ^SELECTED    FOR    THE    COLOR   OF    THEIR   LEAVES 

IN  AUTUMN. 

a.  Green. 

Abies  balsamea,  Miller.   Balsam  Fir.   After  fifteen  years  it  usually  loses  its  beauty. 
Juniperus  Virginiana,  L.    Red  Cedar.    Becomes  brown  in  winter. 
Picea  alba,  Link.    White  Spruce. 

"      nigra,  Link.     Black  Spruce.     A  slow  grower. 
Pinus  Banksiana,  Lambert.    Jack  or  Scrub  Pine. 

"     resinosa,  Ait.    Norway  or  Red  Pine.     Better  than  the  Austrian. 

"     Strobus,  L.    White  Pine. 

Thuya  occidentalis,  L.    Arbor  Vitas.    White  Cedar. 
Tsuga  Canadensis,  Carr.    Hemlock.     Needs  protection  from  the  strongest  winds. 

b.  Brown. 

Fraxinus  Americana,  L,    White  Ash. 
Myrica  asplenifolia,  Endl.    Sweet  Fern. 
Prunus  Pennsylvania,  L.  f.    Wild  Red  Cherry. 
Pteris  aquilina,  L.     Brake  or  Eagle  Fern. 
Quercus  alba,  L.    White  Oak. 
Quercus  rubra,  L.    Red  Oak. 
And  many  more  trees  and  shrubs. 


FLORA  OP  MICHIGAN.  29 

c.  Yellow  and  Orange. 

Acer  saccharinum,  Wang.     Sugar  Maple. 

"     saccharinum,  Wang.,  var.  nigrum,  Torr.  and  Gray.    Black  Maple. 
Amelanchier  Canadensis,  Torr.  and  Gray.     Service  Berry,  Shad  Bush. 
Betula  papyrifera,  Marshall.    Paper  or  Canoe  Birch. 
Corylus  Americana,  Walt.    Hazel-nut. 

"       rostrata,  Ait.    Beaked  Hazel-nut. 
Fagus  ferruginea,  Ait.    Beech. 

Hamamelis  Virginiana,  L.     Witch-hazel.  % 

Larix  Americana,  Michx.    Tamarack. 
Populus  grandidentata,  Michx.    Large-toothed  Aspen. 

"        monilifera,  Ait.    Cotton- wood. 

"        tremuloides,  Michx.    American  Aspen. 
And  others. 

d.  Scarlet,  Crimson,  Red. 

Acer  rubrum,  L.    Red  Maple. 

"    spicatum,  Lam.    Mountain  Maple. 
Ampelopsis  quinquefolia,  Michx.    Virginian  Creeper.    Our  most  valuable  native 

vine. 

Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi,  Spreng.     Bearberry. 
Cornus  florida,  L.    Flowering  Dogwood. 
Gaultheria procumbens,  L.    Wintergreen. 
Gaylussacia  resinosa,  Torr.  and  Gray.    Black  Huckleberry. 
Nyssa  sylvatica,  Marsh.    Pepperidge.    Sour  Gum. 
Quercus  coccinea,  Wang.     Scarlet  Oak. 

"       rubra,  L.    Red  Oak. 
Rhus  copallina,  L.    Dwarf  Sumach. 

"      typhina,  L.     Staghorn  Sumach. 

"      venenata,  DC.    Poison  Sumach. 
Rubus  Canadensis,  L.     Dewberry. 

"        hispidus,  L.    Swamp-Blackberry. 

"        villosus,  Ait.     High  Blackberry. 
Vaccinium  Canadense,  Kalm.     Dwarf  Blueberry. 

Pennsylvanicum,  Lam.    Dwarf  Bluberry. 
"  vacillans,  Solander.    Low  Blueberry. 

And  many  others. 

NATIVE  SMALL  TREES   OR   SHRUBS   DISTINGUISHED   FOR   THEIR   FLOWERS. 

Amelanchier  alnifolia,  Nutt.    Service-berry. 

Canadensis,  Torr.  &  Gray.    June  Berry.    Shad-bush. 
oligocarpa,  Roem.    Service-berry.    Shad-bush. 
Cassandra  calyculata,  Don.    Leather-Leaf. 
Ceanothus  Americanus,  L.    New  Jersey  Tea.    Red-root. 

ovatus,  Desf . 

Cephalanthus  occidentalis,  L.    Button-bush. 
Cercis  Canadensis,  L.    Red-bud.    Judas-tree. 
Cornus  florida,  L.    Flowering  Dogwood. 
Cratcegus  coccinea,  L.    Scarlet-fruited  Thorn. 
Crus-galli,  L.     Cockspur  Thorn. 
punctaia,  Jacq. 
"          tomentosa,  L. 

Hypericum  Kalmianum,  L.    Kalm's  St.  John's-wort. 
prolificum,  L.    Shrubby  St.  John's-wort. 
Kalmia  augustifolia,  L.    Lambkill.    Sheep  Laurel.    Wicky. 

"       glauca,  Ait.    Pale  Laurel. 
Ledum  latifolium,  Ait.    Labrador  Tea. 
Lonicera  ciliata,  Muhl.    Fly-Honeysuckle. 

"         oblongifolia,  Muhl.    Swamp  Fly-Honeysuckle. 
Physocarpus  opulifolius,  Maxim.    Nine-bark. 
Potentilla  fruticosa,  L.    Shrubby  Cinque-foil. 
Prunus  Americana,  Marshall.    Wild  Plum. 

"        Pennsylvania,  L.  f.    Wild  Red  or  Pin  Cherry. 
"       pumila,  L.    Sand  Cherry.    Dwarf  Cherry. 

serotina,  Ehrh.    Wild  Black  Cherry. 
*'        Virginiana,  L.    Choke-Cherry. 


30  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

Pyrus  Americana,  DC.    Mountain- Ash. 
"      arbutifolia,  L.  f.    Choke-berry. 

var.  melanocarpa,  Hook.    Choke-berry. 
coronaria,  L.    Wild  Crab- Apple. 

"      sambucifolia,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.    Elder-leaved  Mountain- Ash. 
Rosa  acicularis,  Lind. 

blanda,  Ait.    Early  Wild  Rose. 
Carolina,  L.    Swamp  Rose. 
Engelmanni,  Watson.    Engelmann's  Rose. 
humilis,  Marsha    Low  Rose. 
Sayi,  Schwein.    Say's  Rose. 
'*     setigera,  Michx.    Climbing  or  Prairie  Rose. 
Rubus  Nutkanus,  Mogino.    White  Flowering- Raspberry.    Salmon-Berry. 

odoratus,  L.    Purple  Flowering-Raspberry. 
S&mbucus  Canadensis,  L.    Common  Elder. 
racemosa,  L.    Red-berried  Elder. 
Spiraea  salicifolia,  L.    Meadow-Sweet. 

"       tomentosa,  L.    Hardhack.    Steeple-Bush. 
Viburnum  pubescens,  Pursh.     Downy  Arrow-wood. 

NATIVE  SHRUBS   OB   TEEES    DISTINGUISHED   FOB   THEIR  BEAUTIFUL  FRUIT. 

Celastrus  scandens,  L.    Staff-tree.   Shrubby  Bitter-sweet. 

Clematis  Virginiana,  L.    Virgin's-Bower. 

Cratcegus  coccinea,  L.    Searlet-fruited  Thorn. 

Cratcegus  tomentosa,  L.    Hawthorn. 

Euonymus  Americanus,  L.  var.  obovatus,  Torr.  and  Gray.  Trailing  Strawberry 

Bush. 

Suonymus  atropurpureus,  Jacq.    Waahoo.    Burning-Bush. 
Ilex  verticillata,  Gray.    Winterberry.    Black  Alder. 
Lonicera,  Seven  species. 
Menispermum  Canadense,  L.    Moonseed. 
Nemopanthes  fascicularis,  Raf.    Mountain  Holly. 
Pyrus  Americana,  DC.    Mountain  Ash. 

"     sambucifolia,  Cham,  and  Schlecht.    Mountain  Ash. 
Rhus  glabra,  L.    Smooth  Sumach. 

"     typhina,  L.    Staghorn  Sumach. 
Rosa.    Six  species. 

Sambucus  racemosa,  L.    Red-berried  Elder. 
Sassafras  officinale,  Nees.    Sassafras. 
Symphoricarpos  occidentalis,  Hook.    Wolfberry. 
racemosus,  Michx.    Snowberry. 

Taxus  Canadensis,  Willd.    Ground  Hemlock.    American  Yew. 
Xanthoxylum  Americanum,  Mill.     Prickly  Ash. 

A  LIST  OF  NATIVE  TREES  AND   SHRUBS   DISTINGUISHED   FOB   THEIR  SHOWY  OR 

BRILLIANT   COLORED    BARK. 

Acer  Pennsylvanicum,  L.    Striped  Maple. 
rubrum,  L.    Red  Maple. 
spicatum,  Lam.    Mountain  Maple. 
Betula  papyrifera,  Marsh.    Paper  or  Canoe  Birch. 
Cornus  sericea,  L.    Silky  Cornel.    Kinnikinnik. 

"       stolonifera,  Michx.    Red-osier  Dog-wood. 
Negundo  aceroides,  Moench.    Box-elder. 
Platanus  occidentalis,  L.    Button  wood.    Sycamore. 
Rubus  villosus,  Ait.     Blackberry. 
Salix  humilis,  Marsh.    Low  Willow.    Prairie  Willow. 
"      lucida,  Muhl.    Shining  Willow. 
"      petiolaris,  Smith. 
Sassafras  officinale,  Nees.    Sassafras. 
Smilax  hispida,  Muhl.    Greenbrier. 

Young  twigs,  a  year  old,  of  the  above  species  assume  brilliant  hues  in 
winter,  excepting  those  of  buttonwood  and  paper  birch  j^hich  must  be 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  31 

older.  The  older  stems  of  striped  maple  as  well  as  the  young  ones  are 
attractive. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  in  which  the  young  stems  are  brilliant  in  winter 
should  be  cut  back  erery  spring. 

There  are  many  other  interesting  phases  of  bark,  leaves,  twigs,  buds  and 
flowers,  familiar  to  students  of  nature,  but  they  cannot  all  be  enumerated 
here. 

NATIVE   CLIMBING   PLANTS. 

"The  selection  of  plants  to  cover  bowers,  trellises,  railings,  old  trees, 
stumps,  rootwork,  etc.,  suitably,  is  an  important  matter,  particularly  as  the 
plants  fitted  for  these  purposes  are  equally  useful  for  rough  rockwork, 
precipitous  banks,  flanks  of  rustic  bridges,  river-banks,  ruins  natural  or 
artificial,  covering  cottages  or  outhouses,  and  many  other  uses  in  garden, 
pleasure-ground,  or  wilderness." — W.  Robinson,  in  "  The  Wild  Garden." 

These  may  be  divided  into  five  sections  according  to  their  method  of 
getting  themselves  up  in  the  world. 

SECTION  1.    Root  Climbers. 

Ampelopsis  quinquefolia,  Michx.    Virginian  Creeper.    American  Ivy.    Sometimes 

by  roots;  but  mostly  by  tendrils. 
Rhus  Toccicodendron,  L.    Poison  Ivy. 

SECTION  2.     Twiners. 

a.  Woody  Twiners. 

Oelastrus  scandens,  L.    Climbing  Bitter-sweet.    Wax-work. 
Lonicera  glauca,  Hill.    Small  Glaucous  Honeysuckle. 

"        hirsuta,  Eaton.    Hairy  Honeysuckle. 
Menispermum  Canadense,  L.    Moonseed. 

b.  Herbaceous  Twiners. 

Apios  tuberosa,  Moench.    Ground-nut. 
Convolvulus  sepium,  L.    Hedge  Bindweed. 
'  Dioscorea  villosa,  L.    Wild  Yam. 
Humulus  Lupulus,  L.    Hop. 
Ipomcea  pandurata,  Meyer.    Wild  Potato-Vine. 
Polygonum  cilinode,  Michx.    Fringe-jointed  Polygonum. 

dumetorum,  L.,  var.  scandens,  Gray.    Climbing  Buckwheat. 

SECTION  3.    Leaf  Climbers. 

Adlumia  cirrhosa,  Raf.    Climbing  Fumitory  or  Mountain  Fringe. 
Clematis  Virginiana,  L.    Virgin's-Bower. 

SECTION  4.     Tendril  Climbers. 

Ampelopsis  quinquefolia,  Michx.    Virginian  Creeper.    Five-leaved  Ivy. 
Echinocystis  lobata,  Torr.  &  Gray*   Wild  Cucumber. 
Smilax  hispida,  Muhl.     Greenbrier. 

SECTION  5.    Climbing  by  recurved  Prickles. 

Oalium  asprellum,  Michx.    Rough  Bedstraw. 

Rosa  setigera,  Michx.    Prairie  Rose.    Climbing  Rose. 

NATIVE   PLANTS   WHICH   ABE   VERY   LIGHT  .COLORED. 

<a.  Glaucous. 

Alopecurus  geniculatus,  L.,  var.  aristulatus,  Torr.     Fox-tail  Grass. 

Andromeda  polifolia,  L, 

Baptista  tinctoria,  R.  Br.    Wild  Indigo. 

Corydalis  glauca,  Pursh.    Pale  Corydalis. 


32  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

Dicentra  Canadensis,  DC.    Squirrel  Corn. 

"        Cucullaria,  DC.    Dutchman's  Breeches. 
Kalmia  glauca,  Ait.    Pale  Laurel. 
Lonicera  glauca,  Hill.    Glaucous  Honeysuckle. 

b.  Clothed  with  White  Hairs. 

Amelanchier  Canadensis,  T.  &  G.,  var.  oblongifolia,  T.  &  G.    Service  Berry. 
Anemone  cylindrica,  Gray.    Long-fruited  Anemone. 
Anaphalis  margaritacea,  B.  &  H.     Pearly  Everlasting. 
Artemisia  Canadensis,  Michx.    Wild  Wormwood. 

Ludoviciana,  Nutt.    Western  Mugwort. 

Antennaria  plantaginifolia,  Hook.    Plantain-leaved  Everlasting. 
Cnicus  altissimus,  Willd.    Tall  Thistle. 

"       Pitcheri,  Torr.    Pitcher's  Thistle. 
Gnaphalium  decurrens,  Ives.    Everlasting. 

polycephalum,  Michx.    Common  Everlasting. 
purpureum,  L.    Purplish  Cudweed. 
uliginosum,  L.    Low  Cudweed. 
Potentilla  Anserina,  L.    Silver- weed. 

'  argentea,  L.    Silvery  Cinque-foil. 

A  LIST  OF  SMALL   EVERGREENS. 

Antennaria  plantaginifolia,  Hook.    Plantain-leaved  Everlasting. 
Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi,  Spreng.    Bearberry. 
Aspidium  acrostichoides,  Swz.    Christmas  Fern, 

marginale,  Swz.    Shield  Fern. 
Cassandra  calyculata,  Don.    Leather-Leaf. 
Chimaphila  maculata,  Pursh.    Spotted  Wintergreen. 

umbellata,  Nutt.    Prince's  Pine. 
Coptis  trifolia,  Salisb.    Goldthread. 
Epigcea  repens,  L.    Trailing  Arbutus. 
Gaultheria  procumbens,  L.    Creeping  Wintergreen. 
Hepatica  acutiloba,  DC.    Liver-leaf.    Hepatica. 
"        triloba,  Chaix.    Liver-leaf.    Hepatica. 
Hudsonia  tomentosa,  Nutt. 
Lechea  major,  Michx.    Pinweed. 

"       minor,  L.    Pinweed. 

Mitchella  repens,  L.    Partridge  Berry.  0 

Phlox  bifida,  Beck. 

"      divaricata,  L. 
Polypodium  yulgare,  L.    Polypody. 
Potentilla  tridentata,  Ait.    Three-toothed  Cinque-foil. 
Pyrola  elliptica,  Shin-leaf. 

rotundifolia,  L.    Shin-leaf. 

"       secunda,  L.    Shin-leaf. 
Vaceinium  macrocarpon,  Ait.    Large  Cranberry. 

Oxycoecus,  L.     Small  Cranberry. 
Waldsteinia  fragarioides,  Tratt.    Barren  Strawberry. 

And  many  other  plants  might  be  added  to  this  list. 

BRONZE    EVERGREENS. 

The  leaves  of  the  following  evergreens  often  assume  a  bronze  color  in 
autumn : 

Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi,  Spreng.    Bearberry. 
Epigcea  repens,  L.    Trailing  Arbutus. 
Gaultheria  procumbens,  L.    Creeping  Wintergreen. 
Rubus  hispidus,  L.    Running  Swamp-Blackberry. 
Sarracenia  purpurea,  L.    Pitcher-Plant. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  33 

Vaccinum  Canadense,  Kalm.     Dwarf  Blueberry. 

macrocarpon,  Ait.   Large  Cranberry, 

Oxycoccus,  L.    Small  Cranberry. 
"  Pennsylvanicum,  Lam.     Dwarf  Blueberry. 

"  vacillans,  Solander.     Low  Blueberry. 

To  this  list,  also,  other  plants  might  be  added. 

PLANTS   SUITABLE   FOR   WINTER   BOUQUETS. 

Antennaria  margaritacea,  Benth.  &  Hook.    Pearly  Everlasting. 
Celastrus  scandens,  L.  (fruit).    Wax-work.     Climbing  Bitter-sweet. 
Clematis  Virginiana,  L.     "       Virgin 's-Bower. 
Cyperus.    Different  species,  cut  young. 
„      Dioscorea  villosa,  L.  (fruit).     Wild  Yam. 
Eriophorum  cyperinum,  L.    Cotton-Grass. 

lineatum,  Benth.  &  Hook.    Cotton-Grass. 
Euonymus  Americanus,  L.,  var.  obovatus,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Strawberry  Bush. 

"  atropurpureus,  Jacq.    Wahoo. 

Gnaphalium  decurrens,  Ives.    Everlasting. 

polyceplyalum,  Michx.     Common  Everlasting. 
Grasses.    Some  species  cut  young. 
Liatris  scariosa,  Willd.     Blazing-Star. 
Staphylea  trifolia,  L.  (fruit).    American  Bladder-nut. 
Solidago.    Several  species. 

NATIVE  BOG   AND   MARSH   PLANTS   WHICH    ARE  PROMISING   FOR   CULTIVATION. 

Only  a  portion  of  the  native  plants  found  in  bog  and  marsh  are  here 
included  and  these  are  thought  to  be  the  best.  Plants  for  this  purpose, 
as  a  rule,  have  received  very  little  attention  in  this  country,  but,  where 
favorable  conditions  can  be  secured,  this  portion  of  a  garden  will  give  as 
great  satisfaction  for  the  labor  bestowed  as  any. 

Acorus  Calamus,  L.    Sweet  Flag. 

Alopecurus  geniculatus,  L.  var.  aristulatus,  Torr.    Foxtail  Grass. 
Andromeda polifolia,  Salisb.    Andromeda. 
Arethusa  bulbosa,  L.    An  orchid. 
Asclepias  incarnata,  L.    Swamp  Milkweed. 
Aspidium  cristatum,  Swz.    Shield  Fern. 
Thelypteris,  Swz.    Shield  Fern. 
Aster  Novce-Anglice,  L.    Aster. 

"    puniceus,  L.    Aster. 
Calla  palustris,  L.    Calla. 
Calopogon  pulchellus,  R.  Br.    An  orchid. 
Caltha  palustris,  L.    Marsh  Marigold. 
Calypso  borealis,  Salisb.     An  orchid. 
Campanula  aparinoides,  Pursh.    Marsh  Bellflower. 
Cardamine  pratensis,  L.    Cuckoo  Flower. 
rhomboidea,  DC.    Spring  Cress. 

var.  purpurea,  Torr.    Spring  Cress. 
Carex.    Many  species. 

Cassandra  calyculata,  Don.    Leather-Leaf.  . 
Chelone  glabra,  L.    Turtle-head.    Snake-head. 
Chiogenes  serpyllifolia,  Salisb.    Creeping  Snowberry. 
Clintonia  borealis,  Raf. 
Cnicus  muticus,  Pursh.    Swamp  Thistle. 
Coptis  trifolia,  Salisb.    Three-leaved  Goldthread. 
Coreopsis  trichosperma,  Michx.    Tickseed  Sunflower. 
Cypripedium  acaule,  Ait.    Stemless  Lady's  Slipper, 

candidum,  Muhl.     Small  White  Lady's  Slipper. 

parviflorum,  Salisb.    Yellow  Lady's  Slipper. 
"  pubescens,  Willd.    Larger  Yellow  Lady's  Slipper. 

spectabile,  Salisb.    Showy  Lady's  Slipper. 
Drosera  rotundifolia,  L.    Round-leaved  Sundew. 
Dulichium  spathaceum,  Pers. 


34  FLORA   OP  MICHIGAN. 

Eriophorum  polystachyon,  L.     Cotton  grass. 
Oentiana  crinita,  Proel.     Gentian. 

quinqueflora,  Lam.    Gentian. 
serrata,  Gunner.    Gentian. 
Geum  rivale,  L.    Water  or  Purple  Avens. 
Glyceria  Canadensis,  Trin.    Rattlesnake  Grass. 
Habenaria  ciliaris,  R.  Br.     Yellow  Fringed-Orchis. 
dilatata,  Gray. 

fimbriata,  R.  Br.     Purple  Fringed-Orchis. 
psycodes,  Gray.    Purple  Fringed-Orchis. 
Helenium  autumnale,  L.    Sneeze-weed. 
Hibiscus  Moscheutos,  L.    Swamp  Rose-Mallow. 
Hydrocotyle  umbellata,  L.    Water  Pennywort. 
Impatiens  fulva,  Nutt.    Spotted  Touch-me-not. 

pallida,  Nutt.    Pale  Touch-me-not. 
Iris  versicolor,  L.    Blue  Flag. 
Kalmia  glauca,  Ait.    Pale  Laurel. 
Lathyrus  palustris,  L.    Vetchling.. 

"      var.  myrtifolius,  Gray.    Vetchling. 
Ledum  latifolium,  Ait.    Labrador  Tea. 
Lobelia  cardinalis,  L.     Cardinal-flower. 
"        syphilitica,  L.    Great  Lobelia. 
Lonicera  oblongifolia,  Muhl.    Swamp  Fly-Honeysuckle. 
Lysimachia  quadrifolia,  L.    Loosestrife. 
stricter  Ait.    Loosestrife. 
thyrsiflora,  L.    Tufted  Loosestrife. 
+   Menyanthes  trifoliata,  L.    Buckbean. 
Muhlenbergia  glomerata,  Trin.    Drop-seed. 
Osmunda  cinnamomea,  L.    Cinnamon  Fern. 
Claytoniana,  L.    Flowering  Fern. 
regalis,  L.    Flowering  Fern. 
Parnassia  (either  species).    Grass  of  Parnassus. 
Pedicularis  lanceolata,  Michx.    Lousewort. 
Petasites  palmata,  Gray.    Sweet  Coltsfoot. 
Phragmites  communis,  Trin.    Reed  Grass. 
Pinguicula  vulgaris,  L.    Butterwort. 
Plantago  cordata,  Lam.    Plantain. 
Pogonia  ophioglossoides,  Nutt.    An  orchid. 
Polygonum  amphibium,  L.    Knotweed. 

Hartwrightii,  Gray.    Knotweed. 
Potentilla  Anserina,  L.    Silver- weed. 

palustris,  Scop.    Marsh  Five-Finger. 
Primula  farinosa,  L.    Bird's  eye  Primrose. 

"  Mistassinica,  Michx.  Primrose. 
Rudbeckia  speciosa,  Wend.  Cone-flower, 
Rumex  Britannica,  L.  Great  Water-Dock. 

"        verticillatus,  L.    Swamp  Dock. 
Salix  Candida,  Willd.    Willow. 
"      myrtilloides,  L.    Willow. 

Sarracenia  purpurea,  L.    Side-saddle  Flower.    Pitcher-Plant. 
Saxifraga  Pennsylvanica,  L.    Swamp  Saxifrage. 
Scutellaria  galericulata,  L.    Skullcap. 
Senecio  aureus,  L.    Golden  Ragwort.    Squaw-weed. 
Smilacina  trifolia,  Desf.    False  Solomon's  seal. 
Solidago  Ohioensis,  Riddell.    Golden -rod. 
"       patula,  Muhl.    Golden-rod. 

Riddellii,  Frank.    Golden-rod. 
"        uliginosa,  Nutt.    Golden-rod. 

Spartina  cynosuroides,  Willd.    Fresh-water  Cord-Grass. 
Steironema  ciliatum,  Raf.    Loosestrife. 
Symphoriearpus  fcetidus,  Salisb.    Skunk  Cabbage. 
Vaccinium  macrocarpon,  Ait.     Cranberry. 
Valeriana  sylvatica,  Banks.    Valerian. 
Viola  blanda,  Willd,     White  Violet. 
Woodwardia  angustifolia,  Smith.    Chain-Fern. 
"  Virginica,  Smith.    Chain-Fern. 


FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN.  35 

NATIVE   AQUATIC   PLANTS    MOST   WORTHY   OF   CULTIVATION. 

Alisma  Plantago,  L.    Water-Plantain. 
Brasenia  peltata,  Pursh.    Water-Shield. 
Glyceria  fluitans,  R.  Br.    Water  Manna- Grass. 
Leersia  oryzoides,  Swz.    Rice  Cut-Grass. 
Lemna  minor.  L.    Duckweed.    Duck's-meat. 
"      trisulca,  L.    Duckweed.    Duck's-meat. 
Mimulus  Jamesii,  Torr.    James'  Monkey-flower. 
Nuphar  advena,  Ait.  f.     Yellow  Pond-Lily.    Spatter-Dock. 

"  var.  minus,  Morong.    Small  Yellow  Pond-Lily. 

Nymphcea  odorata,  Ait.    Sweet-scented  Water-Lily.    A  pink  form  found  in  Otsego 

lake,  Otsego  county,  is  especially  fine. 
Nymphcea  reniformis,  DC.    Tuber-bearing  Water-Lily. 
Peltandra  undulata,  Raf.    Arrow  Arum. 
Pontederia  cordata,  L.    Pickerel-weed. 
Potamogeton  natans,  L.    Pondweed. 
Ranunculus  aquatilis,  L.  var.  trichophyllus.  Gray.    White  Water-Crowfoot. 

"  circinatus,  Sibth.    Stiff  Water-Crowfoot. 

multifidus,  Pursh.     Yellow  Water-Crowfoot. 
Sagittaria  variabilis,  Eng.    Arrow-head. 
Saururus  cernuus,  L.    Lizard's-tail. 
Scirpus  fluviatilis,  Gray.    Bulrush. 
Sparganium  eurycarpum,  Eng.'   Bur-reed. 
Spirodela  polyrrhiza,  Schleid.    Duck's-meat, 
Typha  latifolia,  L.    Cat-tail  Flag. 

"      angustifolia,  L.    Narrow-leaved  Cat-tail  Flag. 
Utricularia  cornuta,  Michx.    Bladderwort. 

vulgaris,    L.    Bladderwort, 
Zizania  aquatica,  L.    Wild  Rice. 

A   LIST   OF   NATIVE   FERNS   PROMISING   FOR   CULTIVATION. 

Most  ferns  are  easily  injured  by  exposure  to  strong  winds,  and  a  large 
per  cent  will  not  thrive  when  long  exposed  to  direct  sunlight.  After  observ- 
ing these  two  points,  and  the  sections  under  which  the  ferns  are  placed,  a 
little  thought  will  enable  any  one  to  give  most  of  our  native  ferns  a  suit- 
able location  and  treatment  to  ensure  success. 

a.  Thriving  in  sun  or  shade  in  poor  soil. 

Pteris  aquilina,  L.    Eagle  Fern,     Common  Brake. 

b.  Thriving  in  cooZ,  rocky  places. 

Asplenium  ebeneum,  Ait.    Spleenwort. 

Ruta-muraria,  L.    Spleenwort. 

Trichomanes,  L.    Spleenwort. 
Aspidium  Filix-mas,  Swz.    Male  Fern. 
"          fragrans,  Swz.    Shield  Fern. 
Cryptogramme  acrostichoides,  R.  Br.    Rock-  Brake. 
Pellcea  gracilis,  Hook.    Cliff-Brake. 
Polypodium  vulgare,  L.     Polypody. 
Woodsia  Ilvensis,  R.  Br. 

Oregana,  D.  C.  Eaton. 

c.  Thriving  in  bogs  or  swamps. 

Aspidium  cristatum,  Swz.     Shield  Fern. 

u          Noveboracense,  Swz.    Shield  Fern. 

Thelypteris,  Swz.    Shield  Fern. 
Woodwardia  angustifolia,  Smith.     Chain-Fern. 
Virginica,  Smith.     Chain-Fern. 

d.  Thriving  in  rich  woods. 

Adiantum  pedatum,  L.    Maidenhair. 
Asplenium  angustifolium,  Michx.     Spleenwort, 

Filix-fcemina,  Bernh.     Spleenwort. 

thelypteroides,  Michx.     Spleenwort. 

5 


38  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

Aspidium  acrostichoides,  Swart/.    Shield  Fern. 

"          aculeatum,  Swartz,  var.  Braunii,  Koch.     Shield  Fern. 
Boottii,  Tuckerman.     Shield  Fern. 
Goldianum,  Hook.     Shield  Fern. 
Lonchitis,  Swartz.     Shield  Fern. 
marginale,  Swartz.     Shield  Fern. 
spinulosum,  Swartz.     Shield  Fern. 

"          var.  intermedium,  D.  C.  Eaton.     Shield  Fern. 
Cystopteris  bulbifera,  Bernh.     Bladder  Fern. 

"         fragilis,  Bernh.     Bladder  Fern. 
Dicksonia  piloxiuscula,  Willd. 
Onoclea  sensibilis,  L.    Sensitive  Fern. 

"        Struthiopteris,  Hoffman.    Ostrich  Fern. 
Osmunda  cinnamomea,  L.    Cinnamon  Fern. 
Claytoniana,  L.    Flowering  Fern. 
regalis,  L.    Flowering  Fern. 
Phegopteris  Dryopteris,  Fee.    Beech  Fern. 

hexagonoptera,  Fe"e.    Beech  Fern. 
polypodioides,  Fe"e.    Beech  Fern. 

THE    PROCESSION   OF   FLOWERS. 
A.    Flowers  of  April. 

In  northern  climes  there  is  greater  interest  shown  for  the  flowers  of 
early  spring,  than  for  those  of  equal  beauty,  which  may  follow  at  any 
other  season  of  the  year.  After  the  usual  long  dreary  winter,  the  first 
approach  of  returning  plant  activity  is  always  welcome. 

The  naked  sticks,  so  long  bare  in  their  brown  and  gray,  are  covered 
with  swelling  buds.  From  the  dead  leaves  of  last  autumn  ar&  springing 
forth  hundreds  of  plants,  all  making  arrangements  for  the  work  of  the 
season,  in  fact  they  began  their  work  last  summer  and  autumn,  so  that 
flowers  were  all  well  formed  and  of  considerable  size  before  winter  set  in. 
The  date  of  blossoming  varies  much  in  different  seasons,  but  in  the 
southern  half  of  the  State  the  following  account  is  applicable: 

The  pioneer  of  wild  spring  flowers  is  the  Hepatica,  often  called  liver- 
leaf  or  blue  anemone,  the  thick  evergreen  leaf  of  which  resembles  a  clover 
leaf  in  shape  with  the  parts  somewhat  grown  together.  In  favored  sunny 
slopes,  the  flowers  may  often  be  seen  long  before  the  snow  leaves  the 
shady  banks. 

A  few  inconspicuous  weeds  are  in  flower  in  early  April;  indeed,  flowers 
may  be  found  at  any  time  during  the  winter  when  there  is  snow  to  cover 
the  ground. 

Alders  and  birches  of  the  swamps  next  open  their  waxy  catkins  of 
flowers.  How  can  they  tell  just  when  it  will  do  to  venture  out?  How  is 
it  that  three,  four,  or  more  unusually  warm  days  in  autumn  would  not  set 
them  all  out,  when  they  would  perish?  They  have  descended  from  a  long 
line  of  hardy  ancestors,  the  injudicious  or  tenderest  ones  of  which  have 
perished.  Foreign  trees  and  herbs  are  much  more  likely  to  be  deceived 
by  unusual  seasons. 

A  little  later  willows  are  covered  with  downy  spikes,  smooth  as  kittens, 
soon  spreading  to  woo  the  bees  which  seek  the  nectar  and  yellow  pollen. 

The  American  elm,  the  rock  elm,  the  red  elm,  and  the  red  maple  all 
send  forth  flowers  before  hanging  out  their  leaves.  In  swamps  or  low 
grounds,  skunk-cabbage  puts  up  its  fetid  bunch  of  flowers  on  a  fleshy 
stem  as  large  as  one's  thumb.  In  a  few  places  may  be  found  the  colt's- 
foot  from  Europe,  much  resembling  the  dandelion.  On  low  lands  in  some 
portions  of  northern  Michigan,  may  be  seen  the  sweet-scented  colt's-foot. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  37 

Soon  after,  the  spring  beauty  with  pale  rose-colored  flowers  delicately 
lined  with  a  deeper  hue,  shoots  up  its  slender  stem  between  two  narrow, 
thick,  fleshy  leaves.  Its  cup-shaped  flowers  are  nourished  by  a  tuber  as 
large  as  the  end  of  a  lady's  little  finger  which  is  deeply  buried  in  the  rich 
loam  of  the  valley. 

The  mandrake  or  May-apple  is  now  raising  its  buds  which  soon  expand 
like  an  umbrella. 

The  buds  of  beech,  hickory  and  basswood  are  swelling  every  day  and 
are  soon  too  large  for  their  scaly  coverings.  Two  or  three  species  of 
trillium  are  conspicuous  on  the  hill  side.  They  may  be  best  admired  where 
they  grow,  for  the  odor  of  wilting  trilliums  is  anything  but  agreeable. 

On  dry  land  through  portions  of  the  State,  the  fragrant  sumach,  a  low 
straggling  shrub  is  occasionally  seen,  showing  its  small  yellow  flowers. 
Leatherwood  or  moosewood  is  an  interesting  early  bush,  not  growing 
abundantly  anywhere.  It  has  very  soft  tender  wood,  while  the  bark  is 
very  tough. 

In  shaded  places  may  be  found  a  pale,  juicy  little  flower  about  the  size 
of  your  little  finger  nail,  having  two  long  spurs  or  horns.  It  is  called 
Dutchman's  breeches,  from  a  slight  resemblance  to  those  ancient  gar- 
ments. Another  flower  somewhat  like  it  is  called  squirrel  corn,  because 
some  of  the  underground  shoots  look  like  bunches  of  yellow  corn. 

About  this  time  watch  for  two  or  more  grassy-looking  plants  called 
sedges,  and  for  the  beautiful  Isopyrum. 

On  little  knolls  at  the  south,  or  more  frequently  at  the  north,  may  be 
found  the  partridge-berry,  occasionally  carrying  some  of  its  red  berries 
through  the  winter  safe  and  sound  from  the  birds,  boys  and  squirrels. 
The  round,  evergreen  leaves  are  about  as  large  as  a  cent.  Wintergreens 
with  thick,  bronzed  leaves  and  red  berries  are  attractive  for  April. 

North  of  the  middle  portion  of  the  State,  the  trailing  arbutus  or  May- 
flower hides  its  sweet  pink  and  white  flowers  beneath  the  dead  leaves. 
Everyone  admires  this  plant.  Mosses  and  evergreen  ferns  in  shady  places 
attract  unusual  attention  at  this  time  of  year  because  of  their  beautiful 
green  color. 

Toothwort  and  cardamine,  two  species  of  each,  are  out  with  their  white 
flowers.  They  are  cousins  to  the  cabbage,  radish,  turnip,  mustard  and 
horseradish. 

About  this  time  look  for  several  kinds  of  violets;  then  come  the  anem- 
ones, one,  two,  three  of  them,  early,  beautiful,  delicate.  And  here  come 
the  small  white  flowers  of  the  mitre-wort,  fringed  all  around  the  edges 
like  a  sweet  little  night-cap. 

True  to  its  time  the  June-berry  or  service-berry  sends  forth  its  clear 
white  blossoms,  somewhat  like  those  of  a  cherry  tree.  Late  in  the  month 
a  yellow  honeysuckle  appears,  and  the  early  crowfoots,  two  or  three  of 
them,  with  glossy  petals  of  golden  yellow.  A  phlox,  also,  begins  to 
untwist  its  fragrant  petals. 

Along  wet  land,  curled  under  two  dull  green  kidney-shaped  leaves,  may 
be  found  a  purple  flower  hiding  itself  from  view.  It  is  the  wild  ginger. 
The  dandelion,  a  thrifty  naturalized  foreigner,  is  just  showing  its  yellow 
heads  covered  with  bees.  Let  Higginson  describe  the  next:  "The  Blood- 
root  opens,  a  name  of  guilt,  and  a  type  of  innocence.  This  fresh  and 
lovely  thing  appears  to  concentrate  all  stains  within  its  ensanguined  root, 
that  it  may  condense  all  purity  in  the  peculiar  whiteness  of  its  petals.  It 
emerges  from  the  ground  with  each  shy  blossom  wrapt  in  its  own  pale- 


38  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

green  leaf,  then  doffs  the  cloak  and  spreads  its  long  petals  round  a  group 
of  yellow  stamens.  The  flower  falls  apart  so  early  that  when  in  full  bloom 
it  will  hardly  bear  transportation,  but  with  a  touch  the  stem  stands  naked, 
a  bare  gold  tipped  sceptre  amid  drifts  of  snow." 

With  the  bloodroot  come  the  lily-like  yellow  adder- tongues  (and  the 
rarer  white  one).  The  mints  and  watercresses  are  running  up  their  tender 
shoots  and  are  never  more  attractive  to  the  eye  or  palate.  But  here  comes 
the  first  of  May,  and  to  enumerate  more  flowers  would  be  to  encroach  on 
her  treasures. 

B.    Flowers  of  May. 

We  have  seen  that  almost  any  neighborhood  in  the  southern  half  of  the 
lower  peninsula  will  contain  not  far  from  fifty  plants  which  flower  in 
April.  May  finds  many  of  these  still  in  their  prime,  while  others  have 
shed  their  pollen  and  are  ripening  seeds.  In  this  month  over  one  hundred 
species  are  added  to  our  list  of  wild  plants  in  flower.  We  do  not  think  it 
necessary  to  attempt  a  complete  list,  but  a  few  seem  to  merit  a  brief 
notice.  Along  the  brooks,  cowslips  are  conspicuous,  and  on  dryer  soil, 
the  columbine.  In  May  appear  the  flowers  of  Sassafras,  two  gooseberries, 
two  or  three  currants,  a  plum,  a  crab  apple,  several  hawthorns,  several 
violets,  an  elder,  Solomon's  seal,  three  ashes  and  several  oaks.  Two 
species  of  orchis,  rather  rare  and  very  curious,  have  beautiful,  fragrant 
flowers.  In  the  same  family  is  the  two-leaved  lady's  slipper  and  another 
that  is  yellow.  Toward  the  close  of  the  month  appear  the  flowers  of  black 
walnut,  butternut,  buttonwood,  some  hickories,  two  raspberries,  three 
blackberries,  a  geranium,  some  potentillas,  and  the  flowering  dogwood,  the 
last  of  which  at  a  distance  looks  as  though  the  dry  limbs  were  covered 
with  snow.  These  large  white  petaloid  objects,  four  for  each  cluster  of 
inconspicuous  flowers,  are  not  petals  at  all,  but  an  involucre.  These  serve 
to  attract  insects  to  the  small  flowers  between  them. 

C.    Flowers  of  Summer  and  Autumn. 

By  the  first  of  June  flowers  come  thick  and  fast.  The  special  interest 
on  the  approach  of  spring  has  long  since  passed;  the  work  of  a  busy  sea- 
son on  the  farm  and  garden,  or  study  in  the  school,  makes  it  difficult  for 
most  people  to  find  time  enough  to  welcome  each  new  arrival. 

In  June  we  find  the  flowers  of  the  pitcher-plant,  the  bass-wood,  the 
cone-bearing  trees  and  a  large  number  of  others,  but  this  is  most  emphat- 
ically the  month  for  roses,  grasses,  and  the  introduced  clovers  of  the  field. 
The  rose  family  is  a  most  valuable  one,  containing  apples,  pears,  quinces, 
medlars,  service  berries,  peaches,  almonds,  apricots,  nectarines,  plums, 
prunes,  cherries,  strawberries,  raspberries  and  blackberries.  It  may  well 
be  called  the  "  fruit "  family. 

The  grass  family  contains  the  cereals,  Indian  corn,  wheat,  oats,  barley, 
rye,  rice,  clover,  sorghum,  broom-corn,  millet;  also  the  meadow  and  pasture 
grasses,  such  as  Timothy,  red  top,  June  grass,  fowl  meadow-grass,  blue 
joint,  buffalo  grass,  orchard  grass,  meadow  foxtail,  the  fescues,  rye-grass, 
oat-grass,  sweet  vernal,  Bermuda  grass,  and  many  more.  It  also  contains 
sugar  cane  and  the  bamboos.  The  grass  family  is  king  of  the  food-producing 
plants  of  all  the  earth. 

In  June,  along  the  east  side  of  central  Michigan,  may  be  seen  two 
species  of  laurels  (Kalmia),  one  of  which  Agassiz  used  to  say  was  the 
neatest  flower  that  grew. 


FLORA  OP  MICHIGAN.  39 

In  July,  among  the  hosts  of  plants,  may  be  found  the  flowers  of  many 
of  the  figworts,  including  gerardias;  also  the  mints,  the  sumachs,  the  St. 
John's- worts,  dogbanes  and  milkweeds,  and  the  sedges. 

August  and  September  are  noteworthy  for  many  composite,  including 
asters,  golden-rods  and  wild  sunflowers.  In  this  procession  may  be  seen 
the  lilies  and  water  lilies,  the  lobelias,  and  the  weedy  amaranths, 
euphorbias,  pigweeds  and  polygonums. 

Some  time  in  October  when  we  find  the  closed  and  the  fringed  gentians 
in  their  deep  blue,  and  the  slender  yellow  petals  of  the  witch-hazel,  we 
shall  know  that  the  last  of  the  procession  of  wild  flowers  of  the  year  has 
arrived,  and  that  for  a  long  six  months  we  must  wait  for  the  beginning  of 
another  floral  display. 

PLANTS   INDICATING   A   FERTILE    SOIL. 

Acer  saccharinum,  Wang,     Sugar  maple,   when  the  wood  is  solid  and  of  fine 

quality. 

Acer  saccharinum,  Wang.,  var.  nigrum,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Black  sugar  maple. 
Adiantum  pedatum,  L.     Maidenhair  Fern. 
Angelica  hirsuta,  Muhl.    Angelica. 
Apios  tuberosa,  Mcench.    Wild  Bean.    Ground-nut. 
Ariscema  triphyllum,  Torr.    Indian  Turnip. 
Asplenium  angustifolium,  Michx.    Spleenwort. 
thelypteroides,  Michx.    Spleenwort. 
Cassia  Marilandica,  L.    Wild  Senna. 
Collinsonia  Canadensis,  L.    Rich-weed.     Stone-root. 
Cratcegus  tomentosa,  L.    Hawthorn. 
Dentaria  diphylla,  Michx.    Toothwort.    Pepper-root. 
"         laciniata,  Muhl.    Toothwort.    Pepper-root. 
Dicentra  Canadensis,  DC.    Squirrel  Corn. 

Cucullaria,  DC.    Dutchman's  Breeches. 
Fraxinus  Americana,  L.    White  Ash. 

quadrangulata,  Michx.     Blue  Ash. 
Hydrastis  Canadensis,  L.    Golden  Seal. 
Hydrophyllum  Canadense,  L.    Waterleaf. 
Virginicum,  L.    Waterleaf. 
Juglans  cinerea,  L.    Butternut. 

"        nigra,  L.    Black  Walnut. 
Menispermum  Canadense,  L.    Moonseed. 
Orchis  spectabilis,  L.    Showy  Orchis. 
Podophyllum  peltatum,  L.    May- Apple.    Mandrake. 
Quercus  alba,  L.    White  Oak.    When  well  grown. 

"        macrocarpa,  Michx.    Bur-Oak. 
Ribes  Cynosbati,  L.    Prickly  Gooseberry. 
Rubus  occidentalis,  L.    Black  Raspberry. 
Scrophularia  nodosa,  L.,  var.  Marilandica,  Gray.    Figwort. 
Taraxacum  offlcinale,  Weber.    Dandelion. 
Tilia  Americana,  L.    Basswopd. 
Ulmus  Americana,  L.    American  Elm. 

"      racemosa,  Thomas.    Rock  Elm. 
Uvularia  grandiflora,  Smith.     Bellwort. 
Verbena  hastata,  L.     Blue  Vervain.  , 

When  well  grown  and  of  good  size,  several  other  trees  are  indications  of 
good  soil. 

PLANTS   INDICATING   A   BAEEEN   SOIL. 

For  these,  the  reader  is^,  referred  to  the  list  of  plants  found  on  the  Jack- 
pine  plains. 


40  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

TREES    VALUABLE   FOR   TIMBER. 

The  following  list  contains  the  names  of  sixty-five  species  and  varieties 
of  native  woody  plants  large  enough  to  be  called  trees.  All  attempts  to 
arrange  them  according  to  value  have  utterly  failed.  One  kind  of  tree  is 
most  useful  for  one  purpose,  and  another  kind  for  another  purpose.  For 
example,  the  relative  abundance  of  the  fine  trees  of  any  species  has  much 
to  do  with  their  usefulness.  Chestnut,  red  cedar,  and  black  walnut  are 
three  very  useful  kinds  of  timber,  but  the  trees  are  now  scarce  in  Michi- 
gan. Among  the  highest  for  general  purposes  come  white  pine,  white 
oak,  sugar  maple,  and  white  ash. 

Abies  balsamea,  Miller.    Balsam.    Balm-of-Gilead  Fir. 
Acer  dasycarpum,  Ehrh.    White  or  Silver  Maple. 
"    rubrum,  L.    Red  Maple. 
"    saccharinum,  Wang.    Sugar  Maple. 

Wang.,  var.  nigrum,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Black  Sugar  Maple. 
^Esculus .glabra,  Willd.     Fetid  or  Ohio  Buckeye, 
Amelanchier  Canadensis,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Shad-Bush.   June-Berry. 
Betula  lenta,  L.    Cherry  Birch.    Sweet  B.    Black  B. 
"       lutea,  Michx.  f.     Yellow  or  Gray  Birch. 
"      papyrifera,  Marshall.    Paper  or  Canoe  Birch. 
Carpinus  Caroliniana,  Walt.    Blue  Beech. 
Carya  alba,  Nutt.    Shell-bark  Hickory. 
"       amara,  Nutt.    Bitter-nut. 
"       microcarpa,  Nutt.    Small  fruited  Hickory. 
"       sulcata,  Nutt.    King-nut.    Big  Shell-bark  Hickory. 
"       tomentosa,  Nutt.    Mocker-nut. 

Castanea  sativa,  Mill.,  var.  Americana,  Gray.    Chestnut. 
Celtis  occidentalism  L.    Hackberry. 
Cornus  florida,  L.    Flowering  Dogwood. 
Cratcegus  coccinea,  L.,  var.  mollis,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Hawthorn. 
Fagus  fevruginea.  Ait.    American  Beech. 
Fraxinus  Americana,  L.    White  Ash. 
pubescens,  Lam.    Red  Ash. 
quadrangulata,  Michx.    Blue  Ash. 
sambucifolia,  Lam.    Black  Ash. 
viridis,  Michx.     Green  Ash. 
Gleditschia  triacanthos,  L.    Honey-Locust. 
Oymnocladus  Canadensis,  Lam.    Kentucky  Coffee-tree. 
Juglans  cinerea,  L.     Butternut. 

"        nigra,  L.    Black  Walnut. 
Juniperus  Virginiana,  L.    Red  Cedar. 
Larix  Americana,  Michx.    Tamarack.    Am.  Larch. 
Liriodendron  Tulipifera,  L.    Tulip-tree.    Whitewood. 
Morus  rubra,  L.    Red  Mulberry. 

Negundo  aceroides,  Mcench.    Box-Elder.    Ash-leaved  Maple. 
Nyssa  sylvatica,  Marsh.     Pepperidge.     Tupelo.     Black  or  Sour  Gum. 
Ostrya  Virginica,  Willd.     Iron  wood.     Hop-Hornbeam. 
Picea  alba,  Link.    White  Spruce. 

"•      nigra,  Link.    Black  Spruce. 
Pinus  Banksiana,  Lambert.    Jack  or  Scrub  Pine. 
"      resinosa,  Ait.    Norway  or  Red  Pine. 
"      Strobus,  L.    White  Pine. 

Platanus  occidentalis,  L.     Buttonwood.     Sycamore. 
Populus  balsamifera,  L.    Balsam  Poplar. 

grandidentata,  Michx.    Large-toothed  Aspen. 
monilifera,  Ait.     Cotton-wood. 
tremuloides,  Michx.     American  Aspen. 
Prunus  serotina,  Ehrh.    Black  Cherry. 
Pyrus  Americana,  DC.    American  Mountain- Ash. 
Quercus  alba,  L.    White  Oak. 

bicolpr,  Willd.    Swamp  White  Oak. 
"        coccinea,  Wang.    Scarlet  Oak. 


FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN.  41 

Quercus  tinetoria,  Bartram.    Black  Oak. 

"        macrocarpa,  Michx.    Bur  Oak. 

"        Muhleribergii,  Engelm."    Chestnut-Oak. 

"        rubra,  L.    Red  Oak. 
Salix  amygdaloides,  Anders.    Willow. 

"      nigra,  Marsh.    Black  Willow. 
Sassafras  officinale,  Nees.     Sassafras. 
Thuya  occidentalism  L.    White  Cedar.    Arbor  Vitae. 
Tilia  Americana,  L.     Basswood.    Linden. 
Tsuga  Canadensis,  Carr.    Hemlock. 
Ulmus  Americana,  L.     American  Elm. 

"      fulva,  Michx.    Red  Elm.    Slippery  Elm. 

"      racemosa,  Thomas.     Rock  Elm. 

THE   BEST   KINDS   OF   TIMBER   FOE   FIREWOOD. 

The  most  prominent  and  best  known  are : 

Acer  saccharinum,  Wang.    Sugar  Maple. 

var.  nigrum,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Black  Sugar  Maple. 
Fagus  ferruginea,  Ait.    Beech. 

In  some  regions  one  or  more  of  the  five  kinds  of  hickories  are  employed. 
Ironwood  is  very  valuable,  though  the  trees  are  small.  All  sorts  of  trees 
common  in  a  neighborhood  are  more  or  less  used  for  fuel.  The  heavier 
the  wood,  when  seasoned,  the  more  valuable  it  is  for  fuel. 

THE   MOST   DURABLE   KINDS   OF   TIMBER   FOR    POSTS   OR   SILLS. 

Costarica  sativa,  Mill.,  var.  Americana,  Gray.    Chestnut. 
Fraxinus  quadrangulata,  Michx.    Blue  Ash. 
Juglans  nigra,  L.    Black  Walnut. 
Juniperus  Virginiana,  L.    Red  Cedar. 
Larix  Americana,  Michx.    Tamarack. 
Morus  rubra,  L.  Red  Mulberry. 
Prunus  serotina,  Ehrh.    Black  Cherry. 
Quercus  alba,  L.    White  Oak. 

bicolor,  Willd.    Swamp  White  Oak. 
macrocarpa,  Michx.    Bur  Oak. 
"       Muhlenbergii,  Engelm.    Chestnut-oak. 
Thuya  occidentals,  L.     White  Cedar. 
Tsuga  Canadensis,  Carr.    Hemlock. 

In  market,  white  oak,  swamp  white  oak  and  chestnut-oak  are  usually 
indiscriminately  called  "  white  oak,"  although  swamp  white  oak  is  generally 
tougher  and  more  durable  than  white  oak.  For  posts,  red  cedar  is  the  best, 
but  too  scarce  to  find  its  way  into  the  market.  For  railroad  ties  the  oaks 
above  named  are  much  employed,  with  some  use  of  red  oak  and  black  oak, 
hemlock,  white  cedar  and  black  ash.  Poles  for  telegraphs,  telephones  and 
electric  lights  consist  almost  entirely  of  white  cedar.  For  piles,  oak  and 
Norway  pine  are  the  favorites.  White  pine  logs  are  bored,  hooped  with 
steel  and  tarred,  and  then  used  for  water  pipes  below  ground.  White 
pine,  whitewood,  and  tamarack  are  bored  for  pump  logs. 

FAVORITE   KINDS   OF   TIMBER   FOR   THE   CABINET   MAKER. 

Black  walnut,  black  cherry,  and  curly  maple  are  the  oldest  favorites, 
while  closely  following  them  come  white  ash,  black  ash,  butternut,  white 
oak,  red  oak,  and  black  oak.  More  recently  yellow  birch  has  been  much 
employed,  and  still  later  American  elm  and  sycamore.  Nearly  all  of  the 


42  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

above  are  employed  as  veneers,  mostly  made  by  steaming  and  cutting  into 
thin  sheets  as  the  log  is  made  to  revolve  on  its  axis.  Knots  or  burls  of  several 
trees  are  much  sought  for  to  be  made  into  veneers.  Trees  of  walnut, 
ash  or  maple  with  wavy  like  patches  or  blisters  are  valuable  for  veneers. 

The  species  of  our  native  trees  above  named  are  most  used  for  the 
exterior  or  fronts  of  furniture,  for  finishing  the  interior  of  fine  dwellings, 
and  for  railway  cars,  but  the  timber  of  a  very  large  number  of  other 
species  is  employed  for  furniture  which  is  covered  with  paint  or  for  those 
parts  not  exposed  to  view. 

No  one,  so  far  as  our  knowledge  extends,  has  yet  taken  the  pains  to 
employ  the  wood  of  some  of  our  rarest  trees  and  shrubs  for  the  purposes 
noticed  under  the  last  heading. 

For  beauty  and  originality,  we  call  especial  attention  to  red  maple, 
coffee-tree,  honey-locust,  large  hawthorn,  June-berry,  dogwood,  sassafras, 
red  elm,  hackberry,  mulberry,  ironwood,  red  cedar,  papaw,  prickly  ash  and 
staghorn  sumach. 

TIMBEE    FOE   FAEM    IMPLEMENTS. 

Chief  among  the  timbers  valuable  for  this  purpose,  come  white  ash, 
white  and  swamp-white  oak,  three  or  more  species  of  hickory,  rock  elm, 
sugar  maple,  black  maple,  and  Norway  pine;  while,  for  certain  portions, 
basswood,  whitewood,  white  pine,  and  a  few  others  are  much  employed. 

TIMBEE  VALUABLE  FOE  LAEGE  OE  SMALL  BOATS. 

White  oak  and  swamp-white  oak  and  chestnut- oak  are  almost  the  only 
timbers  used  where  hardwood  is  needed  and  where  it  is  more  or  less 
exposed  to  moisture.  For  certain  places  tamarack  is  employed.  Where 
solidity  is  not  especially  required,  white  cedar  is  employed  if  the  timber 
be  much  exposed  to  water.  For  the  upper  and  interior  portions,  all  kinds 
of  timber  are  employed  which  are  mentioned  as  suitable  for  cabinet  work. 

KINDS  OF  TIMBEE  MOST  EMPLOYED  FOE  BOXES,  BASKETS  AND  BAEEELS. 

Boxes  for  holding  dry  goods  and  the  like  are  often  made  of  white  pine 
or  any  other  light  timber,  such  as  basswood  or  American  elm. 

For  cheese  boxes,  peck  measures,  etc.,  American  elm  is  steamed  and 
cut  into  the  right  shape. 

For  berry  boxes  whitewood  is  the  favorite,  when  steamed  and  cut  into 
very  thin  sheets. 

For  baskets  and  bottoming  cheap  chairs,  black  ash  was  formerly  almost 
exclusively  employed.  White  oak  was  also  used  in  like  manner  for  stout 
baskets,  and  the  twigs  of  willow  were  sometimes  called  into  use.  More 
recently  "  bushel  baskets,"  market  baskets  and  peach  baskets  have  mostly 
been  made  of  thin  strips  cut  after  steaming,  from  American  elm,  white- 
wood,  beech,  birch,  basswood  or  several  other  kinds  of  timber. 

Barrels  for  liquids  and  flour  are  mostly  made  of  oak,  almost  any  kind  if 
sound;  for  salt  barrels  and  wash-tubs,  white  pine  is  employed;  for  butter, 
white  ash  is  selected  as  it  imparts  no  disagreeable  flavor. 

Basswood  is  much  used  for  heading.  For  barrel  hoops  thrifty  young 
trees  of  hickory,  bitternut,  white  oak,  and  white  ash  are  the  favorites,  while 
American  elm  is  now  extensively  employed,  the  pieces  being  cut  and 
shaped  properly  while  the  timber  of  large  logs  is  steamed  till  it  is  soft  and 
spongy. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  43 

TIMBER    FOE    PAPER    PULP. 

For  this  purpose  the  clean  logs  of  aspen,  cottonwood,  black  or  white 
spruce  and  balsam  fir  are  employed.  Tamarack  is  good  only  the  paper  is 
not  very  white.  More  recently  several  other  kinds  of  timber  have  been 
employed  with  success. 

TREES   FOR    SUGAR. 

Probably  no  experimenters  will  ever  find  a  method  of  profitably  making 
syrup  or  sugar  from  the  sap  of  any  other  of  our  native  trees  than  sugar  or 
rock  maple,  black  maple,  and  in  some  cases  from  red  maple,  and  possibly 
from  box  elder. 

TREES   AND   SHRUBS   BEST   SUITED   FOR   SCREENS    OR   WIND-BREAKS. 

For  this  purpose,  evergreens  are  mostly  employed.  Mixed  with  ever- 
greens or  planted  by  themselves  in  dense  rows  or  groups  many  deciduous- 
leaved  trees  and  shrubs  are  useful.  Young  white  oaks  and  beeches  hold 
many  of  their  leaves  during  winter  and  make  a  very  good  screen,  but  they 
are  unsightly  at  such  times.  The  following  are  the  common  names  of  our 
best  evergreens: 

Norway  pine,  where  not  too  near  the  dwellings,  though  the  tree  is  a  little  coarse. 
Red  cedar,  grows  rather  slowly  and  becomes  brown  in  winter. 

White  cedar,  makes  a  dense  though  somewhat  slow  growth,  and  is  a  general  favorite. 
White  pine,  one  of  the  very  best.     It  may  be  cut  back  if  desired,  thus  keeping  the 
trees  denser  and  more  stocky. 
White  spruce.    Very  good. 

We  enumerate  some  of  the  best  deciduous-leaved  trees : 

American  elm,  Black  maple,  Pepperidge,  Silver  maple,  • 

Aspen,  Black  oak,  Red  maple,  Sugar  maple, 

Basswood,  Box  elder,  Sassafras,  Tulip  tree. 

Beech,  Mulberry,  Scarlet  oak,  White  oak. 
Black  cherry, 

In  selecting  shrubs  to  mix  with  trees,  there  is  no  danger  of  going  amiss. 
Each  possesses  some  peculiar  merit. 

Alders,  for  moist  land,  Elders,  Mountain  ash,  Virginia  creeper, 

Bladdernut,  Grape  vines,  Mountain  maple,  Wild  crab, 

Bittersweet,  Hazels,  Prickly  ash,  Wild  plum, 

Blue  beech,  Hawthorns,  Service  berry,  Willows, 

Choke  cherry,  Honeysuckles,  Sumachs,  Witch  hazel. 

Dogwoods,  Judas  tree,  Viburnums, 

SOME  OF  OUR  WILD  FRUITS  AND  NUTS,  WITH  SUGGESTIONS  CONCERNING 

THEIR  IMPROVEMENT. 

Considering  the  comparatively  short  length  of  time  that  North  America 
has  been  inhabited  by  civilized  people,  the  improvement  and  general  culti- 
vation of  so  large  a  number  of  native  fruits  seems  quite  wonderful.  This 
list  includes  all  of  our  blackberries  and  dewberries,  most  of  our  goose- 
berries, all  the  hardy  grapes,  grown  in  climates  like  our  own,  all  of  our 
red  and  yellow  plums,  all  of  the  best  red  raspberries  and  black  raspberries 
and  all  the  most  valuable  strawberries,  All  of  our  cultivated  red  or  white 
6 


44  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

currants  have  descended  from  a  small  red  currant  found  in  Europe  which 
is  thought  to  be  identical  with  one  found  in  wet  places  in  northern 
Michigan. 

Although  the  improvements  in  fruits  have  been  much  greater  during 
the  past  two  hundred  or  three  hundred  years,  than  during  any  correspond- 
ing period  of  the  world's  history,  we  cannot  help  wondering  what  grand 
results  might  have  been  attained  had  these  experiments  been  continued  in 
North  America  through  2,000-4,000  years. 

The  advantages  of  experimenting  with  native  instead  of  with  foreign 
plants  is  shown  by  the  mere  fact  that  they  are  already  adapted  to  our 
climate.  Much  time  has  been  lost  in  making  unsuccessful  attempts  to 
acclimatize  or  to  improve  foreign  fruits. 

We  know  of  no  attempts  in  this  country  to  raise  seedlings  by  tens  of 
thousands  such  as  could  now  be  well  undertaken  by  almost  any  of  our 
experiment  stations.  The  great  increase  of  numbers  would  increase  the 
probability  of  sooner  obtaining  the  improvements  sought  for.  In  case  of 
apples,  pears  and  quinces  this  subject  has  received  too  little  attention,  but 
with  strawberries  and  some  of  the  others  requiring  little  time  for  finding 
the  results,  more  experiments  have  been  made.  The  often  repeated  rec- 
ommendations of  the  late  President  Wilder  in  his  addresses  to  members  of 
the  American  Pomological  Society  were:  "Plant  the  most  mature  and 
perfect  seeds  of  the  most  hardy,  vigorous  and  valuable  varieties;  and  as  a 
shorter  process,  ensuring  more  certain  and  happy  results,  cross  or  hybridize 
your  best  fruits." 

In  this  connection,  we  consider  ourselves  very  fortunate  in  being  able  to 
reproduce  portions  of  a  most  admirable  essay  which  appeared  in  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1873.  It  was  written  by 
the  late  Dr.  Asa  Gray  and  has  been  greatly  admired  by  the  comparatively 
small  number  ifijio  have  read  it: 

'"  It  would  be  curious  to  speculate"  as  to  what  our  pomology  would  have 
been  if  the  civilization  from  which  it,  and  we  ourselves,  have  sprung,  had 
had  its  birthplace  along  the  southern  shores  of  our  great  lakes,  the  north- 
ern shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  the  intervening  Mississippi,  instead 
of  the  Levant,  Mesopotamia  and  the  Nile,  and  our  old  world  had  been 
open  to  us  as  a  new  world,  less  than  four  hundred  years  old. 

"  Seemingly,  we  should  not  have  as  great  a  variety  of  choice  fruits  as 
we  have  now,  and  they  would  mostly  have  been  different,  but  probably 
neither  scanty  nor  poor.  In  grapes  at  least  we  should  have  been  gainers. 
Our  five  or  six  available  species,  of  which  we  are  now  just  beginning  to 
know  the  capabilities,  would  have  given  us  at  least  as  many  choice  sorts 
and  as  wide  a  diversity  as  we  now  have  of  pears;  while  pears  would  be  a 
recent  acquisition,  somewhat  as  our  American  grapes  now  are.  Our  apples 
would  have  been  developed  from  Pyrus  coronaria,  and  might  have 
equaled  anything  we  actually  possess  from  Pyrus  malus  in  flavor  though 
perhaps  not  in  variety,  if  it  be  true,  as  Karl  Koch  supposes,  that  the 
apples  of  the  orchards  are  from  three  or  four  species.  At  least  one  of  our 
hawthorns,  Cratcegus  tomentosa,  in  some  varieties,  bears  a  large  and  deli- 
cately flavored  fruit,  evidently  capable  of  increase  in  size;  it  might  have 
been  in  the  front  rank  of  pomaceous  fruits.  In  a  smaller  way  our  service- 
berry  would  have  been  turned  to  good  account;  our  plums  would  have 
been  the  progeny  of  the  Chicasa,  the  beach  plum,  and  our  wild  red  and 
yellow  Prunus  Americana,  which  have  already  shown  great  capacity  for 
improvement;  our  cherries  might  have  been  as  well  flavored,  but  probably 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  45 

not  so  large  as  they  now  are.  But  instead  of  peaches  and  figs  we  should 
be  discussing  manifold  and  most  luscious  varieties  of  persimmon  and 
papaw,  the  former  probably  equal  to  the  kaki  just  acquired  from  the  far 
east.  As  to  strawberries,  gooseberries,  and  currants,  we  should  have  lost 
nothing  and  gained  something,  as  we  possess  several  species  besides  the 
European  types  themselves;  as  to  blackberries  and  raspberries  we  should 
have  been  better  off  than  now,  by  the  earlier  development  and  diversifica- 
tion of  our  indigenous  species.  And  we  might  have  had  all  of  our  finest 
strawberries  a  thousand  or^  more  years  ago,  these  having  come  from  our 
American  types,  Fragaria  Virginiana  with  its  varieties  (which  as  well 
as  the  old  world,  F.  vesca,  occurs  all  across  the  continent),  and  F.  Chilensis, 
which  ascends  the  Pacific  coast  to  Oregon." 

Had  civilization  had  its  birthplace  in  America,  Dr.  Gray  believes  "our 
ground-nut  (Apios  tuber  osa}  would  have  been  the  first  developed  esculent 
tuber,  and  would  probably  have  held  its  place  in  the  first  rank  along  with 
potatoes  and  sweet  potatoes  of  later  acquisition. 

"Among  the  causes  and  circumstances  which  have  given  to  the  fruits  of 
temperate  climates  of  the  old  world  their  pre-eminence,  opportunity  is 
one.  How  many  potential  fruits  of  value  lie  undeveloped  in  this  country 
we  know  not,  and  shall  never  know.  They  have  lost  their  opportunity. 
Necessity,  which  is  the  mother  of  pomology  as  well  as  of  other  inventions, 
has  been  fully  supplied  out  of  other  accessible,  and  in  some  cases,  no 
doubt  originally,  better  materials. 

"  There  are  some,  however,  for  which  evidently  '  a  good  time  is  coming.' 
Of  these,  our  wild  grapes  are  foremost.  They  have  such  a  start  already, 
and  seedlings,  whether  from  crosses  or  otherwise,  can  be  produced  and 
selected  and  reproduced  in  so  short  a  space  of  time,  that  they  will  probably 
have  achieved  their  position  when  the  American  Pomological  Society 
holds  its  centennial  celebration. 

"Blackberries  from  Rubus  villosus,  are  in  a  similar  case;  and  if  due 
attention  be  paid  to  the  low  blackberry  or  dewberry,  and  to  the  sand 
blackberry  of  New  Jersey  and  farther  south,  the  foundation  for  a  greater 
diversity  of  excellent  sorts  will  be  laid. 

"As  to  cranberries,  already  an  important  staple,  increase  of  size  and 
abundance  of  production  are  all  that  are  to  be  expected.  It  is  easier  to 
bring  about  improvements  in  the  direction  of  sweetness  than  in  that  of 
acidity.  Huckleberries,  also,  have  probably  nearly  reached  their  perfection 
unassisted. 

"  A  few  wild  fruits  may  be  mentioned  which  manifestly  have  great  capa- 
bilities, that  may  or  may  not  be  developed  in  the  future.  The  leading 
instances  in  my  mind  are  the  persimmon  and  the  papaw.  The  papaw  is 
wholly  distinct  from  any  other  fruits  we  possess  of  temperate  climates. 
The  custard  apples  of  the  West  Indies  give  some  idea  of  what  might  be 
made  of  our  papaw,  when  ameliorated  by  cultivation  and  close  selection 
from  several  generations. 

"  Our  American  plums,  already  mentioned,  have  for  many  years  been  in 
some  sort  of  cultivation,  and  have  improved  upon  the  wild  forms;  but  I 
suppose  they  have  not  been  systematically  attended  to.  Their  extreme 
liability  to  black  knot  and  other  attacks  renders  them,  for  the  present, 
unpromising. 

"  Finally,  if  pomology  includes  nuts,  there  is  a  promising  field  uncul- 
tivated. Our  wild  chestnuts  are  sweeter  than  those  of  the  old  world;  it 
would  be  well  to  try  whether  races  might  not  be  developed  with  the  nuts 


46  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

as  large  as  marrows  or  Spanish  chestnuts,  and  without  diminution  of 
flavor.  If  we  were  not  too  easily  satisfied  with  a  mere  choice  among  spon- 
taneous hickory  nuts,  we  might  have  much  better  and  thinner  shelled 
ones.  Varying  as  they  do  excessively  in  the  thickness  of  the  shell  and  in 
the  size  and  flavor  of  the  kernel,  they  are  inviting  your  attention1,  and 
promising  to  reward  your  care.  The  butternuts  and  black  walnuts  are 
waiting  to  have  their  excess  of  oil  turned  into  farinaceous  and  sugary 
matter,  and  their  shells  thinned  and  smoothed  by  continued  good  breeding; 
when  they  will  much  surpass  the  European  walnut. 

"  All  this  requires  time,  almost  unlimited  time;  but  it  is  not  for  those 
who  are  enjoying  the  fruits  which  it  has  taken  thousands  of  years  to  per- 
fect, to  refrain  from  the  good  work  which  is  to  increase  the  enjoyments  of 
far  future  generations." 

LIST   OF   WILD   FEUIT8,   NUTS,   ETC. 

Amelanchier  Canadensis,  Torr.  &  Gray,  and  varieties.    Service-berry. 
Asimind  triloba,  Dunal.    Papaw. 
Carya  alba,  Nutt.    Shell-bark  Hickory. 

"       sulcata,  Nutt.    Large  Shell-bark  Hickory.    King-nut. 
Castanea  sativa,  Mill.,  var.  Americana,  Gray.    American  Chestnut. 
Corylus  Americana,  Walt.    American  Hazel-nut. 

"        rostrata,  Ait.    Beaked  Hazel-nut. 
Fagus  ferruginea,  Ait.    Beech. 
Fragaria  vesca,  L.    Alpine  Strawberry. 

"          Virginiana,  Mill.    American  Strawberry. 

"        var.  Illinoensis,  Gray.    Wild  Strawberry. 
Gaylussacia  resinosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Black  Huckleberry. 
Juglans  cinerea,  L.    Butternut. 

"       nigra,  L.    Black  Walnut. 
Morus  rubra,  L.    Red  Mulberry. 
*  Podophyllum  peltatum,  L.    May-Apple.    Mandrake. 
Prunus  Americana,  Marshall.    Wild  Red  and  Yellow  Plum. 

"       pumila,  L.    Sand  Cherry. 
Pyrus  coronaria,  L.    American  Crab-apple. 
Kibes  Cynosbati,  L.    Prickly  Gooseberry, 
"      floridum,  L'Her.    Black  Currant. 

oxyacanthoides,  L.    Smooth  Wild  Gooseberry. 
"      rubrum,  L.,  var.  subglandulosum,  Maxim.    Red  Currant. 
Rubus  Canadensis,  L.    Dewberry, 

occidentalis,  L.    Black-cap  Raspberry. 
strigosus,  Michx.    Wild  Red  Raspberry. 
"        villosus,  Ait.    Blackberry. 
Vaccinium  Canadense,  Kalm.    Canada  Blueberry. 
corymbosum,  L.    Swamp-Blueberry. 
macrocarpon,  Ait.    American  Cranberry. 
Pennsylvanicum,  Lam.    Dwarf  Early  Blueberry. 
vacillans,  Solander.    Low  Blueberry. 
Vitis  bicolor,  LeConte.    Summer  Grape. 

"     riparia,  Michx.    Frost  Grape. 
Zizania  aquatica,  L.    Wild  Rice. 

NATIVE   FOKAGE   PLANTS. 

The  native  grasses  while  young,  from  early  spring  to  winter,  without 
exception,  furnish  a  tender  bite  which  is  very  acceptable  to  all  sorts  of 
horses,  cattle,  sheep,  and  even  swine  and  poultry.  Most  of  the  native 
grasses  (about  115  in  number)  grow  in  isolated  bunches,  more  or  less  fre- 
quent, and  furnish  but  little  food,  while  a  considerable  portion  soon 
become  unpalatable  as  the  summer  approaches.  The  most  important 
native  grasses  for  pasture  or  meadow  are  found  in  open  places  and  are: 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  47 

June  grass,  fowl  meadow-grass,  and  several  other  species  of  Poa  which 
have  no  well-known  common  name;  several  manna-grasses  (Glyceria);  a 
few  small  fescues,  two  or  three  Eatonias;  blue-joint,  two  or  three  small 
redtops,  and  several  species  of  Muhlenberg's  grass,  two  or  three  kinds  of 
mountain  rice,  reed-grass,  two  beard-grasses,  and  several  panic-grasses. 
The  following,  though  quickly  and  thoroughly  disseminated,  are  not  native 
to  our  State:  Barn-yard  grass,  crab-grass,  foxtail  or  pigeon-grass,  sweet 
vernal-grass,  Timothy,  meadow  foxtail,  the  larger  redtop  so  popular  for  low 
lands,  tall  oat-grass,  orchard  grass,  tall  fescue,  perennial  rye-grass, 
quick-grass. 

Besides  the  true  grasses,  there  are  about  one  hundred  and  eighty  species 
of  grass-like  plants  mostly  found  on  marshes,  which  are  called  sedges. 
They  are  mostly  confounded  with  the  grasses  except  by  the  botanist.  In 
addition  to  these  are  some  twenty-five  other  narrow-leaved  and  grass- 
like  plants  known  as  rushes  which  furnish  more  or  less  herbage.  Many 
of  the  sedges  and  rushes  make  hay  of  fair  quality  when  cut  early  before 
they  become  harsh  and  woody. 

On  the  Jack-pine  plains  and  in  many  other  portions  of  the  sandy  stump- 
lands  in  the  northern  counties  are  two  species  of  sedges  found  abundantly 
on  dry  land.  These  are  Carex  Pennsylvania,  Lam.,  and  C.  umbellata, 
var.  vicina,  Dewey;  they  are  popularly  called  grasses  by  the  residents  of 
those  counties.  Inquiries  have  frequently  been  made  concerning  the 
name,  and  statements  made  to  the  effect  that  they  were  very  nutritious 
and  that  cattle  got  fat  on  them  early  in  the  spring.  So  far  as  we  have 
observed,  cattle  prefer  something  else  as  it  starts  in  spring,  thus  leaving 
the  sedges  untouched  to  grow  all  summer  and  remain  green  under  the 
snow  till  the  following  spring.  In  spring  the  cattle  eagerly  devour  the 
last  year's  growth  of  the  sedges  and  thrive  on  it.  This  is  but  another 
evidence  that  the  quality  of  the  fodder  is  not  of  so  great  importance, 
provided  animals  can  get  enough  of  it,  and  can  be  induced  to  eat  it. 

Besides  the  native  grasses,  sedges  and  rushes  there  are  great  numbers  of 
other  herbaceous  plants,  usually  one  here  and  there  which  are  eaten  by 
hungry  stock.  Leaves  and  the  tender  growth  of  shrubs  and  young  trees  are 
often  eaten  in  great  quantities,  and  in  times  of  scarcity  cattle  get  astride  of 
young  trees  bending  down  the  tops  so  as  to  reach  the  leaves  and  twigs 
Sheep  eat  the  greatest  variety  of  plants  and  thus  where  they  feed  closely 
are  valuable  aids  in  the  clearing  of  a  new  country.  They  eat  briars,  elders 
and  sprouts  of  stumps,  but  will  leave  some  things  which  they  do  not  like. 
The  weeds  tnat  are  thus  left  have  an  excellent  chance  to  spread  and  in 
time  occupy  much  of  the  ground  once  covered  by  the  nutritious  and  edible 
plants  which  have  been  removed.  Here  we  see  one  of  the  most  excellent 
reasons  for  the  interference  of  man  in  removing  the  weeds  and  in  encour- 
aging the  introduction  of  the  more  valuable  fodder  plants.  While  these 
early  native  pastures  and  meadows  are  of  incalculable  value  to  the  pioneer, 
without  some  care  they  soon  deteriorate. 

In  times  of  great  scarcity  of  feed  in  a  new  country,  farmers  used  to  fell 
trees  that  cattle  might  eat  the  twigs,  or  "  browse,"  which  contain  much 
starch  and  protoplasm  stored  away  by  the  trees  ready  to  be  used  in  giving 
the  young  growth  a  start  on  the  approach  of  warm  weather. 

Michigan  has  no  native  species  of  clover. 


48  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

NATIVE   BEE   PLANTS. 

In  Michigan  there  is  a  very  large  number  of  plants  which  furnish  a 
good  quality  of  honey.  If  the  species  is  abundant  in  any  region,  it  usually 
becomes  known  to  the  apiarist  as  a  good  bee  plant;  if  not  abundant  it  very 
likely  fails  to  attract  attention.  A  plant  may  be  rare  or  important  in  one 
region  and  abundant  in  another.  In  autumn,  asters  and  golden  rods  are 
known  as  excellent  bee  plants,  because  some  few  of  the  man^  species  in 
the  State  are  plentiful  in  nearly  every  neighborhood,  but  the  same  sorts 
of  asters  or  golden  rods  do  not  everywhere  throughout  the  State  furnish  a 
great  amount  of  the  honey.  As  a  rule,  those  plants  which  produce  odor- 
ous or  showy  flowers  afford  honey  and  will  be  visited  by  honey  bees  unless 
the  flower  is  of  a  shape  which  makes  it  impossible  for  the  bee  to  reach  the 
food. 

Probably  in  the  State  there  are  of  native  plants,  introduced  weeds  and 
field  crops,  a  thousand  species  which  furnish  excellent  food  for  bees.  This 
is  nearly  o;ne  hundred  times  as  many  as  t|he  bee  keeper  has  in  mind, 
unless  he  has  given  unusual  attention  to  the  subject. 

Our  open  low  lands  furnish  a  large  proportion  of  the  bee  pasture;  the 
forests  some;  the  weeds  and  some  of  the  field,  garden  and  orchard  crops  a 
fair  amount.  Extremely  dry  or  very  wet  weather  are  both  unfavorable  to 
the  yield  of  honey.  Drainage  of  the  swamps  and  the  clearing  of  waste 
places  are  unfavorable  to  the  interests  of  the  bee  keeper. 

As  the  botanist  now  looks  at  the  subject,  colors  and  odors  are  mere 
advertisements  to  call  the  attention  of  insects  to  the  rich  supplies  of  food 
in  store  for  them.  It  may  be  said  that  the  honey  is  there  for  the  bees, 
but  primarily  it  is  there  for  the  good  of  the  plant,  secondarily  for  the 
good  of  the  insect.  Had  good  old  Dr.  Watts  lived  in  our  day,  he  would 
have  no  doubt  written  his  familiar  verse  in  this  way: 

How  doth  the  little  busy  bee 

Improve  each  shining  hour? 
By  carrying  pollen  day  by  day 

To  fertilize  each  flower. 

NATIVE    PLANTS    FOR    THE    PEOTECTION    OF    HILLSIDES,    EMBANKMENTS    AND 

DRIFTING    SANDS. 

The  following,  so  far  as  we  know3  are  the  most  valuable: 

Agropyrum  repens,  Beauv.  Quick-  or  Quack-Grass.  Well  naturalized  from  Europe. 
Ammophila  arundinacea,  Host.    Sea  Sand-Reed. 
Apocynum  androscemifolium,  L.    Spreading  Dogbane. 

"        cannabinum,  L.    Indian  Hemp. 
Calamagrostis  longifolia,  Hook.    Dogwood. 
Carex  siccata,  Dewey.    Sedge. 
Cornus  alternifolia,  L.    Dogwood. 

"        Bailey i,  Coult.  &  Evans.    Dogwood. 

"        stricta,  Lam. 

"        sericea}  L.    Silky  Cornel. 

"        stolonifera,  Michx.    Red-osier  Dogwood. 
Elymus  Canadensis,  L.    Wild  Rye. 
Poa  pratensis,  L.    June  Grass. 
Populus  balsamifera,  L.    Balsam  Poplar. 
"       monilifercij  Ait.    Cotton- wood. 
"       tremuloides,  Michx.    Aspen. 
Rubus  strigosus,  Michx.    Red  Raspberry. 
Salix.    Any  of  our  native  species  growing  near  by. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  49 

Sambucus  Canadensis,  !L.    Elder. 

'*  racemosa,  L.     Elder. 

Spartina  cynosuroides,  Willd.     Cord-Grass. 
Viburnum.    Any  of  our  native  species  near  at  hand. 

PLANTS  FOR  CARP  PONDS. 

Elodea  Canadensis,  Michx.     Water-weed. 
Qlyceria  fluitans,  R.  Br.     Manna-Grass. 
Lemna  minor,  L.    Duckweed. 

"        trisulca,  L.     Duckweed. 

Potamogeton.    Any  of  our  numerous  species.    Pondweed. 
Ranunculus  aquatilis,  L.,  and  its  varieties.    Water-Crowfoot. 

"  multifidus,  Pursh.    Water-Crowfoot. 

Sagittaria  variabilis,  Engelm.    Arrow-head. 
Spirodela  polyrrhiza,  Schleid.     Duckweed. 
Spirogyra.    Several  species.    Pond  Scum. 
Vallisneria  spiralis,  L.    Eel-grass. 
Vaucheria.    Several  species  of  green  pond  weeds. 
Wolffia  Brasiliensis,  Weddell. 

"        Columbiana,  Karsten. 
Zizania  aquatica,  L.    Wild  Rice. 

There  are  several  species  of  low,  flowerless  plants  which  would  be 
valuable  in  this  connection. 

Uiricularia  vulgaris,  L.,  Bladderwort,  and  some  other  species  of  this 
genus  have  been  employed,  but  within  a  few  years  it  has  been  ascertained 
that  the  small  bladders  catch  and  kill  the  young  fish  when  very  small. 

NATIVE   TREE-LIKE   OR   LiRGE   SHRUBS. 

The  following  list  of  woody  plants  includes  those  about  which  there 
may  be  a  difference  of  opinion  as  to  whether  they  rank  as  trees  or  as 
shrubs.  Several  that  are  mere  shrubs  in  our  State  certainly  rank  as  trees 
when  well  grown  on  rich  land  in  many  of  the  States  south  of  us.  This 
list  numbers  thirty  species. 

Acer  spicatum,  Lam.    Mountain  Maple. 

Alnus  incana,  Willd.    Speckled  Alder.     Hoary  Alder.     Black  Alder. 

"      serrulata,  Willd.    Smooth  Alder.    Black  Alder. 
Asimina  triloba,  Dunal.    Papaw.     Custard  Apple. 
Cercis  Canadensis,  L.    Red-bud.    Judas-Tree. 
Cornus  alternifolia,  L.  f.    Dogwood. 

"        circinata,  L'Her.    Dogwood.* 

Cratcegus  coccinea,  L.    Scarlet  Hawthorn.    Red  Hawthorn.    White  Thorn. 
Crus-galli,  L.     Cockspur  Thorn.    Newcastle  Thorn. 
tomentosa,  L.    Black  Thorn.    Pear  Haw. 

Euonymus  atropurpureus,  Jacq.    Burning-Bush.    Waahoo.    Spindle-tree.   Arrow- 
wood. 

Hamamelis  Virginicd,  Li.     Witch-hazel. 
Prunus  Americana,  Marshall.    Wild  Plum.    Canada  Plum.    Horse  Plum. 

"        Virginiana,  L.    Choke-Cherry. 

Ptelea  trifoliata,  L.    Hop-tree.    Shrubby  Trefoil.    Wafer  Ash. 
Quercus  prinoides,  Willd.     Chinquepin  Oak. 
Rhus  copallina,  L.    Dwarf  Sumach. 
"     glabra,  L.    Smooth  Sumach. 
"      typhina,  L.     Staghorn  Sumach. 
"      venenata,  DC.    Poison  Sumach.  Poison  Dogwood. 
Salix  discolor,  Muhl.    Glaucous  Willow. 
"      longifolia,  Muhl.     Sand-bar  Willow. 
"      lucida,  Muhl.     Shining  Willow. 
Sambucus  Canadensis,  L.    Common  Elder. 
"         racemosa,  L.    Red-berried  Elder, 


50  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

Staphylea  trifolia,  L.    Bladder-nut. 
Viburnum  Lentago,  L.     Sheep-berry.    Nanny-berry. 
prunifolium,  L.    Black  Haw.    Stag-bush. 
Xanthoxylum  Americanum,  Mill.    Prickly  Ash.    Toothache-tree. 

LIST   OF   SMALLER   SHRUBS. 

There  are  one  hundred  and  eight  species  and  varieties. 

Amelanchier  alnifolia,  Nutt.    June-  or  Service-berry. 

Canadensis,  Torr.  &  Gray,  var.  oblongifolia,  T.  &  G.    June  Berry. 
oligocarpa,  Roem.    June-berry. 

Ampelopsis  quinquefolia.  Michx.    Five-leaf  Ivy.    Virginian  Creeper. 
Andromeda  polifolia,  L.    Wild  Rosemary. 
Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi,  Spreng.    Bearberry. 
Betula  glandulosa,  Michx.    Dwarf  Birch. 

"     pumila,  L.    Low  Birch. 
Cassandra  calyculata,  Don.    Leather-Leaf. 
Ceanothus  Americanus,  L.    New  Jersey  Tea.    Red-root. 

"      -     ovatus,  Desf. 

Celastrusscandens,Ij.    Climbing  Bitter-sweet.    Wax- work. 
Cephalanthus  occidentalism  L.    Button-bush. 
Cornus  Baileyi,  C.  &  E.    Bailey's  Cornel. 
"        stricta,  Lam. 

sericea,  L.    Silky  Cornel.    Kinnikinnik. 
"        stolonifera,  Michx.    Red-osier  Dogwood. 
Corylus  Americana,  Walt.    Hazel-nut. 

"       rostrata,  Ait.    Beaked  Hazel-nut, 
Diervilla  trifida,  Moench.    Bush-Honeysuckle. 
Dirca  palustris,  L.     Leatherwood.     JVIoosewood. 
Empetrum  nigrum,  L.     Black  Crowberry. 

Euonymus  Americanus,  L.,  var.  obovatus,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Strawberry  Bush. 
Gaylussacia  resinosa,  Torr.  and  Gray.    Black  Huckleberry. 
Hypericum  Kalmianum,  L.    Kalm's  St.  John's-wort. 
prolificum,  L.     Shrubby  St.  John's-wort. 
Ilex  verticillata,  Gray.    Winterberry.     Black  Alder. 
Juniperus  comunis,  L.    Common  Juniper. 

"        L.,  var.  procumbens,  Pursh. 
Kalmia  augustifolia,  L.    Sheep  Laurel.    Lambkill. 

"       glauca,  Ait.    Pale  Laurel. 
Ledum  latifolium,  Ait.    Labrador  Tea. 
Lindera  Benzoin,  Blume.    Spice-bush.      Benjamin-bush. 
Lonicera  ccerulea,  L.     Mountain  Fly-Honeysuckle. 
"         ciliata,  Muhl.    Fly-Honeysuckle. 
glauca,  U ill. 

grata,  Ait.    Am.  Woodbine. 
hirsuta,  Eaton.    Hairy  Honeysuckle. 
involucrata,  Banks. 

oblongifolia,  Muhl.    Swamp  Fly- Honey  suckle. 
Menispermum  Canadense,  L.    Moonseed. 
Myrica  asplenifolia,  Endl.    Sweet-Fern. 
"        cerifera,  L.     Bayberry.  Wax-Myrtle. 
"        Gale,  L.    Sweet  Gale. 

Nemopanthes  fascicularis,  Raf .    Mountain  Holly. 
Physocarpus  opulifolius,  Maxim.    Nine-bark. 
Potentilla  fruticosa,  L.     Shrubby  Cinque-foil. 
Prunus  pumila,  L.    Sand  Cherry.    Dwarf  Cherry. 
Pyrus  arbutifolia,  L.  f.     Choke-berry. 

"  "  var.  melanocarpa,  Hook. 

Rhamnus  alnifolia,  L'Her.    Buckthorn. 
Rhus  Canadensis,  Marsh.     Fragrant  Sumach. 

"      Toxicodendron,  L.    Poison  Ivy.    Poison  Oak. 
Ribes  Cynosbati,  L.     Prickly  Gooseberry. 
"      gracile,  Michx. 
lacustre,  Poir. 


M     oxyacanthoides,  L. 


FLORA   OF   MICHIGAN.  51 


Ribes  prostratum,  L'Her.    Fetid  Currant. 

"      rubrum,  L.,  var.  subglandulosum,  Maxim.     Red  Currant. 
Rosa  acicularis,  Lindl.    Rose. 

"    ArJcansana,  Porter. 

"      blanda,  Ait. 

"      Carolina,  L.     Swamp  Rose. 

"     Engelmanni,  Wats. 

"     humilis.  Marsh.    Dwarf  Wild  Rose. 

"     Sayi,  Schwein. 

"      setigera,  Michx.    Climbing  or  Prairie  Rose. 
Rubus  Canadensis,  L.     Dewberry. 

"        hispidus,  L.    Running  Swamp-Blackberry. 


Nutkanus,  Mogino.    Salmon-berry. 


occidentalism  L.     Black  Raspberry.    Thimbleberry. 
"        odoratus,  L.    Purple  Flowering-Raspberry. 
"        strigosus,  Michx.    Wild  Red  Raspberry. 
"        villosus,  Ait.     Common  or  High  Blackberry. 
Salix  adenophylla,  Hook. 

•'      Candida,  Willd.     Sage  Willow.   Hoary  WTillow. 
"      cordata,  Muhl,  and  varieties.     Heart-leaved  Willow. 
"      humilis,  Marsh.    Prairie  Willow. 
"      glaucophylla,  Bebb,  and  varieties. 
"      myrtilloides,  L. 
"      petiolaris,  Smith. 
"      rostrata,  Richard. 
"      sericea,  Marsh.    Silky  Willow. 
"      tristis,  Ait.    Dwarf  Gray  Willow. 
Shepherdia  Canadensis,  Nutt. 
Spircea  salicifolia,  L.    Common  Meadow-Sweet. 
"       tomentosa,  L.    Hardback.    Steeple-Bush. 
Symphoricarpos  occidentalis,  Hook.    Wolfberry. 
"  racemosus,  Michx.    Snowberry. 

"  var.  pauciflorus,  Robbins. 

Taxus  Canadensis,  Willd.    Yew. 

Vaccinium  ccespitosum,  Michx.,  var.  cuneifolium,  Nutt. 
"        Canadense,  Kalm.    Canada  Blueberry. 
corymbosum,  L.     Blueberry. 
myrtilloides,  Hook. 
ovalifolium,  Smith. 

Pennsylvanicum.  Lam.    Dwarf  Bluberry. 
uliginosum,  L.     Bog  Bilberry. 
vacillans,  Solander. 

Vitis-Idcea,  L.    Cowberry.    Mountain  Cranberry. 
Viburnum  acerifolium,  L.     Dockmackie.    Arrow-wood. 
"          cassinoides,  L.    Withe-rod. 

lantanoides,  Michx.    Hobble-bush.     American  Wayfaring-tree. 
Opulus,  L.    Cranberry-tree. 
pauciflorum,  Pylaie. 
"        pubescens,  Pursh. 
Vitis  bicolor,  LeConte.    Summer  Grape. 
"      riparia,  Michx.    Frost  Grape. 

WEEDS     NATIVE   AND   INTRODUCED. 

A  new  country  is  comparatively  free  from  weeds,  but  as  the  years  pass 
by,  one  after  another,  weeds  are  introduced. .  Some  of  them  are  natives  of 
the  neighborhoods  in  which  they  are  found,  but  most  of  them  have  been 
introduced  from  other  portions  of  our  own  country  or  from  foreign  coun- 
tries. The  farmer  is  not  inclined  to  adopfc  Emerson's  notion  of  a  weed  as 
"  a  plant  whose  virtues  have  not  yet  been  discovered,"  at  least  he  doesn't 
purpose  trying  to  find  a  use  for  them.  The  seeds  of  most  weeds  find  their 
way  on  to  a  farm  nicely  mixed  with  seeds  of  grasses,  grains  and  clovers, 
which  are  drilled  in  or  sowed  broadcast  on  fertile  soil,  where  they  are 
afforded  an  excellent  opportunity  to  grow  and  multiply.  In  some  instances 
7 


52  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

weeds  are  introduced  as  a  part  of  the  packing  or  straw  employed  to  pro- 
tect castings,  marble,  crockery  or  fruit  trees.  Such  foreign  packing  should 
always  be  burned  at  once. 

By  these  processes  the  older  the  country  the  more  troublesome  weeds  it 
will  have,  as  every  new  intruder  usually  comes  to  stay.  In  most  cases  a 
weed  becomes  well  established  before  it  is  discovered  and  the  inquiry 
comes:  "  What  is  it,  and  how  can  I  get  rid  of  it?" 

Weeds  are  likely  to  become  most  troublesome,  where  farmers  are 
slovenly  and  where  they  are  not  thorough  in  cultivating  throughout  the 
season  the  so-called  "  hoed  crops."  In  regions  where  "  hoed  crops  "  are 
seldom  raised  or  only  raised  in  small  quantity,  certain  weeds  are  likely  to 
prove  very  annoying.  The  majority  of  our  weeds  have  been  introduced 
from  Europe,  as  will  be  seen  by  a  comparison  of  the  two  lists  which 
follow: 

LIST   OF   WEEDS   INTRODUCED   FROM   EUROPE. 

The  list  includes  fifty-seven  species. 

Alyssum  calycinum,  L.     Alyssum. 
Amaranthus  chlorostachys,  Willd.     Pigweed. 

retroflexus,  L.    Pigweed. 
Anthemis  Cotula,  DC.     May-weed. 
Aretium  Lappa,  L.    Burdock. 
Brassica  nigra,  Koch.    Black  Mustard. 
Sinapistrum,  Boiss.    Charlock. 
Bromus  secalinus,  L.    Cheat.    Chess. 
Capsella  Bursa-pastoris,  Moench.    Shepherd's  Purse. 
Chenopodium  album,  L.    Lamb's  Quarters.    Pigweed. 
Chrysanthemum  Leucanthemum,  L.    White  Daisy.    Ox-Eye  Daisy. 
Cichorium  Intybus,  L.     Chicory. 
Onicus  arvensis,  Hoffm.    Canada  Thistle. 

"       lanceolatus,  Hoffm.    Common  Thistle.     Bull  Thistle. 
Conium  maculatum,  L,    Poison  Hemlock. 
Convolvulus  arvensis,  L.    Bindweed. 
Cynoglossum  officinale,  L.    Hound's-Tongue. 
Datura  Stramonium,  ~L.    Stramonium.     Thorn  Apple. 
Daucus  Carota,  L.     Carrot. 
Dipsacus  sylvestris,  Mill.    Wild  Teasel. 
Echinospermum  Lappula,  Lehm.     Stickseed. 
Eragrostis  major,  Host. 

Hypericum  perforatum,  L.    St.  John's  wort. 
Inula  Helenium,  L.    Elecampane. 
Lactuca  Scariola,  L.    Prickly  Lettuce. 
Leonurus  Cardiaca,  L.     Mother  wort. 
Linaria  vulgaris,  Mill.     Ramsted.     Butter  and  Eggs. 
Lithospermum  arvense,  L.    Red  root.     Corn  Gromwell.    Wheat  Thief. 
Lychnis  Githago,  Lam.    Corn  Cockle. 
Malva  rotundifolia,  L.     Common  Mallow. 
Medieago  lupulina,  L.    Black  Medick. 
Melilotus  alba,  Lam.    White  Melilot.     Sweet  Clover. 
Nepeta  Cataria,  L.    Catnip. 
Panicum  Crus-galli,  L.     Barnyard-Grass. 
"         glabrum,  Gaudin.     Panic  Grass. 

sanguinale,  L.    Crab-  or  Finger-Grass. 
Plantago  lanceolata,  L.    Ribgrass.    English  Plantain. 
Polygonum  Convolvulus,  L.    Black  Bindweed. 
Portulaca  oleracea,  L.    Purslane. 
Ranunculus  acris,  L.    Buttercups. 

bulbosus,  L.    Buttercups. 
Rumex  Acetosella,  L.    Field  or  Sheep  Sorrel. 

"       crispus,  L.     Curled  Dock. 

"       obtusifolius,  L.    Bitter  Dock. 


FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN.  53 

Sapovaria  officinalis,  L.    Soapwort.    Bouncing  Bet. 
Setaria  glauca,  Beauv.    Foxtail.     Pigeon-Grass. 

"      viridis,  Beauv.    Green  Foxtail.     Bottle-Grass. 
Silene  noetiflora,  L.    Night  flowering  Catchfly. 
Sisyvibrium  officinale,  Scop.    Hedge  Mustard. 
Sonclius  asper,  Vill.    Spiny-leaved  Sow  Thistle. 

"       oleraceus,  L.     Sow  Thistle. 
Stellaria  media,  Smith.    Chickweed. 
Tanacetum  vulgare,  L.    Common  Tansy. 
Taraxacum  officinale,  Weber.     Dandelion. 
Tragopogon  pratensis,  L.     Goafs-beard, 
Verbascum  Blattaria,  L.     Moth  Mullein. 
Thapsus,  L.    Mullein. 

LIST   OF   INDIGENOUS   WEEDS. 

This  includes  twenty-two  species. 

Amarantus  albus,  L,    Tumble  Weed. 

"          blitoides,  Watson. 

Ambrosia  artemisicefolia,  L.    Roman  Wormwood.    Hog- weed. 
Artemisia  biennis,  Willd.     Biennial  Wormwood. 
Bidens  frondosa,  L.    Beggar-ticks.     Stick-tight. 
Brunclla  vulgaris,  L.    Heal-all. 
CencJirus  tribuloides,  L.    Hedge-hog-  or  Bur-Grass. 
Chenopodium  hybridum,  L.    Maple-leaved  Goosefoot. 
Cypei -as  esculantus,  L.     Nut-grass. 
Erigeron  Canadensis,  L.     Horse-weed.     Butter-weed. 
Hedeoma pulegioides,  Pers.    Pennyroyal. 
Helianthus  tuberosus,  L.    Jerusalem  Artichoke. 
Lepidium  Virginicum,  L.    Peppergrass. 
CEnotkera  biennis,  L.     Evening  Primrose. 
Panic  um  capillare,  L.    Old-witch  Grass. 
Planlago  major,  L.    Plantain. 

"        Rugelii,  Decaisne.    Plantain. 
Polygonum  aviculare,  L.    Knotgrass. 

erectum,  L.    Erect  Knotgrass. 
Rudbcckia  hirta,  L.    Cone-flower. 
Urtica,  gracilis,  Ait.    Tall  Wild  Nettle. 
Xanthium  Canadense,  Mill.     Cocklebur.     Clotbur. 

LIST   OF   BARE   OB    LOCAL   PLANTS. 

Most  of  our  rare  or  local  plants  are  included  in  the  following  list: 

Acerates  viridiflora,  Ell.     Green  Milkweed. 
Adlumia  cirrhosa,  Raf.     Climbing  Fumitory. 
j32scu  lus  glabra,  Willd.     Fetid  or  Ohio  Buckeye. 
Agrimonia  parviflora,  Ait.    Small-flowered  Agrimony. 
Aletris  farinosa,  Li.    Colic-root.    Star-grass. 
Amorj>ha  canescens,  Nutt.    Lead-Plant. 
Anemonella  thalictroides,  Spach.    Rue- Anemone. 
Aristida  purpurascens,  L.    Triple-awned  Grass. 
Asclepias  obtusifolia,  Michx.     Obtuse-leaved  Milkweed. 

verticillata,  L.    Whorled  Milkweed. 
Asplenium  viride,  Hudson.     Spleenwort. 
Astragalus  Canadensis,  L.     Milk  Vetch. 

Cooper i,  Gray.     Cooper's  Vetch. 
Baptixia  leucantha,  T.  and  G.    Wild  Indigo. 
Bartonia  tenella,  Muhl.    Bartonia.      Screw-stem. 
Botrychium  Lunaria,  Swz.     Moonwort. 

simplex,  Hitchcock.    Moonwort. 
Bromus  breviaristatus,  Thurber.    Brome-Grass. 

"      Kalmii,  Gray.     Wild  Chess. 
Bouteloua  racemosa,  Lag.    Muskit-Grass. 


54  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

Buchnera  Americana,  L.     Blue-Hearts. 
Cacalia  suaveolens,  L.    Indian  Plantain. 

"        tuberosa,  Nutt.    Tuberous  Indian  Plantain. 
Calamagrostis  stricta,  Trin.    Reed  Bent-Grass. 
Calypso  borealis,  Salisb. 

Camassia  Fraseri,  Torr.     Eastern  Camass.    Wild  Hyacinth. 
Cardamine  pratensis,  L.    Cuckoo  Flower. 
Carex  adusta,  Boott.    Sedge. 

jilopecoidea,  Tuck.,  var.  sparsispicata,  Dewey.    Sedge. 
"      aquatilis,  Wahl.     Sedge. 
"      castanea,  Wahl.    Sedge. 
"      Crus-corvi,  Shuttlew.    Sedge. 
"      Davisii,  Schwein.  and  Torr.     Sedge. 
"      decomposita,  Muhl.    Sedge. 
"      exilis,  Dewey. 
"      formosa,  Dewey.    Sedge. 

"      hystricina,  Muhl.,  var.  Dudleyi,  Bailey.    Sedge. 
"      laxiculmis,  Schwein.    Sedge. 
"      pallescens,  L.    Sedge. 
"      Richardsoni,  R.  Br.    Sedge. 
•"      Sartwettu.  Dewey.    Sedge. 
"      scabrata,  Schwein.    Sedge. 
"      Schweinitzii,  Dewey.    Sedge. 
"      scirpoidea,  Michx.    Sedge. 

squarrosa,  L.    Sedge. 
"      sychnocephala,  Carey.    Sedge. 
"      triceps,  Michx.,  var  hirsuta,  Bailey.    Sedge. 
"      umbellata,  Schkuhr.    Sedge. 
"      Willdenovii,  Schkuhr.    Sedge. 

Castanea  sativa,  Mill.,  var.  Americana,  Gray.    Chestnut. 
Cerastium  arvense,  L.    Field  Chickweed. 
Cercis  Canadensis,  L.    Red-bud.    Judas-tree. 
Chimaphila  maculata,  Pursh.     Spotted  Wmtergreen. 
Cimicifuga  racemosa,  Nutt.    Black  Cohosh. 
Claytonia  Caroliniana,  Michx.    Spring.  Beauty. 
Commelina  Virginica,  L.    Day -Flower. 
Coreopsis  palmata,  Nutt.    Tickseed. 

verticillata,  L. 
Cyperus  aristatus,  Rottb.    Galingale. 

"       Engelmanni,  Steud.    Galingale. 
Cypripedium  arietinum,  R.  Br.    Ram's-Head  Lady's  Slipper. 

candidum,  Muhl.    White  Lady's  Slipper. 
Dalibarda  repens,  L.    Barren  Strawberry. 
Desmodium  ciliare,  DC.    Tick-Trefoil. 

Illinoense,  Gray.    Tick-Trefoil. 
Marilandieum,  F.  Boott.    Tick-Trefoil. 
rigidum,  DC.    Tick-Trefoil. 
sessilifolium,  T.  and  G.    Tick-Trefoil. 
Diarrhena  Americana,  Beauv.    Grass. 
Dicksonia  pilosiuscula.  Willd.    Fern. 
Dodecatheon  Meadia,  L.    Shooting-Star. 
Draba  Caroliniana,  Walt.    Whitlow-Grass. 
Dracocephalum  parviflorum,  Nutt.    Dragon-Head. 
Eatonia  Dudleyi,  Vasey. 
Eleocharis  equisetoides,  Torr.    Spike-Rush. 

olivacea,  Torr.    Spike-Rush. 
"       pygmcea,  Torr.    Spike-Rush. 
"        quadrangulata,  R.  Br.     Spike-Rush. 
"        Robbinsii,  Oakes.        Spike-Rush. 

rostellata,  Torr.    Spike-Rush. 
Equisetum  variegatum,  Schleicher.     Horsetail. 
Eragrostis  pectinacea,  Gray,  var.  spectabilis,  Gray. 
Eriophorum  vaginatum,  L.     Cotton-Grass. 

Eryngium  yucccefolium,  Michx.    Rattlesnake-Master.     Button  Snakeroot. 
Frasera  Carolinensis,  Walt.     American  Columbo. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  55 

Fraxinus  pubescens,  Lam.     Red  Ash. 

"          viridis,  Michx.     Green  Ash. 
Galium  continuum,  T.  and  G.     Bedstraw. 
Oaura  biennis,  L. 
Gentiana  alba,  Muhl.    Whitish  Gentian. 

u       puberula,  Michx.     Blue  Gentian. 

"        Saponaria,  L.     Soapwort  Gentian. 

serrata,  Gunner.     Smaller  Fringed  Gentian. 
Gerardia  auriculata,  Michx.     Wild  Foxglove. 
Geum  triflorum,  Pursh.    Three-flowered  Avens. 
Gillenia  trifoliata,  Moench.     Bowman's  Root. 

Gleditschia  triacanthos,  L.    Honey-Locust.    Three-thorned  Acacia. 
Glyceria  pallida,  Trin.     Manna-Grass. 
Graphephorum  melicoideum,  Desv. 
Habenaria  ciliaris,  R.  Br.     Yellow  Fringed-Orchis. 

leucopho&a,  Gray.    Western  Orchis. 
Helianthus  rigidus,  Desf.     Wild  Sunflower. 
Hemicarpha  subsquarrosa,  Nees. 
Heuchera  Americana,  L.     Common  Alum -root. 
Hierochloe  borealis,  Roem.  &  Schultes.    Vanilla  Grass. 
Hydrastis  Canadensis,  L.    Golden  Seal.    Yellow  Puccoon. 
Hydrocotyle  umbellata,  L.    Water  Pennywort. 
Hypericum  ellipticum,  Hook     St.  Johns-wort. 
Ipomoza  pandurata,  Meyer.     Wild  Potato-vine. 
Iris  lacustris,  Nutt.    Dwarf  Lake  Iris. 
Lactuca  hirsuta,  Muhl.     Wild  Lettuce. 

Liatris  cylindracea,  Michx.     Button  Snakeroot.    Blazing-Star. 
Liparis  liliifolia,  Rich.    Twayblade. 
Melica  Smithii,  Vasey. 

Mertensia  Virginica,  DC.    Virginian  Cowslip.    Lungwort.     Blue  Bells. 
Mimulus  Jamesii,  Torr.     Monkey-flower. 

"        moschatus,  Dougl.     Monkey-flower. 
Monarda  didyma,  L.    Oswego  Tea.     Bee- Balm. 
Moneses  grandiflora,  Salisb.    One-flowered  Pyrola. 
Muhlenbergia  Wildenovii,  Trin.     Grass. 
Myosotis  verna,  Nutt.     Scorpion-grass.     Forget-me-not. 
Nasturtium  lacustre,  Gray.     Lake  Cress. 
Opuntia  Rafinesquii,  Engelm.     Prickly  Pear. 
Onyzppsis  Canadensis,  Torr.     Mountain  Rice. 
Panicum  clandestinum,  L.    Panic-Grass. 

"        xanthophysum,  Gray.    Panic-Grass. 
Pellcea  gracilis,  Hook.     Cliff- brake. 
Pentstemon  Icevigatus,  Solander.     Beard-tongue. 
Phlox  bifida,  Beck.     Phlox. 
Poa  nemoralis,  L.     Meadow-Grass. 
Pogonia  pendula,  Lind. 

"        verlicillata,  Nutt. 
Polytcenia  Nuttallii,  DC. 
Potamogetonhybridus,  Michx.    Pondweed. 
marinus,  L.    Pondweed. 
Robbinsii,  Oakes. 

Poterium  Canadense,  B.  and  H.     Burnet. 
Prenanthes  racemosa,  Michx. 

Primula  Mistassinica,  Michx.     Primrose.    Cowslip. 
Quercus  prinoides,  Willd.     Dwarf  Chestnut  Oak. 

"        imbricaria,  Michx.    Laurel  or  Shingle  Oak. 
Ranunculus  ambigens,  Watson.    Water  Plantain.    Spear  wort. 

rhomboideus,  Goldie.     Early  Crowfoot. 
Rhus  Canadensis,  Marsh.    Fragrant  Sumach. 
Rosa  setigera,  Michx.     Climbing  or  Prairie  Rose. 
Ruellia  ciliosa,  Pursh. 

Sabbatia  angularis,  Pursh.    American  Centaury. 
Sagittaria  graminea,  Michx.     Grass-leaved  Arrow-head. 
Salix  balsamifera,  Barratt. 

"      tristis,  Ait.    Dwarf  Gray  Willow. 


FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

Scheuchzeria  palustris,  L. 

Seirpus  Clintonii,  Gray.     Bulrush.     Club-Rush. 
'        ccespitosus,  L.     Bulrush. 
Olneyi,  Gray.     Bulrush. 
polyphyllus,  Vahl.    Bulrush. 
Smithii,  Gray.     Bulrush. 
Torreyi,  Olney.    Bulrush. 
Scleria  triglomerata,  Michx.    Nut-Rush. 

"       verticillata,  Muhl.    Nut-Rush. 
Scutellaria  parvula,  Michx.    Skullcap. 

pilosa,  Michx.    Skullcap. 
Selaginella  spinosa,  Beauv. 
Silphium  integrifolium,  Michx. 

laciniatum,  L.    Rosin- weed.    Compass-Plant. 
"        perfoliatum,  L.    Cup-Plant. 
Solea  concolor,  Ging.    Green  Violet. 
Spircea  lobata,  Jacq.    Queen  of  the  Prairie. 

"       tomentosa,  L.    Hardhack.    Steeple-Bush. 
Spiranthes  latifolia,  Torr.    Ladies'  Tresses. 
Siachys  hyssopifolia,  Michx.    Hedge-Nettle. 
Stellaria  crassifolia,  Ehrh.    Starwort.    Chickweed. 
Stylophorum  diphyllum,  Nutt.    Celandine  Poppy. 
Synthyris  Houghtoniana,  Benth. 
Tiedemannia  rigida,  C.  &  R.    Cowbane. 
Tipularia  discolor,  Nutt.     Crane-fly"  Orchis. 
Trillium  nivale,  Riddell.    Dwarf  White  Trillium. 

"        sessile,  L.    Sessile  Wake  Robin. 
Typha  angustifolia,  L.    Narrow-leaved  Cat- tail  Flag. 
Utricularia  gibba,  L.    Bladderwort. 

minor,  L.    Smaller  Bladderwort. 
resupinata,  B.  D.  Greene. 
Valeriana  edulis,  Nutt.    Valerian. 
Viburnum  prunifolium,  L.    Black  Haw. 
Viola  lanceolata,  L.    Lance-leaved  Violet. 
Waldsteinia  fragarioides,  Tratt.    Barren  Strawberry. 
Woodwardia  angustifolia,  Smith.     Chain-Fern. 

NATIVE   PLANTS    FAST    DISAPPEARING. 

Many  of  our  fathers  and  grandfathers  spent  a  considerable  portion  of 
their  energies  in  clearing  away  trees,  shrubs,  and  breaking  up  the  land 
that  they  might  have  fertile  fields.  The  newer  portions  of  our  State  are 
still  rapidly  undergoing  this  same  transition. 

As  the  country  becomes  older  and  more  thickly  settled  almost  every- 
thing seems  to  conspire  against  the  trees  and  smaller  plants.  Proprietors 
are  still  making  extensions  to  their  clearings.  The  "  tidy  "  farmer  ditches 
the  cat-holes  and  marshes,  clears  out  the  elders  and  viburnums  to  make 
more  room  for  turnips  and  better  grasses.  He  turns  stock  into  the  wood  lot 
and  the  flowers  of  spring  and  summer  retreat  to  the  brush-heaps  and  a  few 
places  inaccessible  to  the  cattle.  Fire  burns  out  the  dried-up  swamps. 
The  officers  of  the  railroad  see  that  the  strips  alongside  the  track  are  often 
mowed.  The  highways  are  attacked  and  the  larger  vegetation  removed. 
In  places,  nurserymen  or  their  agents  collect  large  numbers  of  the  choicer 
wild  plants,  as  prairie  roses  and  lady's  slippers.  Near  high  schools  and 
colleges,  the  student  collectors  exterminate  many  choice  plants,  root  and 
branch. 

Many  wild  plants  vigorously  protest  against  these  attempts  toward  their 
extermination,  and  start  again  and  again  to  recover  the  lost  ground,  but 
with  the  hand  of  a  thorough  farmer  against  them,  sooner  or  later  they 
succumb,  the  scattered  remnants  only  surviving  in  the  few  remaining 
swamps,  along  railroads,  on  a  few  ragged  hills  and  out  of  the  way  places. 


FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN.  57 

The  small  prairies  in  the  two  tiers  of  southern  counties  were  formerly 
the  home  of  quite  a  number  of  southern  and  western  plants  which  are 
seldom  found  today.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned: 

Amorpha  canescens,  Nutt.     Lead-Plant. 
Bapti-sia  leucantha,  T.  &  G.     Wild  Indigo. 
Bouteloua  racemosa,  Lag.    Muskit-Grass. 
Buchnera  Americana,  L.     Blue-Hearts. 
Gacalia  suaveolens,  L.     Indian  Plantain. 

"        tuberosa,  Nutt.    Tuberous  Indian  Plantain, 
Camassia  Fraseri,  Torr.    Eastern  Camass.    Wild  Hyacinth. 
Commelina  Virginica,  L.    Day-Flower. 
Coreopsis  palmata,  Nutt. 
Dalibarda  repens,  L.    Barren  Strawberry. 
Desmodium  ciliare,  DC.    Tick-Trefoil. 

Illinoense,  Gray.    Tick-Trefoil. 
"  sessilifolium,  T.  &  G.    Tick-Trefoil. 

Diarrhena  Americana,  Beauv. 
Dodecatheon  Meadia,  L.    Shooting-Star. 

Eryngium  yucccefolium,  Michx.      Rattlesnake-Master.    Button  Snake-Root. 
Gaura  biennis,  L. 

Gentiana  puberula.  Michx.     Blue  Gentian. 
"         Saponaria,  L.     Soapwort  Gentian. 
Gerardia  auriculata,  Michx.    Wild  Foxglove. 
Gillenia  trifoliata,  Moench.     Bowman's  Root. 
Helianthus  rigidus,  Desf .    Wild  Sunflower. 
Penlstemon  Icevigatus,  Solander.     Beard-tongue. 
Phlox  bifida,  Beck. 
Pogonia  pendula,  Lindl. 

"        verticillata,  Nutt. 
Polytcenia  Nuttallii,  DC. 
Poterium  Canadense,  B.  &  H.    Burnet. 
.Rosa  setigera,  Michx.    Climbing  or  Prairie  Rose. 
Ruellia  ciliosa,  Pursh. 
Scutellaria  pilosa,  Michx.     Skullcap. 
Silphium  integrifolium,  Michx. 

laciniatum,  L.    Rosin-weed.     Compass-Plant. 
perfoliatum,  L.     Cup-Plant. 
Spiraea  lobata,  Jacq.    Queen  of  the  Prairie. 
Synthyris  Houghtoniana,  Benth. 
Viburnum  prunifolium,  L.    Black  Haw. 

LIST   OF   PLANTS   INTRODUCED   FROM   EUROPE    AND    BECOMING    NATURALIZED. 


One  hundred   and  forty-two  species   of    plants  have   been  introduced 
from  Europe  into  Michigan. 

Abutilon  Avicennce,  Gaertn.    Velvet-Leaf. 
Agrostis  alba,  L.    White  Bent-Grass.    Red  Top. 

"      var.  vulgaris,  Thurb.    Red  Top. 
Alopecurus  geniculatus,  L.    Floating  Foxtail. 

pratensis,  L.    Meadow  Foxtail. 
Alyssum  calycinum,  L. 
Amarantus  chlorostachys,  Willd.    Pigweed. 

retroflexus,  L.     Pigweed. 
Anthemis  arvensis,  L.    Corn  Camomile. 

Cotula,  DC.    May- weed. 

Anthoxanthum  odoratum,  L.    Sweet  Vernal-Grass. 
Arenaria  serpyllifolia,  L.    Thyme-leaved  Sand  wort. 
Arctium  Lappa,  L.    Burdock. 
Asparagus  ojficinale,  L.    Asparagus. 
Brassica  alba,  Boiss.    White  Mustard. 
"        nigra,  Koch.    Black  Mustard. 
"        Sinapistrum,  Boiss.    Charlock. 
Bromus  secalinus,  L.    Cheat  or  Chess.  ; 


58  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

Camelina  sativa,  Crantz.     False  Flax. 

Cannabis  sativa,  TJ.    Hemp. 

Capsella  Bursa-pastoris,  Moench.     Shepherd's  Purse. 

Carum  Carui,  L.     Caraway. 

Cerastium  vulgatum,  L.    Larger  Mouse-ear  Chickweed. 

Chelidonium  majus,  L.     Celandine. 

Chenopodium  album,  L.     Lamb's  Quarters.     Pigweed. 

ambrosioides,  L.  var.  anthelminticum,  Gray      Wormseed. 

Botrys,  L.    Jerusalem  Oak.    Feather  Geranium. 

glaucum,  L.    Oak-leaved  Goosefoot. 

murale,  L. 

urbieum,  L.    Pigweed. 

Chrysanthemum  Leucanthemum,  L.    Ox-Eye  or  White  Daisy.    White-weed. 
Cichorium  Intybus,  L.    Chicory. 
Cnicus  arvensis,  Hoffm.     Canada  Thistle. 

"        lanceolatus,  Hoffrn.     Common  Thistle. 
Conium  maculatum,  L.     Poison  Hemlock. 
Convolvulus  arvensis,  L.     Bindweed. 
Cynoglossum  officinale,  L.     Hound's-Tongue. 
Dactylis  glomerata,  L.    Orchard  Grass. 
Datura  Stramonium,  L.    Jamestown- Weed.    Thorn-Apple. 
Daucus  Carota,  L.     Carrot. 
Delphinium  Consolida,  L.    Field  Larkspur. 
Dianthus  deltoides,  L.    Maiden  Pink. 
Dipsacus  sylvestris,  Mill.    Wild  Teasel. 
Draba  verna,  L.     Whitlow-Grass. 
Echinospermum  Lappula,  Lehm.     Stickbeed. 
Eleusine  Indica,  Gaertn.     Crab -Grass. 
Eragrostis  major,  Host. 
Erodium  cicutarium,  L'Her.     Storksbill. 
Euphorbia  Cyparissias,  L.     Spurge. 
Helioscopia,  L. 
platyphylla,  L. 

Fagopyrum  esculentum,  Moench.     Buckwheat. 
Festuca  elatior,  L.    Taller  or  Meadow  Fescue. 

"       var.  pratensis,  Gray. 
Galeopsis  Tetrahit,  L.    Hemp-Nettle. 
Geranium  pusillum,  L. 
Hemerocallis  fulva,  L.    Day-Lily. 
Hesperis  matronalis,  L.    Eocket.    Dame's  Violet. 
Hibiscus  Trionum,  L.     Bladder  Ketmia. 
Hyoscyamus  niger,  L.     Black  Henbane. 
Hypericum  perforatum,  L.    St.  John's-wort. 
Inula  Helenium,  L.    Elecampane. 
Lactuea  Scariola,  L     Prickly  Lettuce. 
Lamium^amplexicaule,  L.    Dead-Nettie. 
Leontodon  autumnalis,  L.    Fall  Dandelion. 
Leonurus  Cardiaca,  L.     Mother  wort. 
Linaria  vulgaris,  Mill.    Ramsted.     Butter  and  Eggs. 
Lithospermum  arvense,  L.    Red-root.    Wheat-thief. 

officinale,  L.    Gromwell. 
Lychnis  Coronaria,  DC.    Cockle. 

"        Githago,  Lam.     Corn  Cockle. 
Lycium  vulgare,  Dunal,    Matrimony-Vine. 
Lysimachia  nummularia,  L.    Moneywort. 
Malva  Alcea,  L.    Mallow. 

"      crispa,  L.     Curled  Mallow. 
"      moschata,  L.    Musk  Mallow. 
"      rotundifolia,  L.     Common  Mallow. 
Marrubiu/n  vulgare,  L.     Horehound. 

"        Medicago  lupulina,  L.     Black  Medick. 
Melilotus  alba,  Lam.     White  Melilot. 

officinalis,  Willd.    Yellow  Melilot. 
Mentha  piperita,  L.    Peppermint. 

"        viridis,  L.    Spearmimt. 
Nasturtium  Armoracia,  Fries.    Horseradish. 
"  officinale,  R.  ^r.    Water-Cress. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  59 

• 
Nepeta  Cataria,  L.    Catnip. 

"        Glechoma,  Benth.    Ground  Ivy.    Gill-over-the-Ground.        ' 
Nicandra  physaloides,  Gaertn.     Apple  of  Peru. 
Nicotiana  rustica,  L.    Wild  Tobacco. 
Panicum  Crus-galli,  L.     Barnyard-Grass. 

glabrum,  Gaudin. 

"         sanguinale,  L.    Crab-  or  Finger-Grass. 
Pastinaca  sativa,  L.    Parsnip. 
Phalaris  Canariensis,  L.    Canary-Grass. 
Phleum  pratense,  L.    Timothy.    Herd's-Grass. 
Plantago  lanceolata,  L.    Ribgrass.    English  Plantain. 
Poa  annua,  L.    Low  Spear-Grass. 

"•    compressa,  L.    Wire-Grass.    English  Blue-Grass. 
Polygonum  Convolvulus,  L.    Black  Bindweed. 

"  Persicaria,  L.    Lady's  Thumb. 

Populus  alba,  L.    White  Poplar.    Abele. 
Portulaea  oleracea,  L.    Purslane. 
Ranunculus  acris,  L.    Tall  Buttercups. 

bulbosus,  L.    Bulbous  Buttercups, 
Rumex  Acetosella,  L.    Field  or  Sheep  Sorrel. 

"       crispus,  L.    Curled  Dock.    Narrow-leaved  D. 
"       obtusifolius,  L.    Bitter  Dock. 
Salix  alba,  L.    White  Willow. 
"      Babylonica,  Tourn.    Weeping  Willow. 
"     fragilis,  L.    Crack  Willow. 
Saponaria  officinalis,  L.    Bouncing  Bet. 

"          Vaccaria,  L. 
Scleranthus  annuus,  L.    Knawel. 
Sedum  acre,  L.    Mossy  Stone-crop. 

"       Telephium,  L.    Live-for-ever. 
Setaria  glauca,  Beauv.    Foxtail.     Pigeon-Grass. 

"        viridis,  Beauv.    Green  Foxtail.     Bottle-Grass. 
Silene  Armeria,  L,    Sweet- William  Catchfly. 
"       Cucubalus,  Wibel.    Bladder  Campion. 
"       noctiflora,  L.    Night- flowering  Catchfly. 
Sisymbrium  officinale,  Scop.    Hedge  Mustard. 
Solanum  Dulcamara,  L.  Bittersweet. 
Sonchus  asper,  Vill.  Spiny-leaved  Sow-Thistle. 

"        oleraceus,  L.     Common  Sow-Thistle. 
Stellaria  media,  Smith.  Chick  weed. 
Symphytum  officinale,  L.    Comfrey. 
Tanacetum  vulgare,  L.    Tansy. 
Taraxacum  officinale,  Weber.    Common  Dandelion. 
Thlaspi  arvense,  L.    Field  Pennycress. 
Tragopogon  pratensis,  L.     Goat'e-beard. 
Trifolium  agrarium,  L.    Yellow  or  Hop-Clover. 
arvense,  L.    Rabbit-foot  Clover. 
hybridum,  L.     Alsike  Clover. 
medium,  L.    Zigzag  Clover.    Mammoth  Clover. 
pratense,  L.    Red  Clover. 
procumbens,  L.    Low  Hop-Clover. 
Tussilago  Farfara,  L.    Coltsfoot. 
Urtica  dioica,  L.    Great  Stinging  Nettle. 
Verbascum  Blattaria,  L.    Moth  Mullein. 
Verbascum  Thapsus,  L.    Mullein. 
Veronica  arvensis,  L.    Corn  Speedwell. 
Viola  tricolor,  L.,  var.  arvensis,  DC.    Pansy.  Heart's-Ease. 

PARASITIC   FUNGI. 

When  a  large  area  is  cleared  of  vegetation  of  a  miscellaneous  character, 
and  the  ground  is  then  covered  with  plants  of  one  kind,  this  large  area, 
after  a  time  is  much  more  liable  to  be  damaged  by  injurious  insects  than 
it  was  before  the  change  was  made.  The  increased  supply  of  suitable  food 
encourages  certain  one  or  more  kinds  of  insect  enemies.  A  similar  state 
8 


60  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

of  things  seems  to  prevail  in  reference  to  parasitic  fungi.  For  example, 
fungi  infesting  cultivated  grapes  sometimes  sweep  down  with  great  severity 
in  many  sections  where  vineyards  are  large  or  numerous,  while  a 
few  vines  in  isolated  neighborhoods  may  often  escape  uninjured.  So  it  is 
with  rust,  smut  and  bunt  on  wheat,  smut  on  corn,  lettuce  mold,  rust  on 
onions,  and  black  knot  on  cherries  and  plums. 

Recently  the  life  history  of  many  fungi  injurious  to  cultivated  plants, 
including  some  experiments  with  materials  to  check  their  progress,  has 
received  considerable  attention  in  this  country. 

As  we  have  insects  which  by  preying  on  other  injurious  insects  are  ben- 
eficial to  the  progress  of  agriculture  and  horticulture,  so  we  have  a  goodly 
number  of  fungi  which  prey  on  our  weeds  and  tend  more  or  less  to  keep 
them  in  check.  Recently  there  have  been  a  few  successful  efforts  made 
in  introducing  the  proper  insects  to  prey  on  injurious  insects.  In  time 
very  likely  there  may  be  introduced  certain  parasitic  fungi  which  shall 
aid  in  the  extermination  of  weeds. 

At  the  Agricultural  College,  Shepherd's  Purse  in  many  places  has  been 
nearly  all  destroyed  by  a  parasitic  fungus,  Cystopus  candidus.  Lev.  Com- 
mon purslane  has  been  much  checked  by  Cystopus  Portulacce,  DeBy,  and 
in  a  few  places  the  common  elder  by  JEcidium  sambuci,  Sch.  For  some 
years  past,  large  patches  of  the  common  milkweed  have  disappeared  grad- 
ually, one  after  another,  through  the  agency  of  some  disease — possibly  a 
microbe.  Three  species  of  milkweed  are  similarly  affected.  One  attempt, 
as  yet  unsuccessful,  has  been  made  to  disseminate  this  milkweed  disease 
to  neighborhoods  where  the  plants  are  abundant  and  thrifty. 

In  these  parasitic  fungi  we  see  an  important  factor  which  helps  control 
the  geographical  distribution  of  plants,  and  may  there  not  be  something 
here  to  help  explain  why  certain  foreign  species  for  a  time  are  often  so 
vigorous  in  a  new  country?  Isolation  is  favorable  to  thrift,  while  large 
masses  are  opposed  to  long  continued  escape  from  the  ravages  of  insects 
or  parasitic  fungi. 

It  was  a  part  of  our  plan  to  prepare  a  list  of  parasitic  fungi,  especially 
so  far  as  seen  at  the  Agricultural  College,  but  we  have  not  yet  been  able 
to  make  it  complete  enough  to  satisfy  us. 

FLOWERING  PARASITES  AND  SAPROPHYTES  DESTITUTE  OF  GREEN  LEAVES. 

There  are  a  few  native  flowering  plants  which  are  destitute  of  green 
throughout  their  growth  and  development.  They  subsist  entirely  on 
decaying  animal  or  vegetable  matter,  or  to  some  extent  on  matter  as  it  is 
assimilated  by  growing  plants,  or  they  may  live  entirely  on  what  they  can 
take  from  such  plants. 

The  list  is  a  short  one  and  includes: 

Aphyllon  fasiculatum,  Gray.    Cancer-root. 

*•          uniflortim,  Gray.     Cancer-root. 
Conopholis  Americana,  Wallroth.  Squaw-root. 
Cuscuta  chlorocarpa,  Engelm.    Dodder. 

"        Gronovii,  Willd.    Dodder. 

"        tenuiflora,  Engelm.    Dodder. 
Epiphegus  Virginiana,  Bart.    Beech-drops. 
Monotropa  Hypopitys,  L.    Pine-sap.    False  Beech-drops.  «r 

uniflora,  L.    Indian  Pipe.    Corpse-Plant. 
Pterospora  Andromedea,  Nutt.  Pine-drops. 


FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN.  61 

GREEN   LEAVED   PARASITES. 

There  are  a  few  attractive  native  plants  which  have  usually  baffled  all 
attempts  to  introduce  them  into  cultivation.  •  The  reason  for  this  lack  of 
success  is  probably  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  plants  under  consideration 
are  partially  parasitic.  They  will  not  thrive  except  when  some  of  their 
roots  are  attached  to  their  host  plants.  This  list  is  a  short  one,  and 
includes: 

Castilleia  coccinea,  Spreng.    Scarlet  Painted-Cup. 

pallida,  Kunth,  var.  septentrionalis,  Gray.    Pale  Painted-Cup. 
Comandra  livida,  Richardson.    Bastard  Toad-flax. 

umbellata,  Nutt.    Bastard  Toad-flax. 
Gerardia  aspera,  Dougl.      Gerardia. 

auriculata,  Michx.    Gerardia. 
"         flava,  L.    Downy  Foxglove. 
Icevigata,  Raf .    Gerardia. 
pedicularia,  L.    Lousewort  Foxglove. 
purpurea,  L.    Purple  Gerardia. 

var  paupercula,  Gray.    Purple  Gerardia. 
**         quercifolia,  Pursh.     Smooth  Foxglove. 
tenuifolia,  Vahl.    Slender  Gerardia. 

var.  asperula,  Gray.    Slender  Gerardia. 

NATIVE   POISONOUS   PLANTS. 

Besides  two  species  of  nettles  ( Urtica  gracilis,  Ait.,  and  Laportea 
Canadensis,  Gaud.)  there  are  only  two  species  of  native  plants  which  are 
of  any  prominence  as  poisonous  to  the  touch,  and  even  these  two  are  not 
poisonous  to  all  persons.  The  latter  plants  or  shrubs  are  known  as  poison 
sumach  or  poison  dogwood  (JRhus  venenata,  DC.),  and  poison  ivy,  or 
poison  oak  (Rhus  Toxicodendron,  L.).  The  last  named  plant  is  the  most 
troublesome,  as  it  is  often  common  on  dry  land,  while  the  one  previously 
noticed  is  confined  to  swamps  which  are  not  so  often  frequented.  Poison 
ivy  has  three  leaflets  to  each  leaf,  while  the  handsome  Virginian  Creeper 
often  confounded  with  it  usually  has  five  leaflets  to  the  leaf,  and  is  harm- 
less. The  roots,  leaves  or  flowers  of  many  of  the  medicinal  plants  are 
more  or  less  poisonous  when  eaten  in  sufficient  quantity,  but  fortunately, 
in  nearly  all  such  cases,  there  is  something  repulsive  to  the  taste  or  to 
the  smell.  Unless  one  is  a  botanist  or  takes  the  advice  of  a  good  botanist, 
it  is  safest  to  let  strange  plants  alone. 

BOTANY  AND  THE  COUNTRY  SCHOOL. 

Wide  awake  teachers  have  learned  that  pupils  may  advance  just  as 
rapidly  when  properly  taught  in  arithmetic,  grammar,  spelling,  reading, 
etc.,  if  a  few  other  subjects  of  a  different  nature  are  placed  in  the  course. 
The  ability  to  observe  accurately,  we  take  it  for  granted  will  help  any 
person  in  any  kind  of  business.  For  cultivating  the  observing  faculty  of 
young  persons  nothing  is  better  or  more  convenient  than  the  study  of 
plants. 

"  The  point  never  to  be  lost  sight  of  is  that  if  you  teach  a  child  to  dis- 
criminate with  the  plants  in  hand  and  from  observation  only,  between  such 
objects  as  the  simple,  heart-shaped,  opposite,  ex-stipulate  stalked  leaves  of 
a  lilac,  and  the  compound,  pinnate,  alternate,  stipulate  leaves  of  a  rose, 
you  lay  the  foundations  of  a  power  for  obtaining  knowledge  which  is  no 
way  to  be  measured  merely  by  the  amount  or  kind  of  information 
imparted." — Marshal  Ward  in  Garden  and  Forest,  December,  1890. 


62  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

It  is  not  the  mere  learning  of  facts  about  plants  that  is  of  most 
importance,  but  it  is  the  acquiring  a  habit  of  close  observation  of  common 
things  all  around  us,  that  is  of  permanent  value.  The  study  of  plants  is 
often  the  means  of  awakening  an  interest  in  dull  pupils. 

To  begin  right,  they  must  first  observe,  handle,  dissect,  compare  and 
study  the  specimens.  For  young  pupils,  nothing  better  than  the  des- 
criptions and  comparisons  of  trees  or  herbaceous  plants  can  be  assigned 
for  compositions — the  dread  of  every  youngster  in  school. 

In  learning  botany,  as  a  rule,  no  book  lessons  should  be  assigned,  nor 
any  scientific  names  thrust  upon  the  pupils  till  they  have  studied  the 
objects  themselves.  After  observing  a  plant  or  any  part  of  it  carefully, 
they  are  then  prepared  to  read  about  it  understandingly  and  are  ready  and 
eager  for  suitable  names.  In  most  cases,  scientific  names  are  necessary,  as 
they  have  a  definite  meaning,  each  for  its  place.  In  case  of  very  young 
persons  they  can  usually  learn  these  scientific  names  just  as  easily  as  the 
common  ones. 

To  aid  in,  this  work  a  teacher  may  plan  an  exhibition  or  fair  consisting 
of  flowers,  leaves,  roots,  buds,  wild  fruits,  nuts,  berries,  monstrosities,  and 
perhaps  contributions  from  the  vegetable  garden,  orchard  and  flower 
garden.  At  such  time  there  should  be  a  nice  but  short  lecture,  and  above 
all,  reports  of  committees  who  have  examined  the  objects  exhibited. 

A  part  of  these  things  may  be  kept,  and  others  added  to  make  a  museum. 
If  only  temporary,  for  the  term,  it  will  be  worth  all  it  costs.  If  it  cannot 
be  placed  in  the  school  room,  place  it  under  a  shed,  or  in  the  open  air  near 
the  house  where  it  may  be  seen  and  talked  about. 

There  may  be  short  excursions  for  observation  and  collecting,  and  notes 
made  covering  the  poisonous  and  the  most  useful,  as  well  as  the  most 
beautiful  plants. 

There  can  be  a  May-day  party,  with  a  variety  of  suitable  exercises,  a 
June  flower  festival,  and  an  exploration  of  the  neighboring  woods  in  season 
to  collect  various  colored  autumn  foliage  with  which  to  decorate  the  school 
room. 

Almost  any  out  of  the  way  place  may  be  better  than  none  in  which  may 
be  planted,  by  each  pupil,  one  or  more  different  sorts  of  wild  herbs  or 
shrubs,  many  of  which  will  survive  and  do  very  well  without  much  further 
attention,  provided  they  are  near  the  woods  where  autumn  leaves  annually 
mulch  the  ground.  Here  may  be  collected  and  planted  all  sorts  of  wild  vines 
that  can  be  found,  and  every  kind  of  native  tree  that  any  one  knows  of. 
Hints  for  arbor  day  have  already  been  given,  and  interesting  programs 
carried  out  by  many  public  schools.  In  such  exercises  there  is,  usually,  con- 
siderable unprofitable  sentiment  in  regard  to  "  sparing  that  tree,"  regard- 
less of  all  conditions.  In  too  many  cases  the  after  care  of  the  trees  planted 
is  discouraging,  and  the  value  of  the  lessons  thus  imparted  far  from  satis- 
factory. The  most  valuable  part  of  an  arbor  day  will  usually  be  the  carry- 
ing out  of  a  well  planned  literary  program  in  the  school-house  or  in  the 
grove.  One  of  this  kind  was  carried  out  at  a  forestry  convention  held  in 
Grand  Eapids,  January  26, 1888.  At  that  convention  children  represented 
various  kinds  of  native  trees,  each  of  whom  enumerated  his  own  good  qual- 
ities. The  text  for  most  of  this  program  appeared  in  the  Michigan  Agri- 
cultural Eeport  for  1888;  als©  in  the  Prairie  Farmer  soon  after;  also  in 
Arbor  Day,  a  book  containing  many  valuable  hints,  edited  by  Hon.  E.  W. 
Furnas,  of  Nebraska;  also  in  the  Arbor  Day  Manual,  by  Hon.  C.  E. 
Skinner,  Deputy  Supt.  of  Public  Instruction,  Albany,  N.  Y. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  63 

In  order  to  secure  profitable  and  satisfactory  results  from  teaching 
botany,  two  requisites  are  necessary,  viz.:  1st.  The  teacher  must  have 
been  properly  taught,  and  have  the  rare  skill  necessary  to  incite  interest 
in  the  subject.  2d.  He  must  have  the  support  of  the  school  directors. 
Without  both  of  these,  there  is  little  use  in  placing  botany  on  the 
program. 

Again,  it  may  be  well  to  add,  that  a  frequent  change  of  teachers  in  a 
country  district,  as  is  usually  the  custom,  will  be  fatal  to  anything  in  the 
line  of  permanent  planting  of  wild  gardens. 

A  pamphlet  entitled  "  The  New  Botany,"  containing  hints  on  teaching 
the  subject,  may  be  obtained  from  the  author,  Dr.  W.  J.  Beal. 

LIST   OF   MICHIGAN   PLANTS   WHICH   ARE   ADMITTED   TO   THE     UNITED    STATES 

PHARMACOPOEIA. 

The  following  species,  54  in  all,  are  admitted  to  the  United  States 
pharmacopoeia.  When  eaten,  many  of  them  are  poisonous: 

Acorus  Calamus,  L.    Sweet  Flag. 
Agropyrum  repens,  Beauv.    Couch-Grass. 
Apocynum  cannabinum,  L.     Indian  Hemp. 
Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi,  Spreng.    Bearberry. 
Arctium  Lappa,  L.    Burdock. 
Artemisia  Absinthium,  L.    Wormwood. 
Aspidium  Filix-mas,  Swz.    Male  Fern. 
Brassica  alba,  Boiss.    White  Mustard. 
"        nigra,  Koch.    Black  Mustard. 
Cannabis  sativa,  L.    Hemp. 
Carum  Carui,  L.    Caraway. 

Castanea  sativa,  Mill.,  var.  Americana,  Gray.    Chestnut. 
Chelidonium  majus,  L.     Garden  Celandine. 

Chenopodium  ambrosioides,  L.,  var.  anthelminticum,  Gray.    Wormseed. 
Chimaphila  umbellata,  Nutt.    Pipsissewa.    ' 
Cimicifuga  racemosa,  Nutt.    Black  Snakeroot.    Black  Cohosh. 
Cornus  florida,  L.    Flowering  Dogwood. 
Cypripedium  pubescens,  Willd.    Yellow  Lady's  Slipper. 
Datura  Stramonium,  L.    Stramonium. 
Euonymus  atropurpureus,  Jacq.    Waahoo. 
Eupatorium  perfoliatum,  L.    Boneset. 
Gaultheria  procumbens,  L.    Wintergreen. 
Geranium  maculatum,  L.    Cranesbill. 
Hamamelis  Virginiana,  L.    Witch-Hazel. 
Hedeoma  pulegioides,  Pers.    American  Pennyroyal. 
Humulus  Lupulus,  L.    Common  Hop. 
Hydrastis  Canadensis,  L.    Golden  Seal. 
Hyoscyamus  niger,  L.    Black  Henbane. 
Inula  Helenium,  L.    Elecampane. 
Iris  versicolor,  L.    Blue  Flag. 
Juglans  cinerea,  L.    Butternut. 
Juniperus  communis,  L.    Juniper. 
Linum  usitatissimum,  L.    Flax. 
Lobelia  inflata,  L.    Indian  Tobacco.    Lobelia. 
Marrubium  vulgare,  L.    Horehound. 
Mentha  piperita,  L.     Peppermint. 

*'        viridis,  L.    Spearmint. 
Phytolacca  decandra,  L.    Pokeweed.    Scoke. 
Podophyllum  peltatum,  L.    Mandrake. 
Polygala  Senega,  L.    Senega.     Seneca  Snakeroot. 
Prunus  serotina,  Ehrh.    Wild  Black  Cherry. 
Quercus  alba,  L.    White  Oak. 
Rubus  villosus,  Ait.    Blackberry. 

Rumex  crispus,  L.    Curled  Dock.    Narrow-leaved  Dock. 
Sambucus  Canadensis,  L.    Elder. 
•Sanguinaria  Canadensis,  L.    Blood-root. 


64  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

Sassafras  officinale,  Nees.    Sassafras. 
Scutellaria  lateriflora,  L.    Skullcap. 
Solanum  Dulcamara,  L.    Bittersweet. 
Tanacetum  vulgare,  L.    Tansy. 
Taraxacum  officinale,  Weber.    Dandelion. 
Ulmusfulva,  Michx.    Slippery  Elm.    Red  Elm. 
Veronica  Virginica,  L.    Culver's  Physic. 
Xanthoxylum  Americanum,  Mill.    Prickly  Ash. 

LIST   OF   MEDICINAL   PLANTS   NOT   OFFICINAL. 

The  following  plants,  124  species  in  all,  are  often  used  as  domestic 
remedies : 

Abies  balsamea,  Miller.    Balsam  Fir. 
Acer  rubrum,  Li.    Red  Maple. 
Achillea  Millefolium,  L.    Yarrow. 
Actcea  alba,  Bigel.    White  Cohosh. 

"       spicata,  L.,  var.  rubra,  Ait.    Red  Cohosh. 
Agrimonia  Eupatoria,  L.     Agrimony. 
Aletris  farinosa,  L.    Colic-root. 
Allium  Canadense,  Kalm.    Wild  Garlic. 
Alnus  incana,  Willd.    Speckled  or  Hoary  Alder. 

"      serrulata,  Willd.    Smooth  Alder. 
Ambrosia  artemisicefolia,  L.    Ragweed. 
Anagallis  arvensis,  L.    Common  Pimpernel. 
Angelica  atropurpurea,  L.    Angelica. 

"        hirsuta,  Muhl.    Angelica. 
Anemone  nemorosa,  L.    Wind-flower. 
Anthemis  Cotula,  DC.    May-weed. 
Aralia  hispida,  Vent.    Wild  Elder. 

"      racemosa,  L.    Spikenard. 
Ariscema  triphyllum,  Torr.     Indian  Turnip. 
Artemisia  vulgaris,  L.    Mugwort. 

Asarum  Canadense,  L.    Wild  Ginger.    Canada  Snake-root. 
Asimina  triloba,  Dunal.    Papaw. 
Asclepias  Cornuti,  Decaisne.    Common  Milkweed.    Silkweed. 

incarnata,  L.    Swamp  Milkweed.    White  Indian  Hemp. 
tuberosa,  L.    Pleurisy-Root. 
Asparagus  officinalis,  L.    Asparagus. 
Aspidium  marginale,  Swz.    Marginal  Shield  Fern. 
Asplenium  Filix-foemina,  Bernh.    Lady  Fern. 
Baptisia  tinctoria,  R.  Br.    Wild  Indigo. 
Berber  is  vulgaris,  L.    Barberry. 
Cassia  Marilandica,  L.    Wild  Senna. 
Caulophyllum  thalictroides,  Michx.    Blue  Cohosh. 
Ceanothus  Americanus,  L.    New  Jersey  Tea. 
Celastrus  scandens,  L.    Woody  Bittersweet. 
Chelone  glabra,  L.    Snake-head. 
Cichorium  Intybus,  L.    Chicory. 
Cicuta  maculata,  L.    Water-Hemlock. 
Clematis  Virginiana,  L.    Common  Virgin's-Bower. 
Collinsonia  Canadensis,  L.     Horse-Balm.  Stone-root. 
Conium  maculatum,  L.    Poison  Hemlock. 
Coptis  trifolia,  Salisb.    Goldthread. 
Corallorhiza  odontorhiza,  Nutt.    Coral-root. 

Cypripedium  parviflorum,  Salisb.    Smaller  Yellow  Lady's  Slipper. 
Epigcea  repens,  L.    Trailing  Arbutus. 
Epilobium  angustifolium,  L.    Great, Willow-herb, 
Erechtites  hieracifolia,  Raf.    Fireweed. 
Erigeron  annuus,  Pers.    Daisy  Fleabane. 

Canadensis,  L.    Canada  Fleabane. 
Euphorbia  corollata,  L.    Large-flowering  Spurge. 
Frasera  Carolinensis,  Walt.    American  Columbo. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  65 

Galium  Aparine,  L.    Cleavers. 

"       triflorum,  Michx.    Sweet-scented  Bedstraw. 
Gentiana  Andrewsii,  Griseb.    Closed  Gentian. 

crinita,  Froel.    Fringed  Gentian.  • 

Geum  rivale,  L.    Water  Avens.  x 
Gillenia  trifoliata,  Moench.    Indian  Physic. 
Gnaphalium  polycephalum,  Michx.    Common  Everlasting. 
Helenium  autumnale,  L.    Sneeze-weed. 
Hepatica  acutiloba,  DC.    Sharp-lobed  Hepatica.    Liver-leaf. 

"         triloba,  Chaix.    Round-lobed 
Heracleum  lanatum,  Michx.    Cow-Parsnip. 
Heuchera  Americana,  L.    Alum-root. 
Hypericum  perforatum,  L.    St.  John's- wort. 
Ipomcea  pandurata,  Meyer.    Man-of-the-Earth. 
Jeffersonia  diphylla,  Pers.    Rheumatism-root.    Twin-leaf. 
Larix  Americana,  Michx.    Tamarack. 
Ledum  latifolium,  Ait.    Labrador  Tea. 
Leonurus  Cardiaca.  L.     Motherwort. 
Lindera  Benzoin,  Blume.    Spice-bush. 
Liriodendron  Tulipifera,  L.    Tulip-tree. 
Lobelia  syphilitica,  L.    Great  Lobelia. 
Lycopodium  clavatum,  L.     Common  Club-Moss. 
Malva  rotundifolia,  L.    Low  Mallow. 
Melilptus  alba,  Lam.    Sweet  Clover. 
Menispermum  Canadense,  L.    Moonseed. 
Menyanthes  trifoliata,  L.    Buckbean. 
Mitchella  repens,  L.    Partridge-berry.    Squaw-vine. 
Morus  rubra.  L.    Red  Mulberry. 
Nasturtium  Armoracia,  Fries.    Horseradish. 
"          officinale,  R.  Br.    Water-Cress. 

palustre,  DC.    Marsh-Crese. 
Nepeta  Cataria,  L.    Catnip. 

"       Glechoma,  Benth.    Ground  Ivy. 
Nymphcea  odorata,  Ait.    Sweet-scented  Water-Lily. 
CEnothera  biennis,  L.    Evening  Primrose. 
Oxalis  Acetosella,  L.    Wood-Sorrel. 

"      cornieulata,  L.,  var.  stricta,  Sav.    Yellow  Wood-sorrel. 
Polygala  polygama,  Walt.    Bitter  Polygala. 
Polygonatum  biflorum,  Ell.    Smaller  Solomon's  Seal. 

giganteum,  Dietrich.    Great  SolomonVSeal. 
Polygonum  acre,  HBK.    Water  Smartweed. 

"         Hydropiper,  L.    Smartweed. 
Polypodium  vulgare,  L.    Polypody. 
Populus  balsamifera,  L.    Balsam  Poplar. 

"        tremuloides,  Michx.     American  Aspen. 
Ptelea  trifoliata,  L.    Hop-tree. 
Pteris  aquilina,  L.    Common  Brake. 
Ranunculus  acris,  L.    Tall  Crowfoot. 

sceleratus,  L.    Cursed  Crowfoot. 
septentrionalis,  Poir.     Creeping  Crowfoot. 
RTius  glabra,  L.    Smooth  Sumach. 

"     Toxicodendron,  L.    Poison  Ivy. 

"     venenata,  DC.    Poison  Sumach. 
Rumex  Britannica,  L.    Great  Water-Dock. 

oUusifolius,  L.    Bitter  Dock. 
Salix  alba,  L.    White  Willow. 

Sanicula  Marylandica,  L.    Sanicle.    Black  Snakeroot. 
Saponaria  officinalis,  L.    Bouncing  Bet. 
Sarracenia  purpurea,  L.    Pitcher-Plant. 
Scrophularia  nodosa,  L.,  var.  Marilandica,  Gray.    Figwort. 
Senecio  aureus,  L.    Life-root.    Squaw- weed. 
Spircea  tomentosa,  L.    Hardback. 
Symplocarpus  foztidus,  Salisb.    Skunk  Cabbage. 
Taxus  Canadensis,  Willd.    Ground  Hemlock. 
Teucrium  Canadense,  L.    Wood  Sage. 
Thuya  occidentalis,  L.     American  Arbor  Vitae.    White  Cedar. 


66  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

Trillium  erectum,  L.    Birthroot. 
Triosteum  perfoliatum,  L.    Horse-Gentian. 
Tussilago  Farfara,  L.    Coltsfoot. 
Urtica  dioica,  L.    Common  Nettle. 
Verbaseum  Thapsus,  L.    Common  Mullein. 
Veronica  officinalis,  L.  u         Speedwell. 

Viburnum  Opylus,  L.     Cranberry-tree. 
prunifolium,  L,    Black  Haw. 


CATALOGUE. 


Range  of  species  north  or  south  has  been  indicated  by  the  following  abbreviations  at 
the  right:  S. — 1st,  2d  and  3d  tiers  of  counties.  C. — From  3d  tier  of  counties  northward 
to  Houghton  Lake  region.  N. — Remainder  of  the  Lower  Peninsula.  L.  P. — Lower 
Peninsula.  U.  P. — Upper  Peninsula.  Th. — Whole  State  so  far  as  known.  In  a  few 
instances  S.  E.  and  S.  W.  have  been  used  to  indicate  the  southeastern  and  southwestern 
parts  of  the  Lower  Peninsula.  In  case  of  rare  or  local  species,  we  have  given  all  the 
localities  known,  but  for  more  common  ones  have  usually  indicated  only  the  range  and 
relative  frequency.  Throughout  the  catalogue  B.  &  K.  refer  to  notes  of  H.  C.  Beards- 
lee  and  Chas.  A.  Kofoid.  Keweenaw  Co.,  F.,  refers  to  notes  of  O.  A.  Farwell.  All 
plants  which  have  been  collected  within  ten  miles  of  Lansing  are  indicated  by  an 
asterisk. 

I.    KANUNCULACE^.    CBOWFOOT  FAMILY. 

1.    CLEMATIS,  L.    VJBGIN'S-BOWER. 

*1.     C.  Virg'iiiiana,  L.    Common  Virgin's-Bower.  Th. 

Frequent. 

2.  ANEMONE,  L.    ANEMONE.    WIND-FLOWER. 

2.  A.  parviflora,  Michx.  U.  P. 
Dr.  Lyons ;  Asa  Gray;  Pic  river,  Lake  Superior,— Macoun.     Rare. 

3.  A.  multificla,  DC. 

Mackinaw,— Whitney  Cat.;  month  of  Saginaw  R.,— Winchell  Cat. ;  Lake  Superior,— Gray;  Frankfort; 
shore  of  Grand  Traverse  Bay,  and  Torch  Lake  near  the  landing,— E.  J.  Hill;  8  miles  below  Rock  Harbor, 
Isle  Royal,— Porter. 

*  4.    A.  cylintlrica,  Gray.    Long-fruited  Anemone.  L.  P. 

Poor  soil.    Infrequent. 

*5.    A.  Virg'iniaiia,  L.  Th. 

Frequent. 

*  6.    A.  'Peimsylvaiiica,  L.  Th. 

On  low  ground  along  streams.  The  handsome,  white  flowers  are  sometimes  over  two  inches  in 
diameter.  Common. 

*  7.     A.     iiemorosa,  L.    Wind-flower.    Wood  Anemone.  Th. 

Early^  and  very  pretty.  Flowers  sometimes  bright  rose  color.  Leaves  frequently  with  five  or  more 
lobes,  hairy.  Common. 

3.  HEPATICA,  Dill.    LIVER-LEAF.    HEPATICA. 

*8.    H.  triloba,  Chaix.  Th. 

Less  frequent  than  the  following,  at  least  in  the  center. 

9 


68  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

\ 

*  9.    H.  acutiloba,  DC.  Th. 

This  species  is  very  common  on  beech  and  maple  land,  while  H.  triloba  prefers  oak  soil.  No  transi- 
tion forms  have  been  seen. 

4.     ANEMONELLA,  Spach. 

*10.    A.  tlialictroid.es,  Spach.    Rue- Anemone.  C.  &S. 

Quite  local  through  the  center.  Flowers  very  pretty,  white,  sometimes  pink.  Found  usually  on  oak 
soil. 

5.    THALICTRUM,  Tourn.    MEADOW-RUE. 

*  11.    T.  dioicum,  L,.    Early  Meadow-Rue.         .  Th. 
Common,  along  river  banks. 

*  12,    T.  purpurascens,  L.    Purplish  M.-Rue.  Th. 

The  flowers  vary  from  white  to  deep  purple,  the  fertile  ones  occasionally  bearing  stamens.  Wet 
meadows.  Common. 

6.    RANUNCULUS,  L.    CROWFOOT.    BUTTERCUP. 

*13.    R.  circinatus,  Sibth.    Stiff  Water-Crowfoot.  Th. 

Bear  River,  Petoskey,— E.  J.  Hill;  Ann  Arbor,— Allmendinger  Cat.;  Huron  E.,— Lyons;  etc.  The 
common  form  in  L.  P.  Frequent. 

14.  R.  aquatilis,  L.,  var.  tricliophyllus,  Gray.    Common  White  Water- 
Crowfoot. 

Not  observed  in  E.  and  S.    Black  Lake,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K.;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

15.  R.  Cymbalaria,  Pursh.    Sea-side  Crowfoot. 
South  Haven,— L.  H.  Bailey.    Bare. 

*  16.    R.  multifidus,  Pursh.     Yellow  Water-Crowfoot.  Th. 

Flowers  an  inch  and  three-eighths  in  diameter  and  full— double  have  been  seen.  Ponds  and  plow 
streams.  Perennial  by  rooting  from  the  nodes  of  floating  stems  after  flowering.  The  young  plants  root- 
ing in  mud  are  pubescent  so  far  as  observed  in  many  parts  of  the  State.  Common. 

17.  R.  ambigens,  Watson.    Water  Plantain  Spearwort. 
Dr.  Lyons.    Not  observed  in  C.  and  8.    St.  Clair  Co.,— A.  F.  Foerste. 

18.  R.  Flammula,  L.,  var.  intermedius,  Gray. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

19.  var.  reptans,  E.  Meyer.    Creeping  Spearwort.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Infrequent  except  northward,  and  not  seen  in  the  center  of  the  State.  Sandy  shore  of  Black  Lake, 
Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K. 

20.  R.  rhomboideus,  Goldie. 

On  light  sand:  our  earliest  spring  flower.    Muir  and  Palo  in  Ionia  county;  Lake  Superior, — Can.  Cat. 
Prairies,  Mich.,"— Gray.    Rare. 

*21.    R.  abortivus,  L.    Small-flowered  Crowfoot.  Th. 

Common. 

22.  var.  micraiitlms,   Gray. 

North  shore  of  Lake  Superior,— Agassiz ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

*  23.    R.  sceleratus,  L.    Cursed  Crowfoot.  Th. 
Ditches  and  low  ground.    Exceedingly  variable,  stems  sometimes  two  inches  in  diameter.    Frequent. 

*24.    R.  recurvatus,  Poir.    Hooked  Crowfoot.  Th. 

Woods  in  rich  soil.    Common. 

*25.    R.  fascicularis,  Muhl.    Early  Crowfoot. 

F.'owers  sometimes  double,  or  with  reversion  of  essential  organs  to  leaves.  Hills  and  sandy  plains. 
Infrequent,  from  the  center  of  the  State  southward. 

*26.  R.  septeiitrionalis,  Poir.  Th. 

Frequent  and  variable. 

*27.  R.  Pennsylvauicus,  L.  f.  Bristly  Crowfoot.  Th. 

Frequent. 


[R.  HISPIDUS,  Hook. 

>T.  shore,  L.  Superior,— Gray's  Man.,  6th  Ed.    May  be  looked  for  in  this  State.] 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  69 

28.  R.   BULBOSUS,  L.    Bulbous  Crowfoot  or  Buttercups. 
Sault  Ste.  Marie,— Porter.    Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

29.  R.  ACRIS,  L.    Tall  Crowfoot  or  Buttercups.  Th. 

"Classed  by  Hooker  f.  as  indigenous,"— Watson.    So.   Haven;  Macomb  Co.;  Flint;  Huron  Shore,— 
Winch.  Cat. ;  and  Lake  Superior.    Gradually  spreading  over  the  State.    Infrequent. 

7.    ISOPYRUM,  L. 

*  30.    I.  biteriiatum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  C.  &  S. 

Early  and  pretty.    Often  mistaken  for  Rue- Anemone,  the  latter  is  easily  distinguished,  however,  by 
its  dahlia-like  roots.    Very  common  on  "beech  and  maple"  land,  but  not  on  oak. 

8.     CAL.THA,  L.    MARSH  MARIGOLD. 

*31.    C.  paliistris,  L.  Th. 

in  swamps.    Frequently  called  "Cowslip,"  and  eaten  in  spring  for  greens,    Very  common. 

9.  COPTIS,  Salisb.        GOLDTHREAD. 

*32.    C.  trifolia,  Salisb.        Three-Leaved  Goldthread.  Th. 

Bogs  and  coniferous  woods.    Common. 

10.  AQUILEGIA,  Tourn.    COLUMBINE. 

*33.    A.     Caiiacleiisis,  L.    Wild  Columbine.  Th. 

Frequent. 

11.    CIMICIFUGA,  L.    BUGBANE. 

34.    C.  racemosa,  Nutt.    Black  Snakeroot.    Black  Cohosh. 
S.  E.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Jackson,— University  Herb;  U.  P.,— Burt.    Rare  in  Michigan. 

12.    ACT^EA,  L.    BANEBERRY,    COHOSH. 

*35.    A.  spicata,  L.,  var.  rubra,  Ait.    Red  Baneberry.  Th. 

Frequent. 

*36.    A.  alba,  Bigelow.    White  Baneberry.  Th. 

Moist  woods  and  hillsides.    Frequent. 

13.    HYDRASTIS,  Ellis.    ORANGE-ROOT.    YELLOW  PUCCOON. 

*  37.    H.    Caiiadeiisis,  L.    Golden  Seal.  C.  &  S. 

Rich,  moist  woods.    Rather  local. 

14.    NIGELLA,  L. 

38.    X.     DAMASCENA,  L.    Fennel-flower. 
Escaped  from  gardens.    Infrequent. 

II.    MAGNOLIACE^E.    MAGNOLIA  FAMILY, 
15.    LIRIODENDROX,  L.    TULIP  TREE. 

*39.    L.  Tulipifera,  L.  C.  &  S. 

A  large  sized  tree,  frequent  at  Ionia,  Saranac,  Lansing  and  southward,  but  not  seen  north  of  Grand 
river  valley.    Formerly  common  but  becoming  infrequent. 

III.    ANONACE.E.     CUSTARD-APPLE  FAMILY. 


1O.     ASIMIXA,  Adans.    NORTH  AMERICAN  PAPAW. 

*40.    A.  triloba,  Dunal,    Common  Papaw.  C.  &  S. 

7  tree,  fruit  edible.    Frequent  i: 
reaches  its  N.  limit.    Common  southward. 


A  low  tree,  fruit  jedible.    Frequent  in  the  valleys  of  the  Grand  and  Maple  rivers,  where  it  probably 
:>nttn 


70  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

IV.    MENISPEKMACE^E.    MOONSEED  FAMILY. 

17.     MENISPEKMUM,  L.    MOONSEED. 

*  41.    M.  Caiiadeiise,  L. 

Woods  and  moist  thickets.    Frequent. 

Y.     BERBERIDACE^.    BARBERRY  FAMILY. 

18.     BERBEKIS,  L.    BARBERRY. 

*  42.    B.  VULGARIS,  L.     Common  Barberry. 
Flint,  etc.    Sometimes  escaped  from  cultivation. 

19.     CAULOPHYLLUM,  Michx.    BLUE  COHOSH. 

*43.    C.  tlialictroicles,  Michx.    Pappoose-root.  Th. 

Common  in  L.  P. 

2O.     JEFFERSO^IA,  Barton.    TWIN-LEAF. 

*  44.-    <T.  diphylla,  Persoon.    Rheumatism-root.  C.  &  S. 
An  early  spring  plant.    Infrequent. 

21.    PODOPHYL.L.UM,  L.    MAY-APPLE.    MANDRAKE. 
*45.    P.  peltatum,  L.  C.  &  S. 

Roots  drastic,  an  article  of  commerce.    Ripe  fruit  often  eaten.    Very  common. 

YI.     NYMPH^ACE^E.      WATER-LILY  FAMILY. 

22.     BRASENIA,  Schreber.    WATER-SHIELD. 

*46.    B.  peltata,  Pursh.  L.  P. 

Greenville,  Ionia,  Ann  Arbor,  Fife  Lake,  Oscoda.    Infrequent. 

23.    NEL.UMBO,  To  urn.    SACRED  BEAN. 

47.  N.  lutea,  Pers.    Yellow  Nelumbo.     Water  Chinquapin.  S. 

River  Rouge,  south  of  Detroit ;  Mill  Pond,  Vicksburg,— Tuthill.    River  Raisin  at  Monroe,  where  it  is 
abundant.    Perhaps  introduced  by  the  Indians.    Local. 

24.    NYMPHJEA,  Tourn.    WATER-NYMPH.    WATER-LILY. 

48.  1ST.  odorata,  Aiton.    Sweet-scented  Water-Lily. 

Petoskey,— E.  J.  Hill.    A  form  with  pink  flowers  is  found  in  Otsego  lake,  Otsego  county.    Infrequent. 

*49.    N.  reniformis,  DC.    Tuber-bearing  Water-Lily.  Th. 

In  all  our  ponds  and  slow  streams.    Flowers  large  and  delicately  beautiful,  fragrant. 

25.     KTJPHAR,  Smith.    YELLOW  POND-LILY.    SPATTER-DOCK. 
*50.    N.  adveiia,  Aiton,  f.  Th. 

In  company  with  water-lilies,  but  often  a  dirty  plant— seeming  to  delight  in  filth.    Common. 

51.  var.  minus,  Morong. 

Long  Lake,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K.    Baldwin,— Dr.  Beal 

52.  !N".  Kalmiaimm,  Ait. 

"Sag.  Bay  &  S.  W,"— Winch.  Cat. ;  8.  tier  of  counties,— Wright's  Cat.;  N.  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  - 
Agassiz.    Rare. 

VII.     SAEKACENIACE^E.    PITCHER-PLANTS. 

• 

26.     SARRACENIA,  Tourn.    SIDE-SADDLE  FLOWER. 

*53.     S.  purpurea,  L.    Side-saddle  Flower.    Huntsman's  Cup. 

Common  in  sphagnous  swamps.    Can  be  grown  in  the  house,  where  it  always  attracts  attention  as  a 
'curiosity,"  though  all  the  swamps  in  the  neighborhood  be  full  of  it. 


FLORA  OP  MICHIGAN.  71 

VIII.  PAPAVERACEJE.    POPPY  FAMILY. 

27.     SANGUINAKIA,  Dill.    BLOOD-ROOT. 
*54.    S.  Canadensis,  L.  Th. 

The  white  flowers  appear  in  early  spring,  and  are  sometimes  2yz  inches  in  diameter.    Common. 
28.    STYLOPHOKUM,  Nutt.    CELANDINE  POPPY. 

55.    S.  diphyllum,  Nutt.  C.  &  S. 

Rich  woods,  Oceana  county  and  southward.  Flower  orange-yellow,  over  two  inches  in  diameter.  Local, 

29.     CHELIDOXIUM,  L.    CELANDINE. 

*56.    C.  MA  jus,  L.    Celandine. 
Lebanon,  Clinton  Co.,  "well  established,"— Van  Vleck. 

3O.     PAP  AVER,  Tourn.    POPPY. 

57.  C.  SOMNIFERUM,  L.    Common  Poppy. 
Occasional.    Escaped  from  cultivation. 

IX.  FUMAKIACE^E.    FUMITORY  FAMILY. 

31.     ADLUMIA,  Raf.    CLIMBING  FUMITORY. 

58.  A.  cirrhosa,  Raf.  Th. 

Hemlock  woods  in  vicinity  of  Houghton  Lake ;  Grand  Rapids,— Miss  Clark;  So.  Haven ;  Marquette,— 
E.  J.  Hill.    Not  common. 

32.     DICEXTBA,  Borkh.      DUTCHMAN'S  BREECHES. 
*59.    D.  Cucullaria,  DC.    Dutchman's  Breeches.  L.  P. 

From  Frankfort  southward.    Frequent. 

*60,    I>.  Canadeiisis,  DC.    Squirrel  Corn.  L.  P. 

From  Frankfort  southward.    Frequent. 

33.      CORYDALIS,  Vent. 

61.  C.  glauca,  Pursh.    Pale  Corydalis.  Th. 

Grand  Haven;  Clare  Co. ;  L.  Sup.;  etc.    Infrequent  except  northward.    Oscoda;  Alger's  camp,  Alcona 
Co. 

62.  C.  aurea,  Willd.    Golden  Corydalis. 

Not  noticed  in  the  center  of  the  L.  P.,  where  the  preceding  species  is  also  rare  f  frequent  northward ; 
in  the  U.  P.  common. 

X.  CKUCIFER^E.    MUSTARD  FAMILY. 

34.    DENT  ARIA,  Tourn.    TOOTHWORT.    PEPPER-ROOT. 

*63.    D.  diphylla,  L.  Th. 

Common. 

*64.    D.  laciniata,  Muhl.  Th. 

Keweenaw  county  and  southward.    Common. 

65.    D.  maxima,  Nutt. 
Bluffs  along  Black  river  near  Abbottsford— C.  K.  Dodge,  the  only  station  know  a  in  the  State. 

35.    CABDAMINE,  Tourn.    BITTER  CRES?. 

*66.    C.  rhomboidea,  DC.    Spring  Cress.  Th. 

Common. 

*67.  var.  purpurea,  Torr.  Th. 

An  early  spring  flower. 


72  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

*68.    C.  prateiisis,  L.    Cuckoo  Flower.  Th. 

Bogs.    Rare  S.,  frequent  in  C.,  and  common  N. 

*69.    C.  hirsuta,  L,    Small  Bitter  Cress.  Th. 

New  Buffalo,— Wheeler;  near  Black  lake,  Cheboygan  county,— B.  &  K. ;  Keweenaw  county  ,—F. 

36.    ARABIS,  L.    ROCK  CRESS. 

*70.    A.  hirsuta,  Scop.  Th. 

Piiver  banks.    Infrequent. 

*71.    A.  laevigata,  Poir.  Th. 

River  banks.    Infrequent. 

*72.    A.  Canadensis,  L.    Sickle-pod. 

Fields  and  rocky  woods.    Not  common. 

*  73.    A.  perfoliata,  Lam.    Tower  Mustard.  Th. 
Fields.    Infrequent. 

74.  A.  confmis,  Watson. 

Dry  banks.    Hubbardston ;  Flint ;  Macomb  Co.;  etc.    Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Not  common. 

75.  A.  lyrata,  L.  Th. 

Sandy  fields,  Hubbardston.    So.  Haven;  Flint;  Petoskey;  U.  P.,— Whitney  Cat.    Infrequent. 

*76.    A.  dentata,  T.  &  G.  C.  &.  S. 

Low  lands  along  Grand  river  and  southward.    Not  common. 

37.    DRABA,  Dill.    WHITLOW-GRASS. 

77.  I>.  iiicaiia,  L.,  var.  arabisans,  Watson. 

Shores  of  the  Gr.  Lakes.    Mackinac,— G.  H.  Hicks.    Infrequent. 

78.  D.  Caroliiiiaiia,  Walt.  C.  &  S. 

Ionia  Co.  and  southward.    Rare. 

*79.    D.  nemorosa,  L. 

"  Fort  Gratiot  and  northwestward."— Gray.    Collected  by  Dr.  Pitcher.    Infrequent. 

80.    D.  VERNA,  L.    Whitlow-Grass.  S. 

Agricultural  College  grounds;  Detroit,— Dr.  Lyons.    Rare. 

38.     AL.YSSUM,  Tourn. 

*81.      A.    CALYCINUM,   L. 

Hubbardston,  Ionia,  Flint,  Lansing,  etc.,  a  recently  introduced  plant,  becoming  common  in  many 
localities.    Door-yards  and  waste  places. 

39.     CAMELINA,  Crantz.    FALSE  FLAX. 

82.    C.  SATIVA,  Crantz.  Th. 

Road-sides  and  waste  places.     Flint;  Ann  Arbor;   Macomb  Co.;   Sturgis;   Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Not 
common. 

4O.     NASTURTIUM,  R.  Br.    WATER-CRESS. 

*  83.    N.  OFFICINALE,  R.  Br.    True  Water-Cress. 
Ionia;  Ann  Arbor;  South  Haven;  etc.    Frequent  in  brooks. 

84.    N.  obtusnin,  Nutt. 

Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

*  85.    N.  palustre,  DC.    Marsh  Cress.  Th. 
Frequent. 

*  86.  var.  hispidum,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Th. 

87.    N.  lacustre,  Gray.    Lake  Cress.  C.  &  S. 

From  Fish  Cr.  and  Maple  R.  southward.    Infrequent. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  73 

-3 

*88.    X.     ARMORACIA,    Fries.    Horseradish. 

Used  in  spring  as  a  condiment.    Escaped  from  gardens  into  waste  places.    Frequent. 
41.    BARB  ARE  A,  R.  Br.    WINTER  CRESS. 

89.  B.  vulgaris,  R.  Br.    Yellow  Rocket.    Common  Winter  Cress.         Th. 

So.  Haven  j  Ann  Arbor— Allmendinger  Cat.;  Macomb  county;  Hubbardston;  and  N.  into  the  U.  P. 
where  it  is  indigenous  and  frequent. 

90.  var.  stricta,  Regel. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

42.     HESPERIS,  Tourn.    ROCKET. 

91.  H.    MATRONALJS  L.    Dame's  Violet. 

Escaped  from  cultivation  at  Cassopolis,— Wheeler;  Shore  of  Lake  Huron,— T.  &  G.,  Flora  of  N.  Am. 

43.  ERYSIMUM,  Tourn.    TREACLE  MUSTARD. 

*92.    E.  clieiranthoides,  L.    Worm-seed  Mustard. 
Gratiot  Co.;  Grayling,— Hicks ;  Cheboygau  county,— B.  &  K.  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

44.  SISYMBRIUM,  Tourn.    HEDGE  MUSTARD. 

93.  S.  liumile,  Meyer. 

Isle  Royal,— Gillman ;  Mackinac,— G.  H.  Hicks;  Macomb  county;  Grand  Haven,  etc.    Infrequent. 

94.  S.  canescens,  Nutt.    Tansy  Mustard.  Th. 
Shores  of  Great  Lakes,  etc.    Pitcher,  Houghton,  Winchell,  et  al.    Barry   county,— L.  H.  Bailey. 

Infrequent. 

*  95.    S.  OFFICINALE,  Scop.    Hedge  Mustard.  Th. 
Road-sides  and  wet  places.    Frequent. 

45.     BRASSICA,  Tourn.    MUSTARD. 

*  96.    B.    SINAPISTRUM,  Boiss.    English  Charlock.  Th. 
A  bad  weed,  becoming  too  frequent. 

*97.  B.  ALBA,  Boiss.  White  Mustard.  C.  &  S. 

Infrequent. 

*98.  B.  NIGRA,  Koch.  Black  Mustard.  C.  &  S. 

Common. 

99.    B.  CAMPESTRIS,  L.    Turnip. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

46.     CAPSELLA,  Medic.    SHEPHERD'S  PURSE. 

*100.    C.  BURSA-PASTORIS,  Moench.  Th. 

The  commonest  of  weeds. 

47.     THL.ASPI,  Tourn.    PENNYCRESS. 

*  101.    T.  ARVENSE,  L.    Field  Pennycress  or  Mithridate  Mustard. 
Ann  Arbor,— Allmendinger  Cat. ;  "  Shores  of  Lake  Huron,"— Gray ;  Bare. 

48.     LEPIDIUM,  Tourn.    PEPPERWORT.    PEPPERGRASS. 
*102.    L,.  Virgiiiicum,  L.    Wild  Peppergrass.  Th. 

103.  L«.  intermedium,  Gray. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

104.  L.   CAMPESTRE,  R.  Br.  S.  B. 
Macomb  Co.,  and  Detroit.    Infrequent. 

49.     CAKILE,  Tourn.    SEA-ROCKET. 

.  105.    C.  Americana,  Nutt.    American  Sea- Rocket.  Th. 

Shores  of  the  great  lakes.    Common. 


74  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

• 

XL     CAPPAEIDACE^E.    CAPEB  FAMILY. 

50.    POL.ANISIA,  Raf. 
106.    P.  graveoleiis,  Raf. 

Shores  of  great  lakes;  South  Haven :  Detroit;  Put-in-Bay ;  etc.    Not  rare. 

XII.     CISTACE^.    EOCK-EOSE  FAMILY. 

51.     HELIANTHEMUM,  Tourn.    ROCK-ROSE. 

*107.    H.  Canacleiise,  Michx.    Frost-weed.  Th. 

Frequent. 

52.    HUDSONIA,  L. 

108.    H.  tomeiitosa,  Nutt.  Th. 

"  Shores  of  great  lakes,"— Gray ;  8.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  L.  Sup.,— Can.  Cat. ;  Oscoda.    Frequent. 

53.    LECHEA,  Kalm.    PINWEED. 
*109.    I,,  major,  Michx.  C.  &.  S. 

Common  on  poor  soil. 

110.    !L.  minor,  L. 

Pointe-aux-Pins,  Lake  Superior,— Dawson;  AuSable,— Dr.  Beal. 

XIII.    VIOLACE^.    VIOLET  FAMILY. 

54.     VIOLA,  Tourn.    VIOLET.    HEART'S-EASE. 

*111.    V.  peclata,  L.    Bird-foot  Violet.  Th. 

Common  on  light  sand;  our  finest  species.    N.  to  "  British  Am.,  lat.  55°."— Torr.  &  Gr.,  Fl.  N.  Am. 

112.    V.  palmata,  L.    Common  Blue  Violet. 
Frequent  on  hills  about  Ionia,— E.  F.  Smith. 

*113.  var.  cucullata,  Gray. 

Very  common  and  variable. 

114.  V.  sagittata,  Aiton.    Arrow-leaved  Violet.  Th. 
Bare  in  some  sections,  common  in  others.    Howard  City  and  Baldwin,— Dr.  Beal.    Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

115.  V.  Selkirkii,  Pursh.    Great-spurred  Violet.  U.  P. 
Gillman,  Gray,  et  al.    A  high  northern  plant.    Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

*116.    V.  blancla,  Willd.    Sweet  White  Violet.  Th. 

Low  ground.    Common  and  variable. 

*117.  var.  palustriformis,  Gray. 

Towar's  swamp  near  Lansing;  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K;  Shores  of  Barren  lake,  Cass  Co.;  Keweenaw 
Co.,— F. 

*118.  var.  renifolia,  Gray. 

CheboFgan  Co.— B.  &  K.    Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

119.  V.  lanceolata,  L.        Lance-leaved  V. 

W.  Harrisville;  Glade  Tp.;  KalkaskaCo.;  Roscommon  Co. ;  L.  Sup.,  etc.   Bare. 

120.  V.  rotundifolia,  Michx.        Round-leaved  Violet.  U.  P. 
Sugar  Island,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Michigan,— Gray. 

*121.    V.  pubescens,  Aiton.        Downy  Yellow  V.  Th. 

Beech  woods.    Common. 


FLORA   OP  MICHIGAN.  75 

*  122.    V.  Caiiadensis,  L.        Canada  V.  Th. 

Abundant  on  "beech  and  maple"  land,  but  seldom,  or  never  found  under  oaks. 

*  123.    V.  striata,  Alton.        Pale  V.  Th. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F.  Southward.    Common. 

*  124.    V.  rostrata,  Pursh.        Long-spurred  V.  C.  &  S. 

Well  distributed  and  frequent. 

*125.    V.  caiiiiia,  L.,  var.  Muhleiiberjyii,  Gray.  Th. 

Common. 

126.  var.  puberula,  Watson,  in  herb. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Alcona  Co. ;  Frankfort. 

127.  V.  TRICOLOR,  L.    Pansy.     Heart's-ease. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

55.     SOLEA,  Spreng,  in  part.    GREEN  VIOLET. 
*128.    S.  concolor,  Ging.  C.  &  S. 

Hubbardston ;  Ann  Arbor,— Allm.  Cat. ;  etc.    Scarce  and  local.    Near  Grand  Rapids,— Miss  E.  J.  Cole, 

XIV.    CAEYOPHYLLACE^:.    PINK  FAMILY. 

56.     DIANTHUS,  L.     PINK.     CARNATION. 

*  129.    D.  DEL.TOIDES,  L.    Maiden  Pink. 
College  grounds. 

57.     SAPONABIA,  L. 

*130.     S.  OFPICINALIS,  L.     Bouncing  Bet.  Soap  wort.  Th. 

Waste  places  and  roadsides.    Old  Mission,— E.  J.  Hill ;  and  common  in  C.  &  S. ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

*131.     S.  VACCARIA,  L.  Th. 

Muir ;  S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cafe. ;  etc.    Sparingly  introduced.    Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

58.     SILENE,  L.     CATCHFLY.     CAMPION. 

132.  S.  stellata,  Alton.    Starry  Campion.  S. 

Dr.  Wright.    Constantine,— Wheeler. 

133.  8.  Virgiiiiea,  L.    Fire  Pink.    Catchfly. 

Winchell  Cat. ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.     Open  woods,  Lake  Huron,— Todd;  Islands  in  Detroit  River,. 
-Maclagan,  Canadian  Catalogue. 

*  134.    S.  antirrhiiia,  L.    Sleepy  Catchfly. 

Common. 

135.     S.  ARMERIA,  L.    Sweet- William  Catchfly. 
Baldwin,— Dr.  Beal. 

*136.    S.  NOCTIFLORA,  L.    Nigh t-flower ing  C.  Th. 

Frequent  in  cultivated  grounds. 

59.     LYCHNIS,  Tourn.    COCKLE. 
137.     L.  VESPERTINA,  Sibth.    Evening  Lychnis. 

*  138.    L.  GITHAGO,   Lam.    Corn  Cockle.  L.  P. 
In  wheat  fields,  but  easily  eradicated  by  sowing  clean  seed-wheat.    Common. 

*139.    L.  CORONARIA,  L.    Mullein  Pink. 
Keweenaw  county ;  Grand  Traverse,— A.  B.  Lyons.  * 

GO.     ARENARIA,  L.    SANDWORT. 

*  140.    A.  SERPYLLJFOLIA,  L.     Thyme-leaved  Sandwort.  Th. 
Sandy  fields.    Common. 

10 


76  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

141.    A.  Miehauxii,  Hook,  f.  Th. 

S.  Michigan,— Wright  Cat.;   Macomb  Co.;  Montcalm  Co;    L.  Sup.,— Can.  Cat.    Constantino;  Three 
Rivers;  AlconaCo.;  Crystal  Lake,  Benzie  Co. 

*142.    A.  lateriflora,  L.  Th. 

"  From  lat.  40°  to  the  Arctic  Sea,"— Torrey  &  Gray,  in  Flora  N.  Am."    Rather  common  in  C.,  and 
quite  pretty. 

61.  STEL.L.AKIA,  L.    CHICKWEED.    STARWOKT. 

*  143.     S.  MEDIA,  Smith.    Common  Chick  weed.  Th. 

Gardens  and  fields.    A  very  abundant  and  hardy  little  weed,  which  has  been  seen  in  blossom  every 
month  in  the  year.    In  fact,  even  in  mid-winter,  a  few  warm  days  are  enough  to  set  it  growing. 

*144.     S.  longifolia,  Muhl.    Long-leaved  Stitchwort.  Th. 

Low  ground.    Common. 

145.     S.  loiigipes,  Goldie.     Long-stalked  Stitchwort.  N.  &  U.  P. 

"  GrosCap,  L.  Mich.,  abundant  in  pure  sand,"— Winch.  Cat.;  Lake  Superior,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons.  Rare. 

*  146.        S.    GBAMINEA,  L. 

Introduced  from  Europe.    College  grounds;  Ypsilanti,— O.  A.  Farwell. 

147.  S.  uligiuosa,  Murr.    Swamp  S.  U.  P. 
Dr.  Lyons.    Infrequent. 

148.  S.  crassifolia,  Ehrh. 

Dr.  Lyons.    Carson  City,  July  5, 1881,— C.  F.  Wheeler.    Rare. 

149.  S.  borealis,  Bigelow.    Northern  S.  U.  P. 

Point  au  Barques,  L.  Huron,  and  Isle  aux  Train,  L.  Sup,— Gillman;   also,  Gray  in  Manual,  and  Can. 
Cat.    Isle  Royale,— A.  E.  Foote.    Infrequent. 

62.  CEBASTIUM,  L.    MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED. 

150.  C.  VISCOSUM,  L.    Larger  Mouse-ear  C.  Th. 
Not  common. 

*  151.     C.  VULGATUM,  L.    Mouse-ear  Chickweed.  Th. 
Common. 

152.    C.  nutaiis,  Raf.  Th. 

Macomb  county;  Flint;  Lyons,  etc.    Found  on  low  grounds  from  Louisiana  to  Hudson's  Bay.    Rare 

153^    C.  arvense,  L.    Field  Chickweed.  ,  Th. 

Lake  Superior,— Can.  Cat.;  Mackinac,— G.  H.  Hicks.    Infrequent. 

154.  var.  oblong ifolium,  Holl.  &  Britt. 

S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat.;  wet  woods  close  to  Amherstburgh,  Ont.;  Macoun. 

'•      63.     SAG-INA,  L.    PEARLWORT. 

155.  S.  proonmbeiis,  L. 

€hampion,  Mich.,— E.  J.  Hill. 

156.  S.  nodosa,  Fenzl.  U.  P. 

"L.  Sup,  and  northward,"— Gray ;  Isle  Royale,— Whitney's  Cat;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.;  Isle  Royale,— F. 
E.  Wood. 


64.     SPERGUL.A,  L.    SPURREY. 


157.     S.  ARVENSIS,  L.    Corn  Spurrey. 
Dr.  Wright,  Dr.  Clark.    Introduced  from  Europe. 


[STELLARIA  BOREALIS,  Big.,  var.  ALPESTRIS,  Gray. 

Pic  Island,  Thunder  Bay,  Lake  Superior, — Macoun,  Canadian  Cat.] 


FLORA   OF   MICHIGAN.  77 

XV.     POETULACACE^.     PUBSLANE  FAMILY. 

65.     PORTULACA,  Tourn.    PURSLANE. 

*158.     P.  OLERACEA,  L.    Common  Purslane.  Th. 

Very  tenacious  of  life— a  vile  weed  in  gardens.    Very  common. 

66.     CLAYTONIA,  Gronov.     SPRING-BEAUTY. 
*159.    C.  Virginica,  L.  Th. 

An  early  and  very  pretty  spring  flower.    Common. 

160.    C.  Caroliuiaiia,  Michx. 

Only  found  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  Frankfort,  Mich.,— E.  J.  Parker;  Mackinac,  July, '88, 
in  fruit,— G.  H.  Hicke;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.;  Alpena,— C.  A.  Davis. 

XVI.    HYPEEICACE^.     ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY. 

67.     HYPERICUM,  Tourn.    ST.  JOHN'S-WORT. 

*  161.    H.  Aseyroii,   L.    Great  St.  John's- wort.  Th. 

South  Haven;  Ann  Arbor;  Ft.  Gratiot;  Macomb  Co,;  Ionia ;  Stanton;  Hubbardston;  Crystal  Lk.;  Flint; 
Ontonagon  River, — Whitney  Cat.  Grand  Rapids, — Sones;  Keweenaw  Co., — F.  Occurs  at  wide  intervals 
and  in  small  patches. 

162.    H.  Kalmianum,  L.    Kalm's  St.  J.  Th. 

Along  the  lakes;  more  common  northward.  8.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat. ;  Fort  Gratiot,— Winch.  Cat.; 
Petoskey;  etc. 

*163.    H.  prolific-um,  L.    Shrubby  St.  J.  Th. 

A  low,  compact  shrub,  with  a  profusion  of  bright  yellow  blossoms,  from  July  to  September.  Fre- 
quent from  C.  southward. 

164.    H.  elliptic-urn,  Hook. 

Ann  Arbor,— Miss  Clark ;  L.  Sup.,— Gray;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.;  Carp  River,  —Porter.    Infrequent. 

*  165.    H.  PERFORATUM,  L.    Common  St.  J.  Th. 

Ionia;  Flint;  etc.;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.  Infrequent.  A  bad  weed  in  the  Eastern  States,  but  not 
troublesome  in  Michigan. 

*  166.    H.  maculatum,  Walt.  Th. 

Common. 

*  167.    H.  mutilum,  L.  Th. 

Common. 

*168.    H.  Canadense,  L.  Th. 

Ionia  Co.;  Macomb  Co.;  Flint;  Drummond's  Island, — Winch.  Cat.    Occasional. 

*169.  var.  ma  jus,  Gray.  Th. 

St.  Glair  Co.,— Foerste;  Flint;  Fruitport  and  Old  Mission,— E.  J.  Hill;  L.  Sup.,— Gray. 

170.  var.  minimum,  Chois. 

Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

68.     EL.ODES,  Adans.    MARSH  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT. 
*171.    E.  campaimlata,   Pursh.  Th. 

Common. 

XVII.     MALVACE^.    MALLOW  FAMILY. 

69.     MALTA,  L.    MALLOW. 

*172.    M.  ROTUNDIFOLIA,  L.    Common  Mallow.  Th. 

Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Southward.    Common. 


78  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

*173.    M.  SYLVESTRIS,  L.        HighM.  L.  P. 

Occasional. 

*  174,    M.  CRISPA,  L.        Curled  M. 
Dr,  Clark.    Infrequent. 

*  175.    M.  MOSCHATA,  L.    Musk  M.  Th. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Southward.    Not  rare. 

*176.    M.  ALCEAL. 
Lansing;  adventive  on  the  College  grounds. 

61.  SID  A,  L. 

177.    S.  NAP^EA,  Cav.  S. 

Kalamazoo,  R.  R.  track,— Tuthill.    Rare. 

62.  ABUTLLON,  Tourn,    INDIAN  MALLOW. 
*178.  A.  AVICENN.E,  Gsert.    Velvet-Leaf.  C.  &  S. 

Roadsides  and  river  banks.     Very  common  in  places,  and,  along  with  Datura,  Stramonium,  forming 
regular  thickets. 

63.  HIBISCUS,  L.    ROSE-MALLOW. 

179.    H.  Moseheutos,  L.    Swamp  Rose-Mallow.  C/&  S. 

Monroe;  Flint:  Put-in-Bay,   Lake   Brie;  St.   Joseph,— V.  Willoughby;  Detroit,— D.  H.  Campbell; 
Saugatuck,— Tuthill.     Rare. 

*  180.    H.  TRIONUM,  L.    Bladder  Ketmia.  C.  &  S. 
S.— Dr.  Wright ;  Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  Flint.    Rare. 

XVIII.     TILIACE^E.     LINDEN  FAMILY. 

64.  TILIA,  Tourn.    LINDEN.      BASSWOOD. 

*181.    T.  Americana,  L.    Basswood.    Linden.  Th. 

Abundant  in  C.  &  S.,  common  in  Emmet  Co.,  and  frequent  in  U.  P.,  "  Especially  in  Ontonagon  Val- 
ley,"—Whitney  Cat. 

XIX.     LINAGES.     FLAX  FAMILY. 

• 
65.  LJNUM,  Tourn.    FLAX. 

*182.    L.  Virginiammi,  L.  S. 

Ann  Arbor,— Dr.  Lyons ;  S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat. ;  Lenawee  Co.,— G.  F.  Comstock.  Infrequent. 

183.  L,.  sulcatum,  Riddell.  S. 
Dr.  Wright.    University  Herb.    Rare. 

184.  L.  USITATISSIMUM,  L.    Common  Flax. 

Dr.  Clark,  and  Dr.  Wright;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Escaped  from  cultivation.    Infrequent. 

XX.     GEEANIACE^E.     GERANIUM  FAMILY. 

•- 

66.  GERANIUM,  Tourn.    CRANESBILL. 

*  185.    O.  maculatum,  L.    Wild  Cranesbill.  C.  &  S. 
"Canada  to  Florida."— Torr.  &  Gr.,  Fl.  N.  Am.    Common. 

186.    G.  Robertianum,  L.    Herb  Robert.  Th. 

Put-in-Bay,  Lake  Erie :  Montcalm  Co. ;  Saginaw  Bay;  Mackinac,  and  Drummond's  Is.,— Winch.  Cat. ; 
L.  Sup.— Whitney's  Cat.    Common  around  the  Gr.  Lakes,  but  seldom  seen  in  the  interior. 


FLORA  OP  MICHIGAN.  79 

*187.    O.  Carolinianum,  L.  Th. 

Macomb  Co.;  Clinton  Co.,  etc.  Rare  in  S.  &  C.,  abundant  in  vicinity  of  Farwell,  Clare  Co.,  thence  N. 
to  L.  Superior. 

*188.      Gr.    PUSILLUM,   L. 
Flint,— Dr.  Clark ;  Benzie  Co.,— Dr.  Beal ;  Constantino,—  Wheeler.    Adventive. 

67.     ERODIUM,  L'Her.    STORKSBILL. 
189.    E.  CICUTARIUM,  L'Her.    Storksbill.  C.  &  S. 

Oceana  county;  Ionia  county;  Kalamazoo,  etc.    Not  yet  common. 

68.     FLGERKEA,  Willd. 

*  190.    F.  proserpinacoides,  Willd.    False  Mermaid. 

Ionia;  Hubbardston ;  Flint,  etc.  Not  rare  but  usually  overlooked.  A  delicate  little  herb  in  damp 
woods. 

69.     OXALIS,  L.    WOOD-SORREL. 

191.  Q.  Acetosella,  L.    Common  Wood-Sorrel.  Th. 
Macomb  county;  and  "  L.  Sup.  and  northward,"— Gray.    Rare  in  S.  Peninsula. 

192.  O.  violacea,  L.    Violet  W.  S.  E. 
WinchellCat.    Rare. 

*193.    O.  corniculata,  L.,  var.  stricta,  Sav.    Yellow  W.  Th. 

Marquette  Co.,— Burt's  MS.,  etc.,  etc.    Southward.    Common. 

7O.     IMPATIEXS,  L.     BALSAM.    JEWEL-WEED. 

*  194.    I.  pallida,  Nutt.    Pale  Touch-me-not.  Th. 

Macomb  Co. ;  Ionia  Co.;  Sugar  Is.,— Winch.  Cat.,  etc.    Much  rarer  than  the  next. 

*  195.    I.  fulva,  Nutt.    Spotted  T.  Th. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F.   Southward, 

XXI.    KUTACE^.    EUE  FAMILY. 

71.     XANTHOXYLUM,  L.    PRICKLY  ASH. 

*196.    X.    Americanum,  Mill.    Northern  Prickly  Ash.    Toothache-tree. 

L.  P. 

Everywhere  along  streams  and  on  low  ground. 

72.    PTELEA,  L. 

*197.    P.    trifoliata,  L.    Hop-tree.    Shrubby  Trefoil.  C.  &  S. 

Very  abundant  on  the  low,  rocky,  islands  in  the  western  end  of  Lake  Erie,  and  frequent  along  river 
banks  and  the  shore  of  the  Gr.  Lakes.  Occurs  in  the  interior  as  far  north  as  Montcalm  Co.  Does  not 
occur  at  Flint,  and  is  not  mentioned  in  Dr.  Cooley's  MS.  Cat.,  but  is  given  by  Dr.  Wright. 

XXII.    ILICINE^.    HOLLY  FAMILY. 

73.    ILEX,  L.    HOLLY. 

*  198.    I.  verticillata,  Gray.    Black  Alder.    Winterberry.  Th. 
Low  grounds.    The  bright  red  berries  are  very  noticeable  in  swamps  during  early  winter. 

74.     NEMOPAIS'THES,  Raf.    MOUNTAIN  HOLLY. 
*199.    N.  fascicularis,  Raf.  Th. 

Borders  of  swamps.  S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  Ionia  Co.;  Montcalm  Co.;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.;  and 
northward.  Frequent. 


80  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 


XXIII.     CELASTKACEJE.     STAFF-TREE  FAMILY. 

75.     CELASTRUS,   L.    STAFF-TREE.    SHRUBBY  BITTER-SWEET. 

*200.     C.  scandeiis,  L.    Wax- work.    Climbing  Bitter-sweet.  Th. 

Frequent. 

76.     EUONYMUS,  Tourn,    SPINDLE-TREE. 

*201.    E.  atropurpureus,  Jacq.    Waahoo.    Burning-Bush.  C.  &.  S. 

Jjow  river-banks.    Well  distributed,  but  nowhere  very  common. 

*202.    E.  Americauus,   L.,  var.  obovatus,  T.  &  G.    Strawberry  Bush. 

C.  AS. 

Trailing.    Common. 

XXIY.     EHAMNACE^E.     BUCKTHORN  FAMILY. 

77.     RHAMNUS,   Tourn.    BUCKTHORN. 

*203.    R.  alnifolia,  L'Her.  Th. 

Common. 

78.     CEANOTHUS,  L.    NEW  JERSEY  TEA.    RED-ROOT. 

*204.    C.  Americanus,  L.    New  Jersey  Tea.  Th! 

Sandy  woods,  rarely  on  beech  and  maple  land.    Frequent. 

205.    C.  ovatus,  Desf. 

Dr.  Pitcher;  also  east  shore  L.  Huron,  E.  Ont.,  and  L.  Sup.,— Can.  Cat. ;  Cheyboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K.; 
Alcona  Co. ;  Grayling;  Oscoda. 

XXV.    VITACE^E.     VINE  FAMILY. 

79.     VITIS,  Tourn.    GRAPE. 
*206.    V.  bicolor,  Le  Conte.    Summer  Grape.  C.  &  S. 

Lyons;  Stanton;  Crystal  Lk.,   Montcalm  Co.;  Flint;  Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  S.  Mich.,— Wright 
Cat.,  etc.    Infrequent  S. 

*207.    V.  riparia,  Michx.  Th. 

Common  along  our  rivers;  infrequent  in  the  pine  region,  where  V.  bicolor  is  very  abundant.     Flowers 
vary  fragrant,  filling  the  air  with  odor.    The  small,  glaucous  fruit  is  sometimes  eaten. 

8O.     AMPELOPSIS,  Michx.    VIRGINIAN  CREEPER. 

*208.    A.  quiiiquefolia,  Michx.  Th. 

Common. 

XXVI.     SAPINDACE.E.    SOAPBERRY  FAMILY. 

81.     ^ESCULUS,  L.    HORSE-CHESTNUT.    BUCKEYE. 

209.  JE.  g-labra,  Willd.    Ohio  Buckeye.    Fetid  B.  S. 

River  bottoms,  Lenawee  Co.,— Prof .  Beal;  and  probably  injother  localities  in  the  southern  tier  of  coun- 
ties. 

82.  ACER,  Tourn.    MAPLE. 

210.  A.  Peimsylvaiiicum,  L.    Striped  Maple.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Abundant  in  U.  P,— Whitney ;  common  at  Petoskey,  and  occasional  as  far  S.  on  the  Huron  shore  as 
Alcona  Co., — Winchell  Cat. ;  in  the  interior  as  far  as  Houghton  lake. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  61 

*  211.    A.  spictatum,  Lam.    Mountain  Maple.  C.  N.  &  U.  P. 
Common  in  U.  P.;  Alcona  Co.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Crystal  Lake,  Montcalm  [Co. 

*  212.    A.  saccharinum,  Wang.    Rock  or  Sugar  Maple.  Th. 

Frequent  in  the  U.  P.,  and  abundant  in  the  lower,  forming  extensive  groves,  either  alone  or  in  con- 
nection with  beech. 

*  213.  var.  nigrum,  T.  &  Gr.    Black  Sugar  Maple.  Th. 

Along  with  the  preceding,  and  much  resembling  it.  Distinguished  bestjby  its  prominent  stipules  and 
downy  leaves.  Common. 

*  214.    A.  dasycarpum,  Ehrh.    White  or  Silver  Maple.  C.  &  S. 

Low  ground  along  rivers.    Common. 

*215.    A.  rubrum,  L.    Red  or  Swamp  M.  Th. 

On  low  ground  and  along  streams.    Very  common. 

83.  NEOUN1>O,  Moanch.    ASH-LEAVED  MAPLE.    BOX-ELDEB. 

*216.    N.  aceroides,  Moanch.  Th. 

River  banks.  A  small,  handsome  tree,  with  glaucous  green  twigs,  ash-like  leaves,  and  pendant  flowers 
and  keys.  West  of  Lake  Superior,  and  north  to  Saskatchewan  Valley,— Macoun.i  Canadian  Catalogue. 
Frequent  in  Grand  River  Valley. 

84.     STAPHYL.EA,  L.  BLADDER-NUT. 

*217.        S.  trifolia,  L.    American  Bladder-nut.  Th. 

Marquette  Co.,  and  southward,— Burt.    Frequemt  along  river  banks  in  L.  P. 

XXVII.    ANACARDIACEJE.    CASHEW  FAMILY. 

85.  RHUS,  L.     SUMACH. 
*218.    R.  typhina,  L.    Staghorn  Sumach.  Th. 

Seldom  very  large;  less  common  than  the  next. 

*  219.    R.  glabra,  L-    Smooth  S.  Th. 

Very  common  in  C.,  and  nearly,  or  quite,  as  large  as  R.  typhina.  The  trunk  occasionally  5-10  in.  in 
diameter.  These  two  species  are  much  alike,  and,  pubescence  aside,  one  might  easily  be  mistaken  for  the 
other.  It  is  no  stretch  of  imagination  to  believe  that  such  closely  allied  species,  and  there  are  many 
such,  are  descended  from  a  common  stock.  Indeed,  one  can  scarcely  believe  otherwise  if  he  studies 
plants  extensively. 

*  220.    R.  copallina,  L.    Dwarf  S.  C.  &  S. 

Abundant  in  the  pine  country  on  light  soil. 

*  221.    R.  veneiiata,  DC.    Poison  Sumach  or  Dogwood.  L.  P. 

Common  in  swamps  and  poisonous  to  the  touch.  A  low  shrub,  with  smooth,  grayish  bark,  and  dull, 
white  fruit  in  clusters.  Green  Lake,  G.  Traverse  Co.  and  southward. 

*  222.    R.  Toxicodemlron,  L.    Poison  Ivy.    Poison  Oak.  Th. 
Tall-climbing,  often  to  tops  of  forest  trees ;  stems  occasionally  several  inches  in  diameter. 

223.    R.  Canaclensis,  Marsh.    Fragrant  Sumach.  Th. 

Less  frequent  than  other  members  of  the  genus.  Found  chiefly  on  bluffs  and  sandy  hills  through  the 
middle  counties  of  the  L.  P.  "N.  to  the  Saskatchawan,"— Torr.  &  Gr.,  PI.  N.  Am. 

XXVIII.    POLYGALACE^E.    MILKWORT  FAMILY. 

86.  POLYGALrA,  Tourn.    MILKWORT. 

*224.  P.  paucifolia,  Willd.  Flowering  Wintergreen.  Fringed  Polygala,  Th. 
Common  on  pine  land ;  the  large,  rose-purple  flowers  very  beautiful. 

*225.    P.  polygama,  Walt.  Th. 

Sandy  soil.    Ionia,  Clinton.  Montcalm,  and  counties  southward.    Infrequent.    Abundant  near  Quin- 
,  Menominee  Co.,— E.  J.  Hill. 


82  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

*226.    P.  Senega,  L.    Seneca  Snakeroot.  Th. 

Banks;  not  common. 

227.  var.  latifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

.flnbbardston ;  Flint.    Rare. 

*228.    P.  saiiguiiiea,  L.  C.  &  S. 

fielding ;  Ionia;  Flint ;  Macomb  Co.,  etc.    Local,  but  usually  abundant  wh«:  found  at  all. 

229.    P.  cruciata,  L.  S. 

8.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.    Rare. 

*  230.    P.  vertieillata,  L.  C.  &  S. 

Flint;  Macomb  Co.;  Wayne  Co.,  etc.    Gammon  in  some  places,  rare  in  others.    The  fresh  roots  have 
the  smell  of  wintergreen,  or  Spiraea  lobata. 

XXIX.     LEGUMINOS^E.     PULSE  FAMILY. 

87.  BAPTISIA,  Vent.     FALSE  INDIGO. 

*231.    B.  tinctoria,  R.  Br.    Wild  Indigo.  C.  &  S. 

Woodward  Lake,  Ionia  Co,;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.;  Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  etc.    Abundant  in  places 
but  not  well  distributed;  much  commoner  than  the  next  species. 

232.    B.  leucaiitha,  Torr.  &  Gr.  S. 

Calhoun  Co.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Ann  Arbor,— Allmendinger  Cat.;   Shore  of  Lake  Erie,— Goldie,  Cana- 
dian Catalogue.    Rare. 

88.     LUPINUS,  Tourn.    LUPINE. 

*  233.    L,.  pereimis,  L.    Wild  Lupine.  C.  &  S. 

Abundant  in  light  sand.    Flowers,  a  fine  blue-purple,  varying  to  light  pink,  in  May  and  June  forming 
great  masses  of  color. 

234.  var.  occideutalis,  Watson. 

Benton  Harbor,— Wheeler. 

89.  TRIPOLI  UM,  Tourn.    CLOVER.    TREFOIL. 

*235.    T.  ARVENSE,  L.    Rabbit-foot  or  Stone  Clover. 
Becoming  naturalized  in  light  soil. 

*236.    T.  PRATENSE,  L.    Red  Clover.  Th. 

Meadows  and  fields. 

*  237.    T.  MEDIUM,  L.    Mammoth  Clover.    Zigzag  Clover. 

238.    T.  stoloniferum,  Muhl.    Running  Buffalo  Clover. 
Kalamazoo,— Tuthill.    Introduced  (?) 

*239.    T.  repeiis,  L.    White  Clover.  Th. 

Meadows,  pastures,  and  road-sides.    Very  common, 

*  240.    T.  HYBRIDUM,  L.    Alsike  Clover.  Th. 
Escaped  from  cultivation. 

241.    T.  AGRARIUM,  L.     Yellow  or  Hop  Clover.  Th. 

Port  Huron,— C.  K.  Dodge;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Not  common.  , 

*242.    T.  PROCUMBENS,  L.    Low  Hop-C.  C.  &  S. 

Ionia,  etc.    Blossoms  bright  yellow  and  very  pretty.    Infrequent, 

9O.     MELILOTUS,  Tourn.    MELILOT.    SWEET  CLOVER. 

*  243.    M.  OFFICINALIS,  Willd.     Yellow  Melilot.  C.  &  S. 
Rare. 

*  244.    M.  ALBA.  Lam.    White  Melilot.  L.  P. 
More  common  than  the  preceding,  but  only  occasional. 


FLORA  OP  MICHIGAN.  83 

91.  MEDIC  AGO,   Tourn.     MEDICK. 

245.    M.  SATIVA,  L.    Lucerne.     Alfalfa.  C.  &  S. 

Escaped  from  cultivation  in  a  few  places. 

*  246.    M.  LUPULINA,  L.    Black  Medick.    Nonesuch.  L.  P. 
Waste  places.    Mackinac;  Jackson;  Ann  Arbor,  etc.;  forming  patches. 

92.  AMORPHA,  L.    FALSE  INDIGO. 

247.  A.  canescens,  Nutt.    Lead-Plant.  S. 

W.Mich.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Ann  Arbor,— Prof.  M.  W.  Harrington;  Kalamazoo;  Tuthill;  Klinger  Lake; 
Barron  Lake,— Wheeler.  Rare. 

93.     TEPHROSIA,  Pers.    HOARY  PEA. 

248.  T.  Virgiiiiana,  Pers.    Goat's  Rue.    Catgut.  C.  &  S. 

Clinton  Co. ;  Montcalm  Co. ;  Macomb  Co.;  Livingston  Co.,— Miss  Clark,  etc.  On  light  sand.  Infre- 
quent. 

94.     ROBIMA,  L.     LOCUST-TREE. 

*  249.    R.  PseiHlacacia,  L.     Common  Locust  or  false  Acacia. 
Escaped  from  cultivation. 

250.    R.  viscosa,  Vent.     Clammy  Locust. 
Escaped  from  cultivation  at  Ionia,— Wheeler.  * 

95.     ASTRAGALUS,  Tourn.    MILK-VETCH. 
*251.    A.  Caiiadensis,  L.  Th. 

Put-in-Bay;  Ann  Arbor;  Macomb  Co.;  Orchard  Lk.;  Montcalm  Co.;  river  bank,  North  Lansing; 
Shiawassee  Co.,— G.  H.  Hicks;  and  northward.  Well  distributed,  but  infrequent. 

*  252.    A.  Cooperi,  Gray.  C.  &  S. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons ;  Cooley  MS.;  Park  Lake,  Clinton  Co.,— Bailey;  clay  bank  \VZ  miles  N.  of  the  College,— 
Wheeler,  1891.  Rare. 

96.     DESMODIUM,  Desv.    TICK-TREFOIL. 

*253.    D.  nucliflorum,  DC.  C.  &  S. 

Crystal  Lk.;  Montcalm  Co.;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.;  S.  Mich.,— Wright,  Cat.,  etc.,    Common. 

*254.    D.  acumiiiatum,  DC.  C.  &.  S. 

Woodlands.    Very  common. 

*255.    D.  pauciflorum,  DC.  S. 

Mont  Lk.,— Miss  Clark  in  Winch.  Cat.    Rare. 

*256.    D.  rotundifolium,  DC.  C.  &  S. 

Hubbardston;   Ionia;   Flint ;  So.  Haven ;    Macomb  Co. ;  Ann  Arbor,— Allmend.  Cat.  etc.  Infrequent. 

257.    D.  canescens,  DC.  S. 

Ann  Arbor,— Allmend.  Cat. ;  S.  West,— Wright,  Cat.    Rare. 

*  258.    I>.  cuspidatum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  C.  &  S. 

Hubbardston;  Flint;  Ann  Arbor;  Macomb  Co.;  S.  Mich.,— Wright,  etc.    Usually  on  oak  land. 
Frequent. 

259.    D.  Illiiioense,  Gray. 

University  campus,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  1885,— Dr.  W.  J.  Beal. 

*260.    D.  Dillenii,  Darlingt.  C.  &.  S. 

Oak  woods.  Hubbardston;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.;  S.  Mich.,— Wr.  Cat.;  Mont  Lk..— Miss  Clark,  etc. 
Frequent.  Downy  forms  of  this  species  were  called  D.  viridiflorum,  Beck\  in  the  first  edition  of  this 
catalogue. 


[HJEDYSARUM  BOREALE,    Nutt. 

N.  shore  of  L.  Superior,— Gray's  Man.    May  be  looked  for  within  our  limits.] 
11 


84  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

*261.    IX  paiiiculatum,  DC.  C,  &  S. 

Oak  woods.    Hnbbardston ;   Flint;   Macomb  Co. ;   S.  Haven;   8.  Mich.,— Wr.  Cat.,  etc.    Frequent. 

*262.    I>.  Canadense,  DC.  Th. 

Hubbardston,  and  probably  farther  N.;  Flint;  Ann  Arbor,— Allmendinger  Cat.  and  Winch,  Cat., 
etc.    Flowers  early.    Frequent. 

263.  D.  sessilifolium,  Torr.  &  Gray.  S. 
"  Michigan,"-Gray;  S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  University  Herb.,  Miles,— Ames;  Greenville.    Rare. 

264.  D.  rigidum,  DC.  C.  &  S. 

Hubbardston;  Flint ;  Macomb  Co. ;  Ann  Arbor  and  S.  W.,— Winch.  Cat.    Infrequent. 

265.  D.  ciliare,  DC.  S. 

Dr.  Wright.    Rare. 

*266.    1>.  Marilaiidicum,  F.Boott.  C.  &  S. 

Dry  hills;  Ionia,  and  southward ;  near  Park  Lake,  Clinton  Co.,— Dr.  Beal.    Infrequent. 

97.     T^ESPEDEZA,  Michx.    BUSH-CLOVER. 

*267.    L.  violacea,  Pere.  S. 

Ann  Arbor,— Miss  Clark;  S.  W.,— Wright.    Infrequent. 

*  268.    L.  reticulata,  Pers.  C.  &  S. 

Dry  woods  and  fields.    Common. 

269.  L.  Stuvei,  Nutt.  S. 

Winchell  Cat. ;  Gray  in  Manual.    Rare. 

270.  var.  intermedia,  Wats. 
Gray's  Man. 

*271.    L..  polystachya,  Michx.  C.  &  S. 

Common. 

*272.    L.  capitata,  Michx.  C.  &  S. 

Abundant  in  old  fields ;  prefers  light  sand.    Common. 

273.  L,.  augustifolia,  Ell.  C.  &  S, 
In  the  same  situation,  and  along  with  the  preceding  two.    Infrequent. 

98.     VICIA,  Tourn..   VETCH.    TARE. 

274.  V.  BATIVA,  L.    Common  Vetch.    Tare. 

Detroit.— Dr.  Lyons;  Springwells,— Henry  Gillman;   Port  Huron,— C.  K.  Dodge;  Keweenaw  Co., — 
Farwell.    Infrequent. 

275.  V.  Cracca,  L.  S. 

S.  Mich.— Wright  Cat. ;  Ann  Arbor,— Prof.  M.  W.  Harrington.    Rare  or  local. 

*  276.    V.  Caroliniaiia,  Walter.  C.  &  S. 

Dry  soil.    Common. 

*277.    V.  Americana,  Muhl.  Th. 

Ann  Arbor;  Ionia ;  Montcalm  Co.,  etc.;  N.  to  Lake  Sup.    Much  rarer  than  the  preceding,  and  very- 
pretty.    Spreads  rapidly  in  C.,  along  railroads  and  highways,  and  acts  like  an  immigrant. 

99.     L.ATHYRUS,  Tourn.    VETCHLING.    EVERLASTING  PEA. 

278.    L,.  maritimus,  Bigelow.    Beach  Pea.  Th. 

All  around  the  Gr.  Lakes,  but  seldom  or  never  seen  in  the  interior.    Shore  of  Higgins  Lake,— G.  H_ 
Cannon. 

*279.    L.  ochroleueus,  Hooker.  Th. 

Hillsides  and  dry  uplands.    Keweenaw  Co.,— F.,  and  southward.    Infrequent. 

280.    L.  venosus,  Muhl.  Th. 

Ionia  C.;  Clinton  Co.;  Flint;  Macomb   Co.;  Ann  Arbor,  etc.      Northward  to   Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 
Infrequent. 


FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN.  85 

*281.    Li.  palustris,  L.  Th. 

Ann  Arbor ;  Ionia ;  Bay  City;  Antrim  Co.;  Petoskey  to  L.  Sup.  This  and  the  next  are  both  common  in 
C.,  growing  in  marshes  along  with  Apios  tuberosa,  Campanula  aparinoides,  etc. 

*282.  var.  myrtifolius,  Gray.  Th. 

Infrequent. 

1OO.       APIOS,    BOERHAAVE. 

*  283.    A.  tuberosa,  Moench.    Ground-nut.    Wild  Bean.  C.  &  S. 

A  curious  vine,  with  edible  tubers,  and  fragrant,  chocolate-brown  flowers.    Common. 

101.     STKOPHOSTYLES,  Ell. 

284.    S.  aiigulosa,  Ell.    Wild  Bean.  S. 

S.  E.  along  shore,  and  on  the  islands  of  Lake  Erie,  and  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  at  So.  Haven,— Bailey. 
Probably  not  much  farther  north,  and  not  found  in  the  interior. 

1O2.     AMPHICARP^EA,  Ell.    HOG  PEA-NUT. 
*285.    A.  moiioica,  Nutt.  Th. 

Fields  and  woods.    Common. 

*286.    A.  Pitcheri,  T.  &  G. 

Moist  woodlands.    Hubbardston;  Lenawee  Co.,— Dr.  Beal. 

1O3.     CEKCIS,  L.     RED-BUD.    JUDAS-TREE. 

*287.    C.  iJanadeiisis,  L.  C.  &  S. 

Indigenous  throughout  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  and  as  far  N.  in  the  west  as  Grand  River  valley. 
Plaster  creek,  Grand  Rapids— Garfield ;  Ionia— Le  Valley;  banks  of  Thornapple  river.  Eaton  Co.;  Ann 
Arbor;  Adrian;  South  Haven,  etc.  This  tree  is  quite  frequent  in  the  valley  of  the  river  Raisin,  10  miles  S. 
W.  of  Adrian,  in  company  with  Negundo,  Gymnocladiis,  and  JEscuhis  glabra.  The  largest  trees  are  ten 
inches  in  diameter, — Henry  Owen. 

1O4.     CASSIA,   Tourn.    SENNA. 
*288.    C.  Jlarilamlica,  L.    Wild  Senna.  C.  &  S. 

Lyons ;  Grand  Haven ;  Ann  Arbor,  etc.  River  banks;  a  tall  weed  with  bright  yellow  blossons.  Infre- 
quent. 

1O5.     GYMNOCLAOUS,  Lam.     KENTUCKY  COFFEE-TREE. 
*289.    O.  Canadeiisis,  Lam.  C.  &  S. 

A  slender  tree  along  the  river  banks  as  far  N.  as  Maple  river,  in  Clinton  Co.;  alsp  Fish  creek,  Mont- 
calm  Co.;  banks  of  Grand  river,  etc.  The  largest  specimen  seen  was  about  60  feet  high,  and  less  than  a 
foot  in  diameter.  Farther  south  a  large  tree.  Infrequent. 

106.  OLEDITSCHIA,  L.    HONEY-LOCUST. 

290.    O.  triacaiithos,  L.    Three-thorned  Acacia.   Honey-Locust,  S. 

Grows  along  the  river  Raisin,  and  is  certainly  indigenous.  Often  two  feet  in  diameter,— Dr.  Beal, 
Henry  Owen,  et  al.  Along  the  St.  Joseph,  also,  and  in  other  localities  in  the  extreme  S.  D.undee,  Niles,  - 
Wheeler. 

XXX.    ROSACES.    EOSE  FAMILY. 

107.  PKUNUS,  Tourn.    PLUM,  CHERRY,  ETC. 

*291.    P.  Americana,  Marshall.    Wild  Yellow  or  Red  Plum.  Th. 

Along  our  rivers ;  the  fruit  either  round  or  oblong,  yellow,  red,  or  green,  and  pleasant  or  bitter.  Along 
Black  River,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K. 

292.    P.  pumila,  L.    Dwarf  Cherry.    Sand  Cherry.  Th. 

L.  Sup.;  Emmet  Co.;  Honghton  Lake;  Mecosta  Co.;  South  Haven;  Saginaw  Bay.— Winchell,  etc. 
Frequent  in  the  N.  half  of  the  L.  P.,  but  not  yet  found  in  the  interior  8.  of  Saranac,  Ionia  Co.,  where  it 
occurs  in  a  dry  glade  along  with  Synthyris,  Castilleia,  Lupinus,  and  Senecio  aureus. 

*293.    P.  Pennsylvania,  L.f.      Wild  Red  Cherry.  Th. 

Very  abundant  on  sandy  land  in  the  N.  half  of  the  State,  but  less  common  southward,  where  P. 
serotina,  takes  its  place.  Occasionally  it  becomes  a  good  sized  tree,  40-50  feet  high,  a  foot  and  a  half  in 
diameter.  One  such  stands  by  the  roadside  near  Prairie  Creek,  in  Ronald  Tp.,  Ionia  Co. 


86  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

*294.    P.  Virginiaiia,  L.     Choke-Cherry.  Th. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree.    Very  pretty  in  May  by  reason  of  its  light  green  leaves  and  racemes  of  white 
flowers.    Common. 

*295.    P.  serotina,  Ehrh.     Wild  Black  Cherry.  Th. 

A  medium  sized  timber  tree,  well  known  as  "  Black  Cherry."  Frequent  in  C.  and  S.,  in  places  suffi- 
ciently so  for  economic  use.  Rare  in  N.  and  U.  P. 

1O8.     SPIRAEA.  L.    MEADOW-SWEET. 

*29G.    S.  salicifolia,  L.    Common  Meadow-Sweet.  Th. 

In  marshes.    Common. 

297.  S.  tomentosa,  L.    Hardhack.    Steeple-Bush.  C.  &  S. 
Grand  Rapids,— G.  D.  Sones;    Ionia  Co.,  and  southward.    A  low  shrub  with  fine  rose-colored  flowers, 

in  dense  panicles,  and  leaves  rusty-wooly  beneath.    Infrequent. 

298.  S.  lobata,  Jacquin.    Queen  of  the  Prairie.  S. 

"Meadows  and  prairies,  Penn.  to  Mich.,"— Gray.  Occurs  only  in  the  S.  W.  R.  R.  track,  near  Augusta, 
—Prof.  Bailey ;  Calhoun  Co.;— University  Herb.  St.  Joseph,— V.  Willoughby. 

1O9.     PHYSOCARPUS,  Maxim.    NINE-BARK. 
*299.    P.  opulifolius,  Maxim.  Th. 

Along  streams.  A  low  shrub  with  recurved  branches,  white  flowers,  clusters  of  reddish  pods,  and 
something  the  habit  of  red  currant  but  larger. 

11O.     GILLENIA,  Moench.    INDIAN  PHYSIC. 

300.  G.  trifoliata,  Moench.      Bowman's  Root. 
WinchellCat.    Rare. 

111.     RUBUS,  Tourn.    BRAMBLE. 

301.  R.  odoratus,  L.    Purple  Flowering-Raspberry.  Th. 
From  Ft.  Gratiot  (Winchell)  northward.     Not  observed  in  the  interior  of  the  C.  &  S.      Common  in 

N.  and'U.  P. 

302.  R.  Nutkanus,  Mogino.    Salmon-berry.  N.  &  U.  P. 
Frequent  at  Petoskey  and  common  farther  north. 

*303.  R.  triflorus,  Richard.  Dwarf  R.  Th. 

Frequent. 

*304.  R.  strigosus,  Michx.  Wild  Red  R.  Th. 

Variable.  Common. 

*  305.    R.  occidentalis,  L.    Black  R.  Thimbleberry.  Th. 
Hybrids  between  this  and  the  preceding  frequently  occur.    Common. 

*306.    R.  iieg'lectus,  Peck. 
Hubbardston,. 

*  307.    R.  villosus,  Aiton.    Blackberry,  Common  or  High.  Th. 

Very  common  in  C.,  covering  thousands  of  acres  of  waste  pine-land  to  the  exclusion  of  almost  every- 
thing else.  Rare  in  U.  P. 

308.    R.  Millspaughi,  Britton,  n.  sp.     Torrey  Bulletin,  Dec.,  1891,  p.  366. 
Keweenaw  Peninsula,— L.  H.  Bailey,  in  Garden  and  Forest,  1892,  p.  144. 

*309.    R.  Canadensis,  L.    Dewberry.    Low  Blackberry.  Th. 

Extensively  trailing— 12  feet  or  more— deep-rooted,  hard  to  exterminate,  and  troublesome  in  sandy 
fields.  Fruit  ripe  about  the  middle  of  July,  sweeter  than  that  of  R.  villosus,  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. ;  Black 
Lake,  Cheboygan  Co.,— Wheeler.  Frequent. 

*310.    R.  liispidus,  L.    Running  Swamp-B.  Th. 

Very  abundant  through  the  C.  in  the  pine  country,  frequently  covering  the  ground. 

112.     DALIBARDA,  L. 
311.    I>.  repeiis,  L. 

Ann  Arbor,— Mary  Clark;  Macomb  Co.,— Cooley.  May  occur  farther  north,  and  perhaps  throughout 
Lake  Huron,— Bell,  Canadian  Catalogue. 


FLORA  OP  MICHIGAN.  87 

113.     GEUM,  L.    Avens. 
*312.    G.  album,  Gmelin.  L.  P. 

Common. 

*  313.    G.  Virg iiiiaimm,  L.  C.  &  S. 

Common. 

314.  G.  maerophylluiu,  Willd. 

Rare  in  L.  P.    Cheboygan  Co., — B.  &  K.;    N.  Shore  of  Lake  Superior, — Agassiz. 

315.  G.  strictum,  Alton.  Th. 
New  Haven ;  Gratiot  Co.;  Petoskey,  etc. ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.;  St.  Clair  Co.,— A.  F.  Foreste. 

*316.    G.  rivale,  L.    Water  or  Purple  Avens.  Th. 

Swamps  and  wet  places.    Common. 

317.    G.  triflorum,  Pursh. 

Otisco  Tp.,  Ionia  Co., — A.  B.  Morse;  Montcalm  Co.,  near  Greenville;  the  only  reported  localities  in 
the  State. 

114.     WALDSTEINIA,  Willd. 
*318.    W.  frag arioi cles,  Tratt.    Barren  Strawberry.  Th. 

Livingston  Co.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Ionia;  Flint  to  L.  Sup., -Whitney  Cat.  Bather  local,  but  abundant 
when  found  at  all. 

115.     FRAGARIA,  Tourn.    STRAWBERRY. 
*319,    F.  Virginia iia,  Mill.  Th. 

Very  common. 

*320.  var.  IlHuoeusis,  Gray.  Th. 

Keweenaw  Co., — F. ;  and  southward.    Frequent. 

321.    F.  vesca,  L.  Th. 

Occasional  in  8.,  frequent  in  C.,  and  abundant  northward,  where  it  seems  to  take  the  place  of  F.  Vir- 
giniana.  Moist  woodlands  and  borders  of  swamps. 

116;     POTENTILLA,  L.    CINQUE-FOIL.     FIVE-FINGER. 
*322.    P.  arjjuta,  Ph.  Th. 

Flowers  either  white  or  yellow,  generally  all  in  one  locality  of  one  color ;  the  same  is  true  of  Moth 
Mullein ;  Ann  Arbor ;  Macomb  Co. ;  Ionia ;  and  ft .  to  Isle  Royal.  Frequent  on  light  sand ;  in  places 
common. 

*323.      P.    RECTA,    L.  , 

Ypsilanti,— O.  A.  Farwell;  Lansing.— Dr.  Beal ;  Spreading  along  the  T.  &  A.  A.  R.  R.  track  between 
Ann  Arbor  and  Howell  Junction, — C.  F.  Wheeler. 

*324.    P.  Norvegiea,  L.  Th. 

Common. 

325.    P.  Peimsylvaiiica,  L. 

L.  Superior,— Gray's  Man.  p.  159;    Prof.  Ellis,  in  Canadian  Catalogue. 

*326.    P.  argeutea,  L.    Silvery  Cinque-foil. 

Ann  Arbor,— Clark  and  Allmendinger  ;  Alma,— Davis;  Inland,  Benzie  Co.;  "Behaves  like  a  weed  at 
Hanover,  Mich.,  running  out  clover,"  etc., — G.  E.  Simmons.  Becoming  frequent. 

327.    P.  frigicla,  Villars.  U.  P. 

Dr.  Lyons.    Rare. 

*328.    P.  palustris,  Scop.    Marsh  Five-Finger.  Th. 

Swamps  throughout,  but  nowhere  abundant. 

*329.    P.  fruticosa,  L.    Shrubby  Cinque-foil.  Th. 

Edges  of  swamps.  A  low  shrub  with  small,  silky  leaves,  and  a  profusion  of  showy  yellow  blossoms,  in 
August.  Ranges  N.  to  Arctic  America.  Common. 

330.    P.  trideiitata,  Ait.    Three-toothed  C.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Barrens  of  Missaukee  Co.;  Grayling;  "  Shores  of  the  Upper  Great  Lakes,"— Gray;  lele  Royal,— Dr. 
•  Lyons.  Frequent. 


88  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

331.    P.  Anseriua,  L.    Silver- Weed.  Th. 

Frequent  along  the  Great  Lakes,  but  rare  in  the  interior.  Banks  of  Higgins  Lake,— G.  H.  Cannon ; 
Baldwin,— W.  J.  Beal ;  Otsego  Co.,— Guy  L.  Stewart. 

*332.    P.  Caiiadeusis,  L.     Common  C.    Five-Finger.  Th. 

Common. 

117.     AGRIMOXIA,  Tourn.    AGRIMONY. 
*333.    A.  Eupatoria,  L.    Common  Agrimony.  Th. 

Dry  soil.    Common. 

334.  A.  parviflora,  Ait.    Small-flowered  A.  S.  E. 
Detroit,— Miss  Clark;  Macomb  Co.;  St.  Clair  Co.,— A.  F,  Foerste.   Infrequent. 

118.     POTERIUM,  L.    BURNET. 

335.  P.  Cauadeuse,  Benth.  &  Hook.    Canadian  Burnet.  S. 

South  Haven,— Bailey;  Ann  Arbor, — Allmendinger.    Rare. 

119.     ROSA,  Tourn.    ROSE. 

336.  R.  setigera,  Michx.    Climbing  or  Prairie  Rose.  C.  &  S. 

So.  Haven,— Bailey;  Jackson  Co.,— Winchell;  Flint,— Dr.  Clark;  Macomb  Co.,— Cooley;  Grosse  Isle,— 
Miss  Clark;  Belle  Isle  Park,— Foerste;  near  Adrian,— Mrs.  I.  H.  Wheeler.  Indigenous,  but  rare  or  local. 

337.  R.  Eiigelmaimi,  Watson.  N.  &  U.  P. 
Indian  River,  Black  Lake  (Cheboygan  Co.);  Mackinaw  City;  Petoskey,— Wheeler ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

338.  R.  blanrta,  Aiton.  Th. 

Ionia;  Hubbardston;  Flint;  Ft.  Gratiot,— Winch.  Cat.  Lake  shore,  New  Buffalo,— Wheeler,  North- 
ward to  Keweenaw  Co., — F.  Common  northward,  but  infrequent  south  of  lat.  48°  except  along  the 
shore  of  Lake  Michigan. 

339.  R.  Sayi,  Schwein.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Oscoda;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.;  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K.    Infrequent. 

340.  R.  Arkaiisana,   Porter.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Harbor  Springs,— Wheeler ;  Keweenaw  Co., — F.    Rare. 

341.  R.  acicvilaris,   Lindl.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Keweenaw  Co.,— F. ;  Mackinac,— Loring;  In  herb,— Gray ;  South  Shore  Lake  Superior,— Whitney, 
1849;  Au  Sable;  Crawford  Co. 

*342.    R.  Carolina,  L.  Th. 

Swamps.    Common. 

*343.    R.  Carolina  Xhuiiiilis,  C.  P.  Wheeler.    A  supposed  hybrid. 
Border  of  a  swamp  near  the  Agricultural  College. 

*344.    R.  liumilis,  Marsh.  Th. 

Abundant  and  pretty.  In  the  C.  it  is  our  common  wild-rose.  Dry  soil.  A  low  form  on  hills  about 
Ionia  has  narrow  leaves,  with  peduncles  and  ripe  fruit  glandular-bristly. 

*345.    R.  RUBIGINOSA,  L.     Sweetbrier.     Eglantine.  C.  &  S. 

Roadsides.    Frequent. 

12O.     PYRUS,  L.    PEAR.    APPLE. 

*346.    P.  cornaria,  L.    American  Crab-Apple.  C.  &  S. 

Thickets  and  along  streams ;  the  fine  rose  colored  flowers  delightfully  fragrant  in  May.  The  fruit 
green  and  bitter.  Common. 

*347.    P.  arbutifolia,  L.f.    Choke-berry.  Th. 

Hubbardston;  New  Buffalo,— Wheeler;  Harris ville  and  northward. 

*348.  var.  melanocarpa,  Hook.  Th. 

Burt.  MS.;  Isle  Royal,— Whitney's  Cat.,  etc.    Frequent  in  swamps  through  C. 

349.    P.     Americana,  DC.    American  Mountain  Ash.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Ludington,  and  north  along  the  Michigan  shore  to  Charlevoix;  Sault  Ste.  Marie;  and  into  Canada 
where  it  is  common;  also  westward,  through  U.  P., — Burt,  and  Whitney. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  89 

350.    P.  sambucifolia,  Cham.  &  Schlect. 
Mackinac  Island,— H.  Mann;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

*351.    P.  MALUS,  L.    Cultivated  Apple. 
Spontaneous  in  thickets  along  roadsides. 

121.     CRATyEGUS,   L.    HAWTHORN.    WHITE  THORN. 
*352.    C.  coccinea,  L.  Th. 

Common. 

*  353.  var.  mollis,  T.  &  G.  Th. 

Frequent  in  C.;  our  largest  thorn,  frequently  20-25  ft.  high  and  a  foot  in  diameter.  A  tree  along  the 
Raisin  river  in  Monroe  Co.,— Wheeler;  Ontonagon,— Mary  H.  Clark. 

*354.    C.  tomentosa,  L.  Th. 

The  form  referred  to  this  species  is  a  shrub  with  large,  thick,  oval,  sharply-serrate  leaves,  beneath 
prominently  veined,  and  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole;  corymbs  very  straggling  and  fruit  quite 
small — J4  in.  Infrequent. 

*355.     C.  pimctata,  Jacq. 

A  shrub  or  low  tree  very  common  in  the  center  of  the  State.    Very  variable. 

*,356.    C.  Crus-galli,  L.    Cockspur  Thorn.  S. 

Usually  a  shrub.    Used  for  hedges  in  tke  east.    Common. 

122.     AMELANCHIER,  Medic.    JUNE-BERRY. 
*357.    A.  Caiiadensis,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Shad-bush.    Service- berry.       Th. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree.  Fruit  variable  in  size  and  flavor,  frequently  delicious,  and  so  well  known  to 
the  birds  that  one  can  seldom  find  it  well  ripened.  Includes  vars.,*  Botryapium  and  rotundifolia. 
Common. 

*  358.  var.  (?)  oblongifolia,  T.  &  Gr.  Th. 

Ionia ;  Flint;  8.  Mich.,— Winchell  Cat.    A  low  shrub  on  sandy  land.    Infrequent. 

359.  A.  oligocarpa,  Koem.  U.  P. 

Shores  of  Lake  Superior,— Gray's  Man.;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

360.  A.  alnifolia,  Nutt,  N.  &U.P. 
Presque  Isle,— Winchell;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Rare. 

XXXI.     SAXIFKAGAQE^E.     SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY. 

123.     SAXIFRAGA,  L.    SAXIFRAGE. 

361.  8.  tiizoides,  L.    Yellow  Mountain-Saxifrage.  U.  P. 

''Northern  Michigan." — Gray. 

362.  S.  tricuspidata,  Retz.  U.  P. 

"Shore  of  L.  Sup.  and  northward," — Gray;  Isle  Royale, — Dr.  Lyons  and  Whitney  Cat. 

363.  S.  Aizoon,  Jacq.  U.  P. 
"Upper  Mich.,"— Gray;  Isle  Royale,— Lyons,  and  Whitney. 

364.  S.  Virgiiiiensis,  Michx.    Early-S.  U.  P. 
Li.  Sup., — Can.  Cat.;  Keweenaw  Co., — F. 

*365.    S.  Peimsylvanica,  L.    Swamp. S.  Th. 

Bogs.    Common. 

124.     TIARELLA,  L.    FALSE  MITRE-WORT. 

*366.    T.  cordifolia,  L.  Th. 

Ft.  Gratiot;  Macomb  Co. ;  Flint;  Stanton ;  and  northward.    Common  in  N.  &  U.  P. ;  rare  in  C.  &  S.  W. 

125.     MITELLiA,  Tourn.    MITRE-WORT.    BISHOP'S-CAP. 
*367.    M.  diphylla,  L.  Th. 

Hillsides  in  rich  woods.    Very  common. 


90  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

*368.    M.  iiucla,  L.  Th. 

Shaded  swamps  in  Sphagnum.  Racemes  sometimes  inclined  to  be  paniculate;  seeds  brown.  A  very 
delicate  and  pretty  little  herb,  usually  growing  under  tamaracks  and  along  with  Ribes  rubrum,  Chiogenes 
hispidula,  Smilacina  trifolia,  and  Salix  Candida.  The  scape  frequently  bears  a  small  leaf,  as  if  to  suggest 
the  derivation  of  this  and  the  preceding  from  one  earlier  form.  Frequent. 

126.     HEUCHERA,  L.    ALUM-ROOT. 
369.    H.  Americana,  L.    Common  Alum-root.  C,  &  S, 

Grand  Rapids,— Coleman;  Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  Monroe  Co.,— Wheeler.    Rare. 

*  370.    H.  hispida,  Pursh.  C.  &  S. 

Common  in  Grand-Saginaw  Valley. 

127.     CHRYSOSPLEMUM,  Tourn.    GOLDEN  SAXIFRAGE. 
*371.    C.  Americanum,  Schwein. 

So.  Haven ;  Hubbardston ;  Flint;  and  northward.    Infrequent. 

128.     PARNASSIA,  Tourn.    GRASS  OF  PARNASSUS. 

372,  P.  parviflora,  DC.  U.  P. 

L.  Sup.,— Can.  Cat.;  Grand  Island,— Henry  Gillman;  also,  northwest  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  in 
Wisconsin,— Gillman. 

373.  P.  palustris,  L.  U.  P. 

Drummond's  Is.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  "  Shore  of  L.  Sup.,  and  northward,"— Gray,  from  Dr.  Pitcher. 

*374.    P.  Caroliiiiaiia,     Michx. 

Swamps  and  wet  banks.    Rare  northward;  common  in  C.  &  S. 

12£>.     RIBES,  L.    CURRANT.    GOOSEBERRY. 

*375.    R.  Cyiiosbati,  L.     Gooseberry.  Th. 

The  large  berries  prickly,    but  edible.    Common. 

376.    R.  g'racile,  Michx.     Missouri  Gooseberry. 
St.  Joseph's  Island,  and  Sitting  Rabbit,— Winchell's  Cat. 

*377.    R.  oxyacaiithoides,  L.     Swamp  G.  Th. 

Fruit  smooth.  Low  grounds  along  Fish  Creek  and  Maple  River;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.,  etc. 
Northward  and  shore  of  Long  lake,— B.  &  K. ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

378.  R.  lacustre,  Poir.  N.  &  U.  P. 
As  far  south  as  Houghton  Lake;  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K.    Common. 

379.  R.  prostratum,  LTHer.    Fetid  Currant.  C.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Flint;  Isabella  Co. ;  Missaukee  Co.;  St.  Joseph's  Is.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K. ; 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F.  Frequent. 

*380.    R.  floridum,  L'Her.    Wild  Black  Currant.  Th. 

Cheboygan  Co.— B.  &  K.    Southward.    Common. 

*381.    R.  rubrum,  L.,  var.  subg'landulosum,  Maxim.   Red  Currant.    Th. 
Deep  swamps  and  cold  woods,  under  tamaracks.     Ann  Arbor;  Ionia;  Stanton,  Cheboygan  Co.— B.  & 
K.  Infrequent. 

XXXII.     CRASSULACE^E.     ORPINE  FAMILY. 

13O.     PENTHORUM,  Gronov.    DITCH  STONE-CROP. 

*382.    P.  sedoides,  L.  K  P. 

Roadsides  and  ditches ;  shore  of  Black  Lake,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K.    Frequent. 

131.     SEDUM,  Tourn.    STONE-CROP.    ORPINE. 

*383.     S.  ACRE,  L.     Mossy  Stone-crop. 
Escaped  from  cultivation. 

*384.    S.  TEL.EPHIUM,  L.    Live-for-ever.    Garden  Orpine.  C.  &  S. 

Escaped  from  cultivation. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  91 


XXXIII.     DROSEKACEJE.     SUNDEW  FAMILY. 

132.     1XROSERA,  L.    SUNDEW. 
*385.    I>.  rotundifolia,  L.    Round-leaved  Sundew.  Th. 

In  sphagnous  swamps.    An  insectivorous  plant. 

386.  D.  intermedia,   Hayne.,  var.  Americana,  DC.  Th. 

S.  Mich.,— Wiight.  Cat. ;  Ann  Arbor,— Allmendinger  Cat. ;  Grand  Rapids,— R.  H.  Wolcott;  Keweenaw 
Co.,-F. 

387.  I).  liiiearis,  Goldie.    Slender  Sundew.  Th. 

Livingston  Co.;  L.  Superior,— Dr.  Lyons;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.  ;  La  Pointe.,— D.   Houghton ;  Copper 
Harbor,— F.  E.  Wood.     Rare. 

XXXIV.     HAMAMELIDE^.     WITCH-HAZEL  FAMILY. 

133.     HAMAMELl'S,  L.     WITCH-HAZBL. 
*388.    H.  Virgmiana,  L.  Th. 

The  yellow  blossoms  open  in  November  after  the  leaves  have  fallen.    The  ripe  pods  burst  with  a  sharp 
report,  scattering  the  seeds.    This  is  frequently  the  case  with  pods  of  other  plants.    Common. 

XXXV.     HALOEAGE^.     WATER-MILFOIL  FAMILY. 

134.     MYRIOPHYLLUM,  Vaill.    WATER-MILFOIL. 

*389.    M.  spicatum,  L.  Th. 

Abundant,  L.  Sup.,— Can.  Cat.;  etc, ;  Black  Lake,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K. ;  Pine  Lake,  Ingham  Co. 
Common. 

*390.    M.  verticillatum,  L.  L.  P. 

Hubbardston;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.;  8.  Mich., — Wright  Cat.    Common. 

391.  M.  heteropliyllum,  Michx.  C.  &  S. 

Fruitport, — E.  J.  Hill;  Huron  R.  at  Ypsilanti, — Lyons;  Macomb  Co., — Cooley.    Rare. 

392.  M.  teuellum,  Bigelow. 

Gray's  Manual. 

393.  M.  Farwellii,  Morong,  nov.  sp. 

Bulletin  of  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  May,  '91,  p.  146;  Pond,  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

136.  PROSERPINACA,     L.     MERMAID-WEED. 
*394.    P.    palustris,  L. 

In  swamps  along  with  Alopecurus  aristulatus  and  Ludwigia  paltistris.    Keweenaw  Co., — F. ;  Cheboy- 
gan Co.,— B.  &  K. 

136.    HIPPURIS,  L.    MARE'S  TAIL. 

395.  H.  vulg-aris,  L.  Th. 

L.  Sup.,— Can.  Cat. ;  8.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat. ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. ;  Black  River,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B. 
&  K. ;  Bscanaba,-E.  J.  Hill.     Rare. 

396.  var.  fltiviatilis,  Hart. 

Keweenaw  Peninsula,— Robbins ;  Indian  River,  Cheboygan  Co.,— Wheeler. 

137.  CALLITRICHE,  L.    Water-Starwort. 

397.  C.  verna,  L. 

Ponds,  Macomb  Co.,— Cooley;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.;  Norway,— E.  J.  Hill. 

398.  C.  autumnalis,  L. 

Flint,— Dr.  Clark;  L.  Superior,— Gray;  Alma,— Davis;  Sault  de  Ste.  Marie, -Morong. 

12 


92  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 


XXXYI.     LYTHKACEJE.      LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY. 

138.     LYTHRUM,  L.     LOOSESTRIFE. 

399.    L.  alatum,  Pursh.  S. 

Near  Detroit,— Cooley  MS.;  S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat. ;  Kalamazoo,  Tnthill;  Maiden,  Detroit  River,— 
Maclagan,  Canadian  Catalogue. 

139.     DECODON,  Gmelin.    SWAMP  LOOSESTRIFE. 

*400.    D.  verticillatus,   Ell.  L.  P. 

Crystal  Lake,  Montcalm  Co.;  Flint;  Birmingham,  Oakland  Co.;  So.  Haven,  etc.  Fife  Lake,  farthest 
station  north  known.  Infrequent. 

XXXVII.     ONAGKACE^E.     EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY. 

14O.     LTJDWIGIA,  L.    FALSE  LOOSESTRIFE. 

401.  L.  alternifolia,  L.    Seed-box.  S.  W. 
Dr.  Wright;    near  Detroit,— Dr.  Cooley. 

402.  L.  polycarpa,  Short  &  Peter.  C.  &S. 

Dr.  Pitcher  and  Dr.  Clark.    St.  Glair  Co.,— A.  F.  Foerste. 

403.  L.  palustris,  Ell.    Water  Purslane.  L.  P. 
Common. 

141.     EPILOBIUM,  L.    WILLOW-HERB. 

*404.     E.  spieatum,  Lam.     (E.  angustifolium,  L.)    Great  Willow-herb. 

Fire-weed.  Th. 

Springs  up  abundantly  where  forests  have  been  burned  over,  hence  one  common  name. 

*405.    E.  lineare,  Muhl. 
Hubbardston;  Flint ;  Stanton;  and  north  to  L.  Sup.    Infrequent  in  C.  and  rare  or  not  at  all  in  S. 

*406.    E.  strictum,  Muhl.  Th. 

Hubbardston ;  Flint;  Ann  Arbor;  Macomb  Co. ;  northward  to  Keweenaw  Co., — F.    Frequent. 

*407.     E.  coloratum,  Muhl.  Th. 

Common. 

408.  E.  adeiiocaulon,  Hauesk. 

Trelease,  Revision  of  Epilobium,  p.  95.    Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Frequent. 

409.  E.  Hornemanni,  Eeichenb.  U.  P. 
"Upper  Wisconsin  and  Michigan." — Gray. 

142.     CENOTHERA,  L.    EVENING  PRIMROSE. 

*410.     CE.  biennis,  L.    Common  Evening  Primrose.  Th. 

Common. 

411.  CE.  pumila,  L.  Th. 

Ontonagon  Falls,— Whitney  Cat. ;  So.  Mich.,— Wr.  Cat.;  Oscoda,  shore  Lake  Huron.    Infrequent. 

412.  CE.  fruticosa,   L.    Sundrops.  Th.  / ' 
Palo,  Ionia  Co. ;  Flint;  Macomb  Co. ;  Ann  Arbor,— Allmend.  Cat.;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Infrequent. 

143.     GAURA,  L. 

413.  G.  bieimis,  L.  S. 

Dr.  Wright.    Maiden,  Ont., — Maclagan,  Canadian  Catalogue. 


I       [E.    PANICU.LATUM,   Nutt. 

Found  on  the  Canadian  shore  of  Lake  Huron.    May  be  looked  for  in  Mich.] 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  93 

144.     CIRCLE  A,  Tourn.    ENCHANTER'S  NIGHTSHADE. 
*414.    C.  Lutetiana,  L.  Th. 

Woods.    Very  common. 

*415.    C.  alpina,  L.  Th. 

Woods.    Common. 

XXXVIII.     CUCUEBITACE^.     GOURD   FAMILY. 

145.     ECHIXOCYSTIS,  Torr.  &  Gray.    WILD  BALSAM-AI>PLE. 
*416.    E.  lobata,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Common  in  low  woods  along  streams.  Ionia;  So.  Haven;  Macomb  County;  Ann  Arbor,— Allmend. 
Cat.,  etc. 

XXXIX.     CACTACE^:.     CACTUS    FAMILY. 

146.     OPUNTIA,  Tourn.     PRICKLY  PEAR.    INDIAN  FIG. 

417.    O.  Rafinesquii,  Engelm. 

Common  in  Newaygo  Co.  along  the  Muskegon  R.  ("a  quite  spiny  form,"—  Engelmann) ;  Cedar  Creek 
Tp. ;  Muskegon  Co.,— Wheeler ;  and  a  stunted  variety  on  sand  barrens  near  Greenville,— Mr.  Satterlee;  also, 
northward  into  British  Am.,— Engelmann. 

XL.     FICOIDE^.    ICE-PLANT  FAMILY. 

147.     MOLLUGO,  L.    INDIAN-CHICKWEED. 

*  418.    M.  VERTICILLATA,  L.     Carpet-weed.  C.  <fe  S. 

Roadsides  and  sandy  fields.    Common. 

XLI.     UMBELLIFEE^.     PARSLEY  FAMILY. 

148.     I>ATJCUS,  Tourn.     CARROT. 

419.     D.  CAROTA,  L. 

Keweenaw*  Co.,— F.;     "Introduced  into  the  E.  part  of   the  State,"— C.    K.   Dodge;    near  Grand 
.  D.  Sones. 


)idsk-G. 

- 


149.     ANGELICA,  L, 

J420.    A.  hirsuta,  Muhl.  L.  P. 

Emmet  Co.,— Winch.  Cat.;    Pontiac;  Detroit,  etc.    Dry  banks  and  open  woods.    Infrequent. 

*421.    A.  atropurpurea,  L.  Th. 

Occasional  in  S.,  common  in  C.  &  N. ;  also  L.  Sup.— Can.  Cat. 

ISO.     CONIOSELINUM,  Fisch. 

*422.    C.  Canadense,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Hemlock-Parsley.  Th. 

Ann  Arbor,— All.  Cat. ;  Macomb  Co.;  Flint;  Hubbardston  and  north,— Wheeler.    Infrequent. 

151.     TIEDEMANNIA,   DC. 

*423.    T.  rigida,  Coult.  &  Rose.    Cowbane.s  C.  &  S. 

Hubbardston ;  Ann  Arbor,— All.  Cat.,  etc.    Not  much  N.  of  let.  43°.    Infrequent. 

152.     HEBACLEUM,  L.    Cow  PARSNIP. 
*424.     H.  laiiatum,  Michx.  Th, 

Low  ground;  tall  and  coarse.    Common. 


94  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

153.     PASTINACA,  L.    PARSNIP. 

*425.    P.  SATIVA,  L.  Th. 

Fields,  etc.    Infrequent. 

154.     POI.YT^BNIA,  DC. 

426.        P.  Nuttallii,  DC.  S. 

Dr.  Wright,  also  Gray.    Bare. 

155.     P1MPINELLA,   L. 

*427.    P.  integ-errima,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Th. 

Dry  soil.    Very  abundant  in  Grand-Saginaw  Valley. 

156.  CRYPTOT^ENIA,  DC.    HONEWORT. 
*428.    C.  Cauadensis,  DC.  C.  &  S, 

Low  woods.    Common. 

157.     SIUM,  Tourn.    WATER  PARSNIP. 

*429.  S.     ficutse  folium,  Gmelin.  Th. 

Clinton  Co.;  S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat.,  etc.    Frequent. 

158.     BfiRULA,  Koch. 
430.    B.  aiigustifolia,  Koch.  S. 

Winchell,  and  Dr.  Gray.    Kalamazoo,— Tathill.    Infrequent. 

159.     ZTZIA,  Koch. 
*431.    Z.  aurea,  Koch. 

Low  ground.    Common. 

432.    Z.  cor  data,  DC.  C.  &  S. 

Flint;  Put-in-Bay,  and  S.  W.,— Dr.  Wright;    Barren  Lake,  Cass  Co.,— C.  F.  Wheeler.    Rare. 

16O.  CARUM,  L.    Caraway. 

*433.     C.  CARUI,  L.    Caraway. 
Naturalized  in  many  places. 

161.     CICUTA,  L.  WATER-HEMLOCK. 

*434.    C.  maculata,  L.   Spotted-Cowbane.    Beaver-Poison.  Musquash, Boot. 
Low  meadows  and  swamps.    Roots  tuberous  like  the  dahlia,  and  very  poisonous.    Common. 

*435.    C.  bulbifera,  L.  Th. 

Swamps.    Common. 

162.     COKITJM,  L.    POISON  HEMLOCK. 

*436.    C.  MACULATUM,  L.  Th. 

Infrequent  in  C.  &  S.    Common  at  Mackinac,— Winch.  Cat. 

163.     CH^3ROPHYI,LUM,  L. 

*437.    C.  prociunbens,  Crantz.  C.  &  S. 

Low   woods.     Frequent  in  Grand  River  Valley;  Valley  of  the  Raisin  river   near    Dundee,— C.    F. 
Wheeler ;  Macomb  Co. 

164.     OSMORRHIZA,  Raf.    SWEET  CICELY. 

*438.    O.  brevistylis,     DC.  Th. 

"The  prevailing  species,"— Winchell.    Probably  true  of  counties  along  the  Huron  shore;  Cheboygan 
Co.,— B.  &  K. ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Common. 

*439.    O.  loiigistylis,  DC.  Th. 

Common. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  95 

165.     ERIG-ENIA,  Nutt.     HARBINGER-OP-SPRING. 
*440.    E.  bulbosa,  Nutt.  C.  &  S. 

A  delicate  little  plant  in  low  woods,  the  flowers  peeping  from  under  matted  leaves  in  earliest  spring , 
often  before  the  snow  is  gone.  Common. 

166.     HYDBOCOTYLE,   Tourn.     WATER  PENNYWORT. 

*441.    H.  umbellata,  L. 

Woodward  Lake,  Ionia  Co. ;  8.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.,  etc.  Either  grows  on  sandy  shores  or  is  wholly 
aquatic,  with  floating  leaves. 

*442.    H.  Americana,  L.  L,.  P. 

Common  in  C. 

167.     EBYNGIUM,  Tourn.    ERYNGO. 

443.    E.    yuccse folium,  Michx.     Rattlesnake-Master.     Button  Snakeroot. 

S.  W. 
White  Pigeon,  1838,— Dr.  Wright,  in  University  Herb.    Rare. 

168.     SANTCULA,     Tourn.    SANICLE.    BLACK  SNAKEROOT. 
*444.    S.  Marylandica,   L.  Th. 

Oak  woods.    Common. 

*  445.  var.  Canadeiisis,  Torr.  C.  &  S. 
Hubbardston;  Flint;  Ann  Arbor,— All.  Cat.,  etc.    Beech  and  maple  woods.    Infrequent. 

XLIL    AEALIACE^E.    GINSENG  FAMILY. 

169.     ARALIA,  Tourn.    GINSENG.    WILD  SARSAPARILLA. 

*  446.    A.  racemosa,  L..    Spikenard.  Th, 
Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K. ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Frequent. 

*447.    A.  hispida,  Ventenat.    Bristly  Sarsaparilla.    Wild  Elder. 

In  a  peat  bog  near  the  Agricultural  College;  also  on  dry  clay  soil,  lot  21,  Collegeville,  Ingham  Co. 
Apparently  not  common  south  of  the  pine  region. 

*448.    A.  nudicaulis,  L.    Wild  Sarsaparilla.  Th. 

Common. 

*449.    A.  quinquefolia,  Decsne,  &  Planch.    Ginseng.  Th. 

Sault  Ste.  Marie;  Ludington;  Stanton,  formerly  in  great  abundance;  Hnbbardaton;  Flint; 
Macomb  Co.;  southwest,— Wright  Cat.,  etc.  Usually  rare,  but  so  common  in  places  that  it  has  been  dug 
for  profit,  and  nearly  exterminated. 

*  450.    A.  trifolia,  Decsne.  &  Planch.   Ground-nut.  Dwarf  Ginseng.      Th. 
Frequent  northward  to  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

XLIIL    COKNACE^.    DOGWOOD  FAMILY. 

17O.     COBNUS,  Tourn.    CORNEL.   DOGWOOD. 
*451.    C.  Cauaclensis,  L.     Dwarf  Cornel.    Bunch-berry.  Th. 

Rare  south.    Constantino,— Wheeler;  Ann  Arbor,— G.  D.  Sones.    Northward  very  common. 

*452.    C.  florida,  L.    Flowering  Dogwood.  C.  &  S. 

Frequent  as  far  north  as  Grand-Saginaw  Valley,  usually  as  a  low  tree  in  oak  woods.  Frequently 
blooms  when  only  a  bush,  3-4  ft.  high. 

453.    C.  circinata,  L'Her.    Round-leaved  Dogwood.  Th. 

Klinger  Lake ;  Hubbardston  to  Cheboygan  Co.— B.  &  K.,  and  northward  to  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.  Infre- 
quent. 

*454.    C.  sericea,  L.    Silky  Cornel.    Kinnikinnik.  C.  &  S. 

Indians  use  the  inner  bark  for  smoking.    Frequent. 


96  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

*455.    C.  stoloiiifera,  Michx.    Red-osier.    Dogwood.  Th. 

Marshes,  borders  of  streams.    Very  common. 

*456.    C.  Bailey i,  Coulter  &  Evans.  Th. 

Petoskey,  New  Buffalo,— Wheeler ;    a  bundant  along  E.  shore   of  Lake  Michigan  on  sand  dunes ; 
occasional  in  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K.;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

*457.    C.  stricta,  Lam.    Panicled  Cornel.  L.  P. 

The  white  flowers  eagerly  devoured  by  partridges.    Common. 

*458.    C.  alternifolia,  L.  f.  Th. 

Banks.    Frequent.    The  dead  stems  bright  yellow.     Keweenaw  Co.,— F. ;  rare  in   Cheboygan  Co., 
— B.  &  K. 

171.     NYSSA,  L.    Tupelo.    PEPPERIDGE.    SOUR-GUM  TREE. 

*459.    N.  sylvatica,  Marsh.    Pepperidge.    Tupelo.  L.  P. 

Edges  of  swamps.    Frequent.    A  small  or  medium-sized  tree.    Largest  specimens  seen,  2  to  3  ft.  in 
diameter.    Only  one  tree  detected  in  Cheboygan  Co., — B.  &  K. 

XLIV.     CAPBIFOLIACE.E.     HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY. 

172.     SAMBUCUS,  Tourn.    ELDER. 

*460.    S.  Canacleiisis,  L.    Common  Elder. 
Follows  settlements.    Common. 

*461.    S.  racemosa,  L.    Red-berried  Elder.  Th. 

More  northern  in  its  range  than  the  last.    Variety  with  dissected  leaves  seen  in  Clare  county. 
173.     VIBURNUM,  L.    ARROW- WOOD.    LAURESTINUS. 

462.    V.   lantaiioides,    Michx.     Hobble-bush.     American   Way  faring- tree. 

U.  P. 
Whitney's  Cat.    Mr.  Whitney  found  none  of  the  sp.  abundant  in  the  U.  P. 

*463.    V.  Opulus,  L.    Cranberry-tree.  Th. 

Swamps  and  borders  of  streams.    Common. 

464.    V.  pauciflorum,  Pylaie.  U.  P. 

Dr.  Lyons.    Gray's  Manual.    Bare. 

*  465.     V.  acerif bliuin,   L.    Arrow- wood.    Dockmackie.  L.  P. 
Frequent  in  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K. 

*466.    V.  pubesceiis,  Pursh.    Downy  A.  Th. 

Common. 

*467.    V.  cassinoicles,  L.    Withe-rod.  Th. 

Macomb  Co.;  Hubbardston;  Stan  ton;  Riverdale,  Gratiot  Co.;  HoughtonLk.;  to  L.  Superior.    Com- 
monest sp.  about  Black  Lake,— B.  &  K.    Frequent. 

*468.    V.  Lentago,  L.    Sweet  Viburnum.    Sheep-berry.  Th. 

Frequent  in  C.  and  8.,  and  northward.    Cheboygan  Co.,  infrequent,— B.  &  K. 

469.    V.  prunifolium,  L.    Black  Haw.  S. 

Dr.  Lyons;    Kalamazoo,— Tuthill ;    Barren  Lake,  Case  Co.,— Wheeler.    Rare. 

174.     TRIOSTEUM,  L.    HORSE-GENTIAN.    FEVER- WORT. 

*470.    T.  perfoliatum,  L.  L.  P. 

Clinton  Co.;  Ionia  Co. ;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.,  etc.;    Black  River,  Cheboygan  Co.,  one  plant  seen  by  B. 
£  K.    Frequent  southward. 

175.     LJNNJEA,  Gronov.    TWIN-FLOWER. 

*  471.    L.  borealis,  Gronov.  C.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Very  abundant  in  N.  &  U.  P. ;  south  to  Grand  river  valley,  and  8.  E.  to  Macomb  Co.;  Port  Huron,— C. 
K.  Dodge. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  97 

176.  SYMPHORICARPOS,  Dill.    SNOWBERRY. 

472.  S.  vulgar!  s,  Michx.     Indian  Currant.    Coral -berry. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

473.  S.  oi'fideutalis,  Hook.    Wolfberry.  C.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Ft.  Gratiot,  Austin;  N.  Mich.,— Gray;  Port  Huron,— Dodge.    Rare. 

474.  S.  racemosus,  Michx.    Snowberry.  C.  N.  &  U,  P. 
Along  the  Great  Lakes,  Saginaw  Bay  and  Alpena  Co.,— Winchell ;  L.  Sup.,— Can.  Cat. 

475.  var.  paucifiorus,   Robbins. 

Harbor  Springs;  Keweenaw  Co.,— Dr.  Robbins;  Hubbardston,— C.  F.  Wheeler. 

177.  LOXICERA,  L.    HONEYSUCKLE.    WOODBINE. 

*476.    L.  eiliata,  Muhl.    Fly-Honeysuckle.  Th. 

Frequent. 

477.    L.  coerulea,  L.    Mountain  F.  U.  P. 

Dr.  Lyons.    Keweenaw  Co.,— F. ;  Clifton,— F.  E.  Wood,  in  University  Herb. 

*478.    L.  oblougifolia,  Muhl.    Swamp  F.  Th. 

Howell  Junction,— Wheeler;  Macomb  Co.;  Stanton;  Edmore;  Isabella  Co.,  etc.    More  frequent  in  N. 
and  U.  P.  Rare  in  8. 

479.  L.  involiu'rata,  Banks.  U.  P. 
Mainland  and  Isle  Royale ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

480.  L.  grata,     Aiton.     American  Woodbine. 
Dr.  Lyons.    Gray's  Manual. 

481.  L.  hirsuta,  Eaton.    Hairy  Honeysuckle.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Frequent  northward. 

*482.    L.  glauca,  Hill.  Th. 

Ionia;  Montcalm  Co.;  Ann  Arbor,— All.  Cat.,  etc.    Flowers  bright  yellow  to  crimson  purple;  corolla 
downy  or  nearly  smooth;  leaves  pubescent  or  glaucous.    Swamps  or  dry  soil.    Common. 

178.  DIER  VILLA,  Tourn.    BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE. 

*483.    I>.  trifida,  Moench.  Th. 

Rocky  woods  and  bluffs.    Common. 

XLV.     RUBIACE^.     MADDER  FAMILY. 

179.     HOUSTONIA,  L. 

484.  H.  eoerulea,  L.    Bluets.    Innocence. 
Keweenaw  Point,— Dr.  Robbins. 

485.  H.  purpurea,  L.  var.  eiliolata,  Gray.  S. 

Dr.  Wright.    Three  Rivers,— Wheeler. 

486.  var.  longifolia,  Gray.  Th. 
Hastings,— L.  H.  Bailey;    Ionia,  common ;  Clare  Co.,  abundant,  etc. ;  to  L.  Sup.,— Can.  Cat. 

180.     CEPHALANTHUS,   L.    BUTTON-BUSH. 

*487.    C.  occidentalis,  L.  L.  P. 

Swamps  and  flooded  riverlbottoms.    Common,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K.    Very  common  southward. 
181.    MITCHELL  A,  L.  PATRIDGE-BEBRT. 

*488.    M.  repeiis,  L.  Tn 

Prefers  beech  and  maple,  hemlock,  or  pine  woods,  and  is  seldom  found  under  oaks.    Common. 


,X«.  SULLIVANTII,  Gray. 

Pic  River,  Lake  Superior,— Maconn.    May  yet  be  found  in  this  State.] 


98  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

182.     GALIUM,  L.     BEDSTRAW.     CLEAVERS. 
*489.     G.  Apariiie,  L.    Cleavers.    Goose-Grass.  Th. 

Common. 

*490.     G.  pilosum,  Alton.  C.  &  S. 

Frequent  as  far  north  as  Grand-Saginaw  Valley. 

*491.    G.  circaezaiis,  Michx.    Wild  Liquorice.  L.  P. 

Dry  woods,  Cheboygan  Co.,  rare.— B.  &  K.    Frequent  southward. 

*  492.     G.  lanceolatum,  Torrey.    Wild  Liquorice.  Th. 

Riverdale,  Gratiot  Co.;  Hubbardston;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.;  and  S.  Mich.— Wr.  Cat.;  also,  L.  Superior 
—Whitney. 

*493.     G.  boreale,  L.    Northern  Bedstraw.  Th. 

Very  common. 

*49i.     G.  trifidum,  L.,   Small  Bedstraw.  Th. 

Bogs.    Common. 

*  495.  var.  pusilluiu,  Gray.  Th. 

Sphagnous  swamps.    Common. 

*496.  var.  latifolium,  Torr.  C.  &  S. 

Infrequent. 

*497.    G.  concinnum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  C.  &S. 

Flint ;  Ann  Arbor.— All.  Cat ;  Grand  Ledge.    Rare. 

*49S.    G.  asprellum,  Michx.    Rough  Bedstraw.  Th. 

Frequent. 

*  499.     G.  trifloruin,  Michx.    Sweet-scented  Bedstraw.  Th. 
Frequent  in  C.  &  S.,  and  very  abundant  northward. 

XLVI.     VALEEIANACE^E.     VALERIAN  FAMILY. 

183.     VALERIAN  A,  Tourn.    VALERIAN. 

500.    V.  edulis,  Nutt.  S.  E. 

Ann  Arbor  and  Macomb  Co.    Rare. 

*501.    V.  sylvatica,  Banks.  Th. 

Sphagnous  swamps,  local. 

184.     VALEKIANELLA,  Tourn.    CORN  SALAD.    LAMB-LETTUCE. 

502.  V.  cheiiopodifolia,  DC.  „     C.  &  S. 

Flint ;  Ionia;  Lyons,  etc.    Not  common. 

503.  V.  radiata,  Dufr. 
"Mich.,"— Gray;  Macomb  Co.,— Cooley. 

XL VII.     DIPSACE^.     TEASEL   FAMILY. 

185.     DIPSACUS,  Tourn.    TEASEL. 

504.  D.  SYLVESTBIS,  Mill.    Wild  Teasel.  C.  &  S. 
Fields  and  roadsides.    Gratiot  Co.;  Ann  Arbor ;  Detroit;  Flint,  etc.    Infrequent. 

XL VIII.     COMPOSITE.    COMPOSITE  FAMILY. 
186.     VEBNOXIA,  Schreb.    IRON-WEED. 


[V.   ALTISSIMA,   Nutt. 

St.  Glair  Flats,— J.  Macoun,  Can.  Cat.;  may  be  looked  for  within  our  limits.] 


FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN.  99 

*  505.    V.  fasciculuta,  Michx.  C.  &  S. 

River  banks;  Ionia  Co,;  Macomb  Co.;  Monroe  Co.;  South  Haven, — Bailey.    Frequent. 

187.     EUPATORIUM,  Tourn.    THOROUGHWOKT. 
*506.     E.  purpiireum,  L.    Joe-Pye  Weed.    Trumpet- Weed.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Very  variable.    Common. 

507.    E.  sessilifolium,  L.    Upland  Boneset.  S. 

Copses.    Macomb  Co.;  S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat. 

*508.    E.  perfoliatum,  L.    Thorough  wort.    Boneset.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Common. 

*509.    E.  ageratoides,  L.    White  Snake-root.  Th. 

Woods.    Frequent. 

510.  E.  coele.stinum,  L.    Mist-flower. 

"Rich  soil,  Mich."— Gray's  Manual. 

188.    KUHNIA,  L. 

511.  K.  eiipatorioid.es,  L.  C.  &  S. 

Ionia  Co.;  S.  Mich., -Winch.  Cat.    Infrequent. 

189.     LIATRIS,  Schreb.    BUTTON  SNAKE-ROOT.     BLAZING  STAR. 

512.  L.  eylindracea,  Michx.  Th. 

Sterile  open  places;   Ionia  Co.;  Macomb  Co.    Lenawee  Co.,— G.  F.  Comstock;   Grand  Rapids  to 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Not  common. 

*513.    L.   seariosa,   Willd.    Blazing-Star.  Th. 

Rarely  the  flowers  vary  to  white.    Dry  soil.    Northward  to  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Frequent. 

*5U.    L.  spicata,  Willd.  C.  &  S. 

Low  grounds.    Ionia  Co.;  Macomb  Co. ;  near  Port  Huron,— C.  K.    Dodge;  Kalamazoo,— Tuthill. 
Infrequent. 

19O.     SOLLDAGO,  L.    GOLDEN-ROD. 
*515.    S.  csesia,  L.  L.  P. 

Rich  woods.    Frequent. 

*516.    S.  latifolia,  L.  Th. 

Moist  woods,  frequent.    All  golden-rods  furnish  bees  with  pollen  and  honey,  some,  however,  more 
abundantly  than  others. 

*517.    S.  bicolor,  L.  var.  eoiicolor,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Th. 

Dry  places.    Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  Macomb  Co. ;  and  northward. 

518.  8.  macrophylla,  Pursh.  U.  P. 

"  Shore  of  Lake  Superior  and  northward,"—  Gray's  Manual,  6th  edition. 

519.  S.  Virgaurea,  L.,  var.  alpina,  Bigel.  U.  P. 
Gray's  Manual,  6th  edition. 

520.  S.  humilis,  Pursh. 

Frequent  at  Petoskey;  Cheboygan  Co.,— Beardslee. 

521.  var.  Gillmani,  Gray.  Th. 

Shores  of  Lake  Mich.,  from  New  Buffalo  to  Mackinaw  City,— C/F.  Wheeler. 

*522.    S.  uliginosa,  Njitt.  Th. 

Swamps.    Infrequent. 

*523.    S.  speciosa,  Nutt. 

Margin  of  woods  on  light  soil.      Ionia  Co.;  Flint ;  Macomb  Co.,  aud  northward  to  Keweenuw  Co.,— F. 
Infrequent. 

524.  var.  angustata,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Indian  River,  Cheboygan  Co.,— Wheeler. 

18 


lOO  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

*525.    S.  patula,  Muhl.  C.  &  S. 

Borders  of  swamps.    Common. 

*526.    S.  rugosa,  Mill.  Th! 

Borders  of  fields,  northward  to  Thunder  Bay, — Macoun.    Common. 

*527.    S.  ulmifolia,  Muhl.  L.  P. 

Borders  of  woods.    Ionia  Co. ;  Flint;  S.  W.— Winch.  Cat.    Infrequent. 

528.     S.  neglecta,  Torr.  &  Gray. 
Swamps.    Ionia  Co.  and  northward.    Infrequent. 

*529.    S.  juneea,  Ait.  Th. 

Meadows  and  fields,  variable.    Frequent. 

530.  var.  acabrella,  Gray. 

N.  shore  of  Lake  Superior  southward. 

*531.  S.  serotiiia,  Ait.  Th. 

Borders  of  woods.  Frequent. 

*532.  var.  gigaiitea,  Gray.  Th. 

Northward  to  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

*533.  S.  Canadensis,  L.  Th. 

Fields.  Our  most  variable  and  common  'golden-rod. 

*  534.  var.  procera.    T.  &  G. 

Common. 

*535.    S.  iiemoralis,  Ait.  Th. 

Dry  sandy  soil.    Common. 

*536.    S.  rig  Ida,  L. 
Dry,  sandy  ground;  Ann  Arbor;  Ionia  Co.,;  Flint,  and  northward.    Infrequent. 

537.    S.  Ohioensis,  Riddell. 

Moist  meadows.    Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.  to  Grand  Detour  below  Sugar  Island,— Prof.  Porter, 
Infrequent. 

*538.    S.  Riddellii,  Frank.  S. 

Swamps,  Ionia  Co.;  Macomb  Co.  and  southward.    Rare. 

539.     S.  Houg'htonii,  Torr.  &  Gray. 
"  N.  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,"— Gray's  Man. ;  Drummond's  Is.,— Winch.  Cat. 

*540.    S.  laiieeolata,  L.  Th. 

Moist  soil.    Common. 

191.     ASTER,  L.     STARWORT.     ASTBR. 
541.    A.  corymbosus,  Ait.  Th. 

Woods.    Infrequent. 

*542.    A.  mat'rophyllus,  L.  Th. 

Woods.    Common. 

*543.    A.  Novge-Anglise,  L.  Th. 

Moist  grounds.    Frequent. 

544.    A.  serieeus,  Vent. 
S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat.,  Dr.  D.  Houghton;  north  to  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Rare.' 

546.    A.  patens,  Ait.  S.  E. 

Dry  grounds.    Ann  Arbor;  Macomb  Co. 


S.  MISSOURIENSIS.  Nutt. 

Point  Edward,  St.  Glair  river,  Ont.,— Jno.  Macoun.    May  be  looked  for  in  Mich.] 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  '101 


*-546.    A.  azureus,  Lindl. 

Sterile  soil.    Flint;  Ann  Arbor;  Ionia  Co.;  Macomb  Co.    Infrequent. 

*547.    A.  undulatus,  L.  L.  P. 

Dry  copses.    Flint ;  8.  Mich.;  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K.;  Ionia  Co.    Common. 

*548.    A.  cordifolius,  L.  Th. 

Woods.    Common. 

*549.    A.  sagittifolius,  Willd.  Th. 

Dry  grounds.    Frequent. 

550.    A.  Liindleyaims,  Torr.  &  Gray.  N.  &  U.  P. 

"  Labrador  to  Lake  Superior."— Gray's  Manual ;  Mackinaw  City,— Wheeler;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Not 
common. 

*551.    A.  Itevis,  L.  L.  P. 

Border  of  oak  woods.    Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K.    Common  southward. 

552.  A.  ericoides,  L. 

Petoskey,— Wheeler;  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

553.  A.  multifloriiN,  Ait.  C.  &  S. 

Sandy  soil.    Frequent. 

554.  A.  dumosus,  L.  L.  P. 

Thickets.    Macomb  Co.;  Petoskey, — Dr.  D.  Clark ;  Hnbbardston,  not  common, — Wheeler ;  Cheboygan 
Co.,— Beardslee. 

*555.    A.  vimineus,  Lam.  L.  P. 

Low  grounds.    Cheboygan  Co.,— Beardslee.    Frequent  southward. 

*556.    A.  diffusus,  Ait.  Th. 

Fields.    Exceedingly  variable.    Common. 

557.  var.  tliyrsoideus,  Gray. 

Washington,  Macomb  Co., — Dr.  D.  Cooley;  and  northward. 

*  558.    A.  Tradescanti,  L.  L.  P. tv 

Low  grounds.    Flint;  Macomb  Co.    Frequent. 

*559.    A.  puniculatus,  Lam.  Th. 

Shady  banks.    "  Polymorphous,"— Gray.    Frequent. 

560.    A.  salicifolius,  Ait. 
Hoist  soil.    Flint;  Macomb  Co.,  etc.,  northwardi    Frequent. 

*561.    A.  juiiceus,  Ait.  Th. 

Tamarack  swamps.    Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.,  etc.,  northward.    Frequent. 

*562.    A.  pimiceus,  L.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Common. 

*563  var.  lueidulus,  Gray. 

Macomb  Co.  westward.    Abundant. 

*564.    A.  umbellatus,  Mill.  Th. 

Moist  places. 

565  var.  pubeiis,  Gray. 

Upper  Mich.,— Gray's  Manual;  Cheboygan  Co.,— Beardslee;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

566.    A.  ptarmicoides,  Torr.  and  Gray.  Th. 

8.  E.  Michigan;  Macomb  Co.;  Clarkston,— G.  H.  Hicks ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Infrequent. 

192.     ERIGERON,  L.     FLEABANE. 

*567.    E.  Caiiadensis,  L.    Horse-weed.    Butter- weed.  Th. 

Waste  grounds.    Common. 


102  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

56f8.     h!.  aVris,'L.  var.  Droebacheiisis,  Blytt.  U.  P. 

'  Shores  of  Lake  Superior," — Gray ;  Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons;    Keweenaw  Co. — F. 

*  569.    E.  animus,     Pers.    Daisy  Fleabane.    Sweet  Scabious.  Th. 

Fields.    Common. 

*570.    E.  strig-osus,  Muhl.     Daisy  Fleabane.  Th. 

Fields.     Common. 

571.  E.  glabellus,  Nutt,  U.  P. 

Plains.    Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons. 

572.  E.  hyssopifolius,  Michx.  U.  P. 
"  Lake  Superior,  and  northward,"— Gray;  Dr.  Lyons;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

*573.    E.  bellidifolius,  Muhl.    Robin's  Plantain.  C.  &  S. 

Moist  banks.    Frequent. 

*574.    E.  Philadelphicus,  L.    Common  Fleabane.  Th. 

Common. 

193.     ANTENNARIA,  Gsertn.    EVERLASTING. 
*575.    A.    plantag-inifolia,  Hook.    Plantain-leaved    Everlasting.      Th. 

Dry  fields.    Common. 

194.     ANAPHALIS,  DC.    EVERLASTING. 

576.    A.  margaritacea,  Benth.  &  Hook.    Pearly  Everlasting.  Th. 

Montcalm  Co.;  Grayling,— G.  H.  Hicks;  Petoskey ;  Mackinac  and  northward. 

195.     GNAPHALIUM,  L.    CUDWEED. 

*  577.    O.  polycephalum,  Michx.    Common  Everlasting.  Th. 
Fields.    Common. 

*578.    G-.  decurrens,  Ives.    Everlasting. 
Fields.    Abundant  in  the  pine  region,  and  northward. 

*579.    O.  ulig'inosum,  L.    Low  Cudweed.  Th. 

Roadsides  in  clayey  soil,  abundant. 

580.  G.  purpureum,  L.    Purplish  Cudweed. 
Macomb  and  St.  Glair  Co.,— A.  F.  Foerste. 

196.     ADEXOCATJLON,  Hook. 

581.  A.  bicolor,  Hook.  U.  P. 
Moist  ground.     Ontonagon  River. 

'    197.     INULA,  L.    ELECAMPANE. 

*582.    I.  HELENIUM,  L.    Elecampane. 
Roadsides, — escaped  from  gardens.    Infrequent. 

198.  POLYMNIA,  L.    LEAF-CUP. 

*583.    P.  Canadensis,  L.  C.  &.  S. 

Shaded  river  banks.    Ionia  Co.;  Macomb  Co. ;  Flint;  S.  Michigan.    Infrequent. 

584.  P.  Uvedalia,  L.  S. 

S.  Michigan,-Wright's  Cat. 

199.  SILPHIUM,  L.    ROSIN-WEED. 

585.  S.  laciiiiatum,  L.    Rosin-weed.    Compass-Plant.  S. 
S.  Mich.,— Wright's  Cat. 

586.  S.  terebinthiiiaceum,  L.    Prairie  Dock.  C.  &  S. 
Oak  openings.    Ionia ;  Macomb  Co.,  and  southward.    Infrequent. 


FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN.  103 

587.  S.  iiitejfrifoliiim,  Michx. 

S.  W.,— University  Herb.;  Kalamazoo,— Tuthill. 

588.  S.  perfoliatum,  L.    Cup-Plant. 

S.  Mich.,  -Wright's  Cat.  * 

2OO.     IVA,  L.     MARSH  ELDER.     HIGHWATEK-SHKUB. 

589.  I.  xanthiifolia,  Nutt. 

Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    The  farthest  station  east  known. 

2O1.     AMBROSIA,  Tourn.    RAGWEED. 
*590.    A.  trifida,  L.    Great  Ragweed.  Th. 

Common.    Low  grounds  along  Grand  and  Maple  Rivers;  northward  to  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

*  591.  var.  integri folia,  T.  &  G.  Th. 

*592.    A.  artemisiaefolia,  L.    Roman  Wormwood.    Ragweed.    Hog-weed. 

Bitter- weed.  Th. 

Roadsides.    Introduced  from  the  west.    Abundant. 

2O2.     XANTHIUM,  Tourn.    COCKLEBUR.    CLOTBUR. 
*593.    X.  Canadeiise,  Mill. 

Common  in  waste  places  and  along  river  banks. 

594.  var.  ecliinatum,  Gray. 
Shores  of  Great  Lakes. 

2O3.     HELIOPSIS,  Pers.    OX-EYE. 

595.  H.  Isevis,  Pers.  C.  &  S. 

Banks.    Infrequent. 

2O4.     ECHINACEA,  Moench.    PURPLE  CONE-FLOWER. 

596.  E.  purpurea,  Moench.  S.  W. 

Univ.  Herb.,-  Harrington ;  Grand  Rapids,— Delia  Bailey;  St.  Joseph,— Dr.  Houghton,  1838.    Rare. 

597.  E.  angiistifolia,  DC. 

Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

2O5.  RUDBECKIA,  L.    CONE-FLOWER. 
*598.    R.  laciniata,  L.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Frequent. 

599.    R.  triloba,  L. 

Washington,  Macomb  Co., — Cooley.    Rare. 

*600.    R.  hirta,  L.  Th. 

Meadows  and  low  places,  apparently  introduced.    Common. 

*601.    R.  speciosa,  Wenderoth.  C.  &  S. 

Wet  soil.    Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.;  Ann  Arbor.    Infrequent. 

206.    LEPACHYS,  Raf. 
*602.    L.  pinnata,  Torr.  &Gray.;  C.  &  S. 

Dry  ground.    Ionia  Co.;  Grand  Rapids;  S.  Mich.    Infrequent. 

2O7.     HELIANTHUS,  L.    SUNFLOWER. 

603.  H.  rigidus,  Desf.  S. 

Dry  soil.    Ann  Arbor, — Winch.  Cat. 

604.  H.  occidental,  Riddell.  C.  &  S. 
Sterile  soil.    Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  Grand  Rapids;  Macomb  Co.,  etc.    Infrequent. 


104  FLORA   OF   MICHIGAN. 

*605.    H.  giganteus,  L.  Th. 

Low  grounds;  variable.    Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  Ana  Arbor;  Macomb  Co.,  and  northward.    Common. 

*606.    H.  divaricatus,  L.  Th. 

Dry  woods.    Common. 

607.    H.  hirsutus,  Raf.  S. 

Dry  soil;  Ann  Arbor,  and  S.  W. 

*608.    H.   strumosus,  L.  C.  & S. 

Dry  soil.    Frequent. 

609.    H.  tracheliifolius,  Willd.  C.  &  S. 

Copses.    8.  Mich.,— Wright's  Cat;  Macomb  Co.,— Dr.  D.  Cooley. 

*610.    H.  decapetaliis,  L.  L.  P. 

Low  grounds.    Frequent. 

*611.    H.  tuberosus,     L.    Jerusalem  Artichoke. 
Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens. 

2O8.     ACTINOMERIS,  Nutt, 

612.  A.  squarrosa,  Nutt.  S. 

Rich  soil.  S.  Mich.- Wright's  Cat.;  Dundee,— Wheeler;  Islands  in  the  Detroit  river,— Maclagan, 
Can.  Cat. 

2O9.     COKEOPSIS,  L.    TICKSEED. 

613.  C.  lauceolata,  L.  Th. 

Sandy  shores  of  Lake  Huron;  sand  hills,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K.;  sandy  plains  near  Baldwin,— Dr. 
Beal;  south  to  Macomb  Co.,— Cooley. 

614.  var.    angustifolia,  T.  &  G. 
Shore  of  Little  Traverse  Bay  and  Lake  Superior. 

615.  C.  palmata,   Nutt.  S. 
S.  Mich.,-Wright's  Cat. ;  shore  of  Barren  Lake,— Wheeler,  1890;  Gull  Prairie,-Dr.  Houghton,  1838. 

616.  C.  verticillata,  L. 

Samaria,  Monroe  Co.,  Grand  Rapids, — Wheeler. 

617.  C.  tripteris,  L.    Tall  Coreopsis.  S. 
Detroit;  Macomb  Co.;  Oakland  Co. ;  S.  Mich.,-Wright's  Cat. ;  Ionia;  Grand  Rapids. 

*618.    C.  tricliosperma,  Michx.,  var.  tenuiloba,  Gray.  C.  &  S. 

Swamps.  Flint;  Montcalm  Co.;  Ionia  Co.;  S.  Mich.— Wright's  Cat.  Common  in  pine  country, 
infrequent  elsewhere.  Flowers  a  beautiful  golden  yellow.  Frequently,  in  September,  swamps  of  large 
size  may  be  seen  so  full  of  this  Coreopsis  that  at  a  little  distance  they  seem  one  mass  of  yellow. 

619.  C.  aristosa,  Michx.  C.  &  S. 

S.  Mich.— Univ.  Herb. 

620.  C.  discoidea,  Torr.  &  Gray. 
Wet  ground.    Ionia  Co.    Scarce. 

21O.     BIDENS,  L.    BUR-MARIGOLD. 

*  621.    B.  frondosa,  L.    Common  Beggar- ticks.    Stick-tight.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    A  troublesome  weed.    Common. 

*622.    B.  connata,  Muhl.    Swamp  Beggar-licks.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Common. 

*623.  var.  comosa,  Gray. 

Infrequent. 

*624.  B.  cernua,  L.  Smaller  Bur-Marigold.  Th. 

Wet  places.  Cheboygan  Co.,— Kofoid.  Southward.  Frequent. 

*625.  B.  clirysaiitlieinoides,  Michx.  Larger  Bur-Marigold.  Th. 

Swamps.  Common. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  105 

*  626.    B.  Bet-kit,  Torr.    Water  Marigold. 

S.  Mich.— Wright's  Cat. ;  Ann  Arbor;  Wexford  Co.,— Cooley;  Manistee,— E.  J.  Hill;  Indian  River,- 
Wheeler.    Eare. 

211.     HEtrENIUM,  L.     SNEEZE-WEED. 
*627.    H.  autiimimle,  L.  C.  &  S. 

Kiver  banks.    Common. 

212.     ANTHEMIS,  L.    CHAMOMILE. 

*628.    A.  COTULA,  DC.    May- weed.     Dog-Fennel.  Th. 

Roadsides,  etc.    Common. 

629.    A.  ARVENSIS,  L.    Corn  Chamomile. 
Introduced.    Three  Rivers,— Wheeler;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

213.    ACHIL.L.EA,  L.    YARROW. 

*630.     A.  Millefolium,  L.    Common  Yarrow  or  Milfoil.  Th. 

Fields.    Common. 

631.  A.  PTARMICA,  L.     Sneeze  wort. 
Mich.,— Gray's  Manual.    Rare. 

214.     MATKICABIA,  Tourn.     WILD  CHAMOMILE. 

632.  M.  INODORA,  L. 
Flint,-Dr.  D.  Clark. 

215.     CHRYSANTHEMUM,  Tourn.     OX-EYE  DAISY. 
*633.    C.  LEUCANTHEMUM,  L.    Ox-eye  or  White  Daisy.  Th. 

Meadows  and  pastures.    A  vile  weed,  becoming  frequent  in  E.  &  S.  parts  of  the  State. 

*634.     C.  BALSAMITA,  L.,  var.  TANACETOIDES,  Boiss.     Mint-Geranium. 
Escaped  from  gardens. 

210.     TANACETUM,  L.    TANSY. 

*635.     T.  VULGARE,  L.     Common  Tansy. 
Escaped  from  gardens.    Frequent. 

636.    T.  Huronense,  Nutt. 
Sand  dunes  at  the  head  of  Little  Traverse  Bay,  and  northward.    Frequent. 

217.     ARTEMISIA,  L.    WORMWOOD. 

*  637.    A.  eaudata,  Michx.  C.  &  S. 
Sandy  fields.    Ionia  Co.;  Montcalm  Co. ;  S.  Haven, — Bailey.    Infrequent;     , 

638.  A.  Canadeiisis,  Michx.  Th. 

Sand  dunes.    Barren  Lake ;  New  Buffalo,— Wheeler ;  Ottawa  Co.;  Emmet  Co.;  to  Lake  Superior. 

639.  A.  Liudoviciana,  Nutt.    Western  Mugwort. 

Dry  banks.    Niles,— J.  T.  Scoville,  Univ.  Herb.;  Keweenaw  Co.,— Farwell.    Rare. 

640.  A.  VULGARIS,  L.    Common  Mugwort. 
Waste'places.   Infrequent. 

*641.    A.  biennis,  Willd. 

A  road-side  weed,  lately  introduced  from  the  west  and  extending  throughout  the  State. 

642.    A.  ABSINTHIUM,  L.     Common  Wormwood. 
Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  Gratiot  Co.    Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens. 

'.218.     TUSSILAGO,  Tourn.    COLTSFOOT. 
*643.    T.  Farfara,  L. 

Saultde  Ste.  Marie,— Whitney's  Cat. ;  Washington.  Macomb  Co.,— W.  A.  Brotherton. 


106  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

219.     PETASITES,  Tourn.     SWEET  COLTSFOOT. 

644.  P.  palmata,  Gray. 

Harrisville,  Oscoda,  Alger,  and  westward;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

220.     ABXICA,  L. 

645.  A.  Cliamissonis,  Less. 

Shores  of  Lake  Superior,— Gray's  Man. ;  Copper  Harbor,— Whitney's  Catalogue. 
221.     SE^"ECIO,  Tourn.     GROUNDSEL. 

*646.     S.  VULGARIS,  L.     Common  Groundsel. 
Flint;  Macomb  Co.;  S.  W.  Mich.,— Wright's  Cat. 

*647.    S.  aureus,  L.    Golden  Ragwort.    Squaw- weed.  Th. 

Very  variable.    Common. 

*648.  var.  obovatus,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

More  common  southward. 

649.  var.  Balsamitae,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Th. 

Abundant  northward.    Mackinaw  City. 

222.  CACALIA,  L.     INDIAN  PLANTAIN. 

650.  C.  suaveolens,  L.     Indian  Plantain. 

Lodi,— Miss  Clark,  in  Winch.  Cat.    Gray's  Manual.    Rare. 

*651.    C.  atriplicifolia,  L.    Pale  Indian  Plantain.  C.  &  S, 

Woods.    Ionia  Co.;  8.  Mich.,— Wright's  Cat.    Frequent. 

652.    C.  tuberosa,  Nutt.    Tuberous  Indian  Plantain.  S. 

S.  Mich.,— Wright's  Cat.;  3  miles  east  of  Kalamazoo,  1888,— Dr.  D.  Houghton;   Mottville,—  I.  N. 
Mitchell. 

223.  ERECHTITES,  Raf.     PIBEWEED. 

*653.    E.  liieracifolia,  Raf.    Fireweed.  Th. 

New  clearings.    Common,  northward. 

224.     ARCTIUM,  L.    BURDOCK. 

*654.    A.  LAPPA,  L.     Burdock.  Th. 

Waste  places.    Common. 

655.  var.  MINUS,  Gray. 

Keweenaw  Co., — F. 

225.     CNICUS,  Tourn.     COMMON  OR  PLUMED  THISTLE. 

*656.     C.  LANCEOLATUS,  Hoffm.     Common  Thistle.  Th. 

Roadsides  and  fields.    Common. 

657.  C.  horridulus,  Pursh.    Yellow  Thistle. 

N.  shore  Lake  Superior,— Agassiz ;  Grand  Detour,— Porter. 

658.  C.  Pitcheri,   Torr. 

Sand  dunes.    South  Haven  ;  and  northward  to  L.  Superior;  Sand  Point,  Saginaw  Bay.    Frequent. 

659.  C.  unclulatus,  Gray.  N.  &  U.  P. 

"  Islands  of  L.  Huron  and  Michigan,"— Gray;  Drummond's  I.,— Winch.  Cat. 

*660.    C.  altissimus,  Willd.  C.  &  S. 

Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.    Infrequent. 

*661.  var.  discolor,  Gray.  C.  &  S. 

Meadows.    Montcalm  Co.;  Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  and  southward.    Flowers  sometimes  white.    Infrequent. 

*662.    C.  muticiis,  Pursh.    Swamp  Thistle.  Th. 

Swamps.    Frequent. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  107 

663.    C.    pumilus,   Torr.    [C.    Hillii,   W.  M.   Canby,   Garden  &  Forest, 
March  4, 1891.]    Pasture  Thistle. 

S.  W.  Mich.,— Wright's  Cat.;  Grand  Rapids,—  Coleman's  Cat. ;  Macomb  Co.,— Dr.  Cooley ;  Baldwin,— 
Dr.  Beal;  sand  hills,  Cheboygan  Co.,  frequent,— B.  &  K. 

*664.    C.  ARVENSIS,  Hoffm.    Canada  Thistle.  Th, 

Fields.    A  vile  pest.    Infrequent  in  center  of  the  State,  but  increasing  rapidly,  and  already  trouble- 
some in  some  localities.    Our  Canada  Thistle  law  ought  to  be  rigidly  enforced. 

226.     OXOPORDON,  Vaill. 

665.  O.     ACANTHIUM,  L.    Cotton  or  Scotch  Thistle. 
Grand  Rapids.    Rare. 

227.    KRIGIA,  Schreber.    DWARF  DANDELION. 

666.  K.  Virgiiiica,  Willd. 

Barrens.    N.  part  of  Clare  Co. ;  Walton.    Rare. 

*  667.    K.  amplexicaulis,  Nutt.  L.  P. 

Moist  hillsides.    Frequent. 

228.     CICHORIUM,  Tourn.    SUCCORY  OR  CHICORY. 

*668.     C.  INTYBUS,  L.  Th. 

Ionia  Co.:  Flint;  Detroit,  etc.;  roadsides.    Frequent. 

229.  TRAGOPOGON,  L.  GOAT'S-BEARD. 

669.  T.  PRATBNSIS.  L.    Goafs-beard. 
Spreading.    Hubbardston,— Wheeler;  Kalamazoo, — Tuthill. 

23O.     LEONTODON,  L.    HAWKBIT. 

670.  L.  AUTUMNALJS,  L.  Fall  Dandelion. 
Well  established  at  Hubbardston.: 

231.     HIERACIUM,  Tourn.    HAWK  WEED. 
*671.    H.  Caiiadense,  Michx.  Th. 

Woods.    Frequent. 

672.    H.  PILOSELLA,  L.    Mouse-ear  Hawkweed. 
Introduced  at  Benzonia,— G.  A.  Clark. 

*673.    H.  paiiiculatum,  L.  C.  &  S. 

Macomb  Co.;  S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.  Scarce. 

*674.    H.  venosum,  L.  Rattlesnake-weed.  Th. 

Dry  soil  in  pine  woods,  or  on  oak  land.    A.  form  has  been  seen  at  Ionia  not  having  purple  veins  in  the 
root  leaves;  abundant  at  Point-aux-Pins,  at  the  entrance  to  Lake  Superior, — Macoun,  Can.  Cat.  Frequent. 

*675.    H.  scabrum,  Michx.  Th. 

Woods.    Common. 

*676.    H.  Gronovii,  L.    Hairy  Hawkweed.  C.  &  S. 

Dry  soil.    Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  Macomb  Co;  S.  W.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.    Infrequent. 

677.    H.  longipilum,  Torr.    Long-bearded  Hawkweed.  L.  P. 

Melds.    Macomb  Co.;  Traverse  City;  S.  W.,- Wright  Cat.;  Grand  Rapids,— Coleman.    Scarce. 

232.     CREPIS,  L. 

*678.      C.    TECTORUM,  L. 
Introduced. 


[H.    UMBELL.ATUM,  L. 

North  shore  of  Lake  Superior,— Gray. 

14 


108  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

233.     PRE1STANTHES,  Vaill.    RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. 
*679.    P.  racemosa,  Michx. 

Lenawee  Co., — G.  F.  Comstock;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.;  shore  of  L.  Mich.,  near  Sitting  Rabbit, — Winch. 
Cat. ;  S.  W.,— Wright  Cat. ;  Cheboygan  Co.,— Beardstee ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— Farwell.    Rare. 

*680.    P.  alba,  L.    White  Lettuce.    Rattlesnake-root.  Th. 

Woods.    Common. 

*681.    P.  altissima,  L.  Th. 

Rich  woods.    Frequent. 

234.     TARAXACUM,  Haller.    DANDELION. 
*682.     T.  OFFICINALE,  Weber.    Common  Dandelion. 
Fields  everywhere. 

235.     LACTUCA,  Tourn.    LETTUCE. 

*683.    L.  SCARIOLA,  L.    Prickly  Lettuce. 
A  bad  weed,  spreading  and  becoming  rapidly  introduced  everywhere  along  lines  of  railroad,  etc. 

*684,    L.  Canadeiisis,  L.    Wild  Lettuce.  Th. 

Rich  soil.    Frequent. 

685.    L.  integrifolia,  Bigel. 

Petoskey,— Wheeler,  1890. 

*  686.    L.  hirsuta,  Muhl. 
Infrequent.    Hubbardston;  Macomb  Co.,— Cooley. 

687.    L.  pulchella,  DC.  N.  &  U.  P. 

"  Upper  Michigan,"— Prof.  Porter;  Caribou  I.;  Lake  Huron,— Dr.  Todd;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

*688.    L.  leucoplisea,  Gray.  Th. 

Frequent. 

689.  var.  integrifolia,  Gray. 

BeUe  Isle,  Detroit,— Wheeler. 

236.     SONCHUS,  L.    SOW-THISTLE. 

*690.    S.  OLERACEUS,  L.    Common  Sow-Thistle. 
Waste  places.    Macomb  Co. ;  Montcalm  Co. ;  northward  to  L.  Superior.    Frequent. 

*691.    S.  ASPER,  Vill.    Spiny-leaved  Sow-Thistle.  Th. 

Waste  places.    Frequent. 

*  692.     S.  ARVENSIS,  L.    Field  Sow-Thistle. 
Grand  Rapids— Coleman's  Cat.  Bare. 

XLIX.    LOBELIACE^E.    LOBELIA  FAMILY. 

237.    LOBELIA,  L. 

*693.    L.  carcliiialis,  L.    Cardinal-flower.  Th. 

Kiver  banks.    Flowers  rarely  rose-color  or  even  white.    Showy  and  easily  cultivated.    Common. 

*  694.    L.  sypliilitica,  L.    Great  Lobelia.  L.  P. 
Low  grounds.    Flowers  vary  to  white.    Common. 

*695.    L.  spicata,  Lam.  Th. 

Oak  openings.    Frequent. 


[L.  FLOBIDANA,  Gaertn. 

Islands  in  Detroit  river,— Maclagan,  Cat.  Canadian  Plants.    Probably  occurs  within  the  State.] 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  109 

696.  var.  hirtella,  Gray. 

Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

*697.    L.  Kalmii,  L.  Th. 

Wet  banks,  and  rocks  along  shores.    Ionia  Co. ;  Ann  Arbor ;  Oakland  Co. ;  Petoskey;  to  L.  Superior 
Frequent. 

698.  L.  iiiflata,  L.    Indian  Tobacco.  Th. 
Pastures.    Montcalm  Co.;  Flint ;  Macomb  Co. ;  Oakland  Co. ;  Put-in-Bay.    Scarce. 

699.  L.  Dort  manna,  L.    Water  Lobelia.  U.  P. 
Isle  Royale,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons. 

L.     CAMPANULACE^E.    CAMPANULA  FAMILY. 

238.     SPECUL.ARIA,  Heister.    VENUS'S  LOOKING-GLASS. 

700.  S.  perfoliata,  A.  DC.  C.  &  S. 

Gravelly  fields.     Clinton  Co. ;  S.  E.,— University  Herb. ;  Niles,—  I.  N.  Mitchell;  Detroit,— A.  B.  Lyons. 
Scarce. 

239.     CAMPANULA,  Tourn.    BELLFLOWER. 

*701.    C.  rotuiulifolia,  L.    Harebell.  Th. 

Sandy  banks  and  lake  shores.    Common. 

702.  var.  arctica,  Lange. 

Keweenaw  Co.,— F. ;  shore  of  Black  Lake,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K.;  Petoskey,— Wheeler. 

703.  var.  veliitina,  DC. 

Sand  hills  of  Burt  Lake,-E.  J.  Hill. 

*704.    C.  apariiioides,  Pursh.    Marsh  Bellflower.  Th. 

Wet  grassy  grounds.    Common. 

*705.    C.  Americana,  L.    Tall  Bellflower.  C.  &  S. 

Moist  woodlands.    Ionia  Co. ;  Flint ;  Macomb  Co. ;  Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.    Frequent. 

LI.  ERICACEAE.    HEATH  FAMILY. 

24O.     GAYLUSSACIA,  HBK.    HUCKLEBERRY. 

*  706.     G.  resiiiosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Black  Huckleberry.  Th. 
Hillsides.    Frequent. 

241.    VACCINIUM,  L.    BLUEBERRY.     BILLBERRY.      CRANBERRY. 

*  707.    V.  Pennsylvanicum,  Lam.    Dwarf  Blueberry.  Th. 

Dry  hills  and  barrens.    "  The  lowest  and  earliest-fruited  of  the  blueberries,"— Gray,  Synopt.  Flora  of 
N.  Am.    Very  variable  in  color  of  fruit,  etc.    Common. 

*708.    V.  Canadeiise,  Kalm.  Th. 

Swamps.    Commonest  sp.  in  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K.    This  species  furnishes  large  quantities  of  ber- 
ries for  market  in  the  northern  lake  region.    Common. 

709.    V.  vaeillaiis,  Solander.    Low  Blueberry.  Th. 

Barrens.    Infrequent. 

*7]0.    V.  corymbosum,  L.    Swamp-Blueberry.  Th. 

Swamps.    Yielding  abundantly;  variable.    Common. 

711  var.  amoenum,  Gray. 

Keweenaw  Co..— F. 

712.     V.  uligiiiosum,  L.     Bog  Bilberry.  U.  P. 

*'  Shore  of  Lake  Superior,"— Gray;  Isle  Royale  and  White  Fish  Pt.,  L.  Superior,— Henry  Gillman. 


110  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

713.  V.  cse spit o sum,  Michx.,  var.  cuiieifolium,  Nutt.  U.  P. 

Shores  of  Lake  Superior  and  westward, — Gray,  Fl.  N.  A.;  Lyons. 

714.  V.  myrtilloicles,  Hook.  U.  P. 
Damp  woods  L.  Superior, — Gray,  Fl.  N.  A.;  Keweenaw  Co., — F. 

715.  V.  ovalii'olium,  Smith.  U.  P. 
Woods  L.  Superior,  S.  shore,— Robbine. 

*716.    V.  Oxy coccus,  L.     Small  Cranberry.  Th, 

Sphagnous  swamps.    Ann  Arbor ;  Ionia  Co. ;  Constantine, — Wheeler,  and  northward.     Infrequent. 

*  717.    V.  macrocarpoii,  Ait.    Large  or  American  Cranberry.  Th, 

Bogs.    The  common  Cranberry  of  the  market.    Common. 

242.  CHIOGENES,  Salisb.    CREEPING  SNOWBERRY. 

718.  C.  serpyllifolia,  Salisb.    Creeping  Snowberry.  Th. 

S.  Mich.,— Wright's  Cat. ;  Ionia  Co.;  Montcalm  Co.;  Petoskey.  etc.    Sphagnous  swamps.    Infrequent. 

243.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS,  Adans.    BEARBERRY. 

719.  A.  Uva-ursi,  Spreng.    Bearberry.  Th. 
Sandy  soil.    Abundant  northward,  but  rare  S.  of  lat.  43°. 

244.     EPIG^EA,  L.    TRAILING  ARBUTUS.    GROUND  LAUREL. 

720.  E.  repeus,  L.  Th. 

Borders  of  marshes,  and  woods  in  sandy  soil.    Jackson,— W.  C.  Hull;  Niles,— I.  N.  Mitchell.    Rare  S., 
frequent  in  C.,  and  common  northward. 

245.     GATJLTHERIA,  Kalm.    AROMATIC  WINTERGREEN. 

*72l.     G.  procumbeiis,  L.    Creeping  Wintergreen.  Th. 

Low  woods,  and  borders  of  swamps.    Common. 

246.    ANDROMEDA,  L. 

*722.    A.  polifolia,  L.  Th. 

Sphagnous  swamps,  S.  Mich.,— Wright's  Cat.;  Ionia  Co.  and  northward.   Frequent. 

723.    A.  lig-ustriiia,  Muhl. 
Keweenaw  Pt.,— Dr.  Kobbins. 

247.     CASSANDRA,  Don.    LEATHER-LEAF. 

*724.    C.  calyculata,  Don.  Th. 

Swamps.    Common. 

248.     KALMIA,  L.    AMERICAN  LAUREL. 

725.  K.  angustifolia,  L.    Sheep  Laurel.    Lambkill.    Wicky. 
Harrisville,  west  to  Portage  Lake ;  Tawas  City  and  Thunder  Bay,  common,— Winch.  Cat. 

726.  K.  g'lauca,  Ait.    Pale  Laurel.  Th. 

Bogs.    S.  Mich.,— Wright's  Cat.;  Ionia  Co.;  Macomb  Co.;  Long  Lake,  Cheboygan  Co.,  rare,— B.  &  K 
northward.    Infrequent. 

727.  var.  rosmariiiiiblia,  Pursh. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

249.     LEDUM,  L.    LABRADOR  TEA. 

*728.    L.  latifolium,  Ait. 
Swamps  and  bogs.    Common  northward. 


[V.  VITIS-ID^EA,  L.    Cowberry.    Mountain  Cranberry. 

N.  shore  L.  Superior,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons ;  and  probably  in  our  district.] 


FLORA  OP  MICHIGAN.  Ill 

25O.     CHIMAPHILA,  Pursh.    PIPSISSEWA. 
*729.  C.  umbellata,  Nutt.    Pipsissewa.    Prince's  Pine.  Th. 

Pine  woods.    Common. 

730.  C.  macula ta,  Pursh.    Spotted  Wmtergreen.  C.  &  S. 
Oak  woods.    Ionia;  Bangor  and  South  Haven,  Van  Baren  Co.;  Flint.    Rare  or  local. 

251.  MOXESES,  Salisb.    ONE-FLOWERED  PYROLA. 

731.  M.  graiidiflora,  Salisb,  Th. 

Pine  forests.  Flowers  very  fragrant  when  a  little  wilted.  Montcalm  Co.;  Flint;  Indian  River,— 
Wheeler;  Clarkston,— G.  H.  Hicks;  Fort  Gratiot,— Winch.  Cat.;  Cedar  swamps,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K.; 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F.;  Escanaba,— E.  J.  Hill.  Rare. 

252.  PYROLA,  Tourn.    SHIN-LEAF.    WINTERGREEN. 

732.  P.  minor,  L.  U.  P. 

"  Cold  woods,  L.  Superior," — Gray. 

*  733.    P.  secunda,  L.  Th. 

Rich  woods.    Common. 

734.  var.  pumila,  Gray. 

GrayJing,— G.H.  Hicks;  Osco da;  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K.;  Escanaba,— E.  J.  Hill;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

735.  chlorantha,  Swartz.  C.  N.  &  U.  P. 
Pine  woods.    Rare  south  of  lat.  43°.    Frequent  northward. 

*736.  P.    elliptica,  Nutt.    Shin-leaf.  Th. 

Rich  woods.    Ann  Arbor;  Ionia  Co.;  northward  to  L.  Superior.    Common. 

*737.    P.  rotuudifolia,  L.  Th. 

Dry  oak  woods.    Common. 

738.  var.  asarifolia,  Hook. 

The  Cove,  L.  Huron,— Winch.  Cat. 

739.  var.  ulig'iiiosa,  Gray. 

L.  Superior,— Prof .  J.  Macoun;  Quinnesec,— E.  J.  Hill;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. ;  Cheboygan  Co.,  — Beardslee. 

253.     PTEROSPORA,  Nutt.     PINE-DROPS. 

740.  P.  Aiiclromedea,  Nutt. 

Sitting  Rabbit,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Carp  river,  U.  P.,— Whitney  Cat;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 
254.     MOXOTROPA,  L.    INDIAN  PIPE. 

*741.    M.  uniflora,  L.    Indian  Pipe.    Corpse-Plant.  Th. 

Damp  woods.    Frequent. 

*  742.    M.  Hypopitys,  L.  Pine-sap.    False  Beech-drops. 

Oak  and  pine  woods.  Macomb  Co.;  Ft.  Gratiot,— Austin ;  to  Ontonagon  River,  L.  Superior,— Whitney 
Cat.;  Cheboygan  Co.,  cedar  swamp  and  hard  woods,  rare,— B.  &  K.;  Grayling,— Hicks;  Escanaba,— E.  J. 
Hill.  Infrequent. 

LIL    PRIMULACE^E.    PRIMROSE  FAMILY. 

255.     DODECATHEON,  LJ.    AMERICAN  COWSLIP. 

743.  D.  Meadia,  L.    Shooting-Star.  S. 
Moist,  shaded  grounds,— Gray,  Flora  of  N.  A.;  Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons. 

256.    PRIMULA,  L.    PRIMROSE.    COWSLIP. 

744.  P.  farinosa,  L.    Bird's-eye  Primrose.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Pictured  Rocks,— Hicks ;  shores  'of  Little  Traverse  Bay ;  Drummond's  Island,— Winch.  Cat. ;  L. 
Superior,— Whitney  Cat. ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 


112  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

*745.    P.  Mistassiiiiea,  Michx. 

S.  E.— University  Herb;  Lake  Superior,— Whitney  Cat.;  Rocks,  Grand  Ledge,  1890;  Presque  Isle.,— 
Dr.  Houghton;  Eagle  River,— F.  E.  Wood.    Rare. 

257.     TKIENTALIS,  L.    CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN. 

*746.     T.  Americana,  Pursh.    Star-flower.  Th. 

Damp  woods.    Common. 

258.     STEIKONEMA,  Raf. 

*747.    S.  eiliatum,  Raf.  Th. 

Swamps.    Common. 

748.  S.  laiiceolatum,  Gray. 
Howard  City,— Dr.  Beal. 

749.  var.  liybritlum,  Gray. 
Low  grounds.    Cheboygan  Co., — B.  &  K. 

*750.    S.  long ifolium,  Gray.  L.  P. 

Banks  of  streams.    Ann  Arbor  and  Ft.  Gratiot,— Winch.  Cat.;  Ionia  Co. ;  Flint,  etc.    Frequent. 

259  LYSIMACHIA,  Tourn.    LOOSESTRIFE. 

751.    L.  quaclrifolia,  L.  L.  P. 

Sandy  soil.    Ann  Arbor, — Winch.  Cat.;  Ionia  Co.;Montcalm  Co.;  Flint;  MacombCo.,  northward  to 
Oscoda  Co. 

*752.    L.  stricta,  Ait.  Th. 

Borders  of  marshes.    A  form  of  this  species  was  found  in  a  sphagnous  swamp  near  Hnbbardston, 
bearing  bulblets  in  the  axils  instead  of  flowers.    Frequent. 

753.  var.  proclucta,  Gray. 
In  herb.  Gray  from  Mich.,— L.  H.  Bailey. 

754.  L.  NUMMULARIA,  L.    Moneywort. 
Escaped  from  cultivation.    Monroe  Co.,— Wheeler,  1890. 

*755.    L.  thyrsiflora,  L.    Tufted  Loosestrife.  Th. 

Swampy  soil.    Common. 

26O.     AXAGALLIS,  Tourn.     PIMPERNEL. 

756.    A.  ARVENSIS,  L.    Common  Pimpernel. 
Ann  Arbor— Mary  H.  Clark. 

261.     SAMOLiTJS,  Tourn.    WATER  PIMPERNEL.    BROOK- WEED. 

*757.    S.  Valeraiidi,  L.,  var.  Americanus,  Gray. 

Springy  places.    Common  along  Maple  river;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.;  N.  W.,— University  Herb. 

LIII.     OLEACE.E.    OLIVE  FAMILY. 

262.     FKAXINUS,  Tourn.     ASH. 

*758.    F.  Americana,  L.    White  Ash.  Th. 

Common. 

*759.    F.  pubescens,  Lam.    Red  Ash.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    A  small  tree,  seldom  noticed.     Ionia  Co.;  S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  Drummond's  I.,— 
Winch.  Cat.;  along  Black  river,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K.;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Scarce. 

*760.    F.  viriclis,  Michx.  f.    Green  Ash. 
Ann  Arbor.— Winch.  Cat.;  and  northward.    Rare. 

*761.    F.  quadraiigulata,  Michx.    Blue  Ash.  Th. 

Rich  woods.    Infrequent. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  113 

*76'2.    F.  saiiibiicifolia,  Lam.    Black  Ash.  Th. 

Common. 

LIV.   APOCYNACE.E.    DOGBANE  FAMILY. 

263.     APOCYNUM,  Tourn.    DOGBANE.    INDIAN  HEMP. 

*763.    A.  aiidrossemifolium,  L.    Spreading  Dogbane.  Th. 

Borders  of  woods.    Common. 

*764.  A.  caimabimim,  L.    Indian  Hemp.  Th. 

Low  grounds.  Exceedingly  variable  in  sine,  habit,  shape  of  leaves,  pubescence,  etc.  De  Candolle's 
varieties  glaberrimum  and  pubescens  occur,  but  also  intermediate  forms,  rendering  useless  any  sub-spe- 
cific names.  Common. 

LV.   ASCLEPIADACEJE.    MILKWEED  FAMILY. 

264.    ASCLEPIAS,  L.    MILKWEED.    SILKWEED. 

*765.    A.  tuberosa,  L.    Butterfly- weed.    Pleurisy-root. 
Sandy  soil.    Ranges  from  Canada  to  Florida,  and  from  the  Saskatchewan  Valley  to  Texas.     Common. 

766.    A.  purpurasceiis,  L.    Purple  Milkweed.  C.  &  S. 

Woods.    Ann  Arbor, -Winch.  Cat. ;  Ionia  Co.;  Clinton  Co.;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.    Infrequent. 

*767.    A.  iiicarnata,  L.    Swamp  Milkweed.  Th. 

Banks  of  streams.    Common. 

*768.    A.  Corimti,  Decaisne.    Common  Milkweed  or  Silkweed.  Th. 

Fields.    Common. 

769.     A.  obtusilblia,  Michx. 

Baldwin,  Lake  Co.,-Dr.  Beal;  Sturgis,  Barron  Lake,-C.  F.  Wheeler,  1890;  Niles,-O.  J.  Stilwell. 
Rare. 

*770.    A.  pliytolaccoides,  Pursh.    Poke-Milkweed.  C.  &  S. 

Moist  grounds.    Ann  Arbor;  Ft.  Gratiot,— Winch.  Cat.;  Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.    Infrequent. 

771.  A.  verticillata,  L. 

Barrens,  S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  Monroe  Co.,  Grand  Rapids,— Wheeler;  Washington,  Macomb  Co.,— 
Dr.  D.  Cooley. 

265.    ACERATES,  Ell.    GREEN  MILKWEED, 

772.  A.  longifolia,  Elliott. 
South  Haven,— Bailey. 

773.  A.  viridiflora,  Ell.  C.  &  S. 

Grand  Rapids,— Geo.  D.  Sones ;  Ft.  Gratiot,— Winch.  Cat.;  S.  W.,— Wright  Cat.    Rare. 
266.    VINCETOXICUM,  Moench. 

*774.    V.  NIGRUM,  Moench. 
Escaped  from  cultivation  on  College  grounds. 

|LVI.    GENTIANACEJE.    GENTIAN  FAMILY. 

267.    ERYTHR^EA,  Richard.    CENTAURY. 

*775.    E.  CENTAURIUM,  Pere.    Centaury. 
Agricultural  College  grounds,— Bailey.    The  only  locality  known  in  the  State. 


[A.  VIRIDIFLORA,  Ell.    var.  LANCEOLATA,  Gray. 

On  a  sand  beach  at  Point  Edward,  foot  of  Lake  Huron,— Macoun.J 


114  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

268.     SABBATIA,  Adans. 

776.    S.  angularis,  Pureh.  S. 

Marshes,  Cass  Co.,— Univ.  Herb.,  Houghton  Survey,  Coll.,  1838;  Goguac  Lake,  near  Battle  Creek.  1879, 
—Prof.  V.  M.  Spalding;  S.  Mich.,— Wright's  Cat.;  Berrien  Co.,— E.  F.  Smith.  Rare. 

269.  GE^TIA^A,  Tourn.     GENTIAN. 

*777.     G.  crinita,  Froel.    Fringed  Gentian.  Th. 

Ix>w  grounds,  Lenawee  Co.,— G.  F.  Comstock;  Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  South  Haven,— Bailey ; 
Mackinac, — Whitney ;  Ionia  Co.,  etc.  Frequent. 

*778.     G.  serrata,  Gunner.    Smaller  Fringed  Gentian.  Th. 

Tamarack  swamps.    Frequent. 

*  779.     G.  quinqueflora,  Lam.  C.  &  S. 

Moist  hillsides.    Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  Ionia  Co.    Occasional. 

780.  var.    occidentalis,  Gray. 

Lenawee  Co.,— G.  F.  Comstock;  Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  Hubbardston;  Macomb  Co.    Infrequent. 

781.  G.  puberula,  Michx.  S. 

Barrens.    Ann  Arbor, — Miss  Clark,  Miss  Allmendinger.    Rare. 

782.  G.  Saponaria,  L.    Soapwort  Gentian.  S. 
Moist  woods.    Macomb  Co. ;  S.  Mich., — Wright  Cat.    Infrequent. 

*783.    G.  Andrews!!,  Griesb.    Closed  Gentian.  Th. 

River  banks.    Frequent. 

784.  G.  alba,  Muhl.  Th. 

Low  meadows  and  borders  of  woods.  Ionia  Co.;  Clinton  Co.;  Ann  Arbor  and  S.  W.,- -Winch.  Cat.; 
to  L.  Superior.  Rare  or  local. 

785.  G.  liiiearis,  Froel.    var.  lanceolata,  Gray.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Pt.  au  Chene,  L.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat.;  low  ground  near  Black  Lake,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K. ;  "Min- 
nesota and  along  L.  Superior," — Gray. 

786.  var.  latifolia,  Gray. 
Keweenaw  Co., — Farwell. 

27O.     FRASERA,  Walt.    AMERICAN  COLOMBO. 

787.  F.  Caroliiiensis,  Walt.  C.  &  S. 

Jackson  Co.  and  westward, — Winch.  Cat.;  Ann  Arbor, — Miss  Clark;  Constantino,  Three  Rivers, — C. 
F.  Wheeler ;  Lenawee  Co.,— G.  F.  Comstock;  Grand  Rapids ;  Macomb  Co.  Scarce. 

271.     HAL.EN1A,  Borkh.    SPURRED  GENTIAN. 

788.  H.  deflexa,  Griesb.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Shore  of  Little  Traverse  Bay,  near  Harbor  Point;  Drummond's  Is.  and  St.  Helen's  Is., — Winch.  Cat. ; 
northward  to  Lake  Superior;  shore  Black  Lake,  Cheboygan  Co.  Frequent.  A  form  of  this  species 
occurs  in  Keweenaw  Co.,  witn  the  corolla  changed  into  five  unequal  green  and  spurless  petals, — O.  A. 
Farwell. 

272.     BARTOOTA,  Muhl. 
*789.    B.  tenella,  Muhl. 

Open  woods.     S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.,  Hubbardston;  Flint;  Grayling.     Rare. 

273.     MENYAXTHES,  Tourn.    BUCKBEAN. 
*7°0.    M.  trifoliata,  L.  Th. 

Bogs.    Common. 

274.     LIMNANTHEMUM,   Gmelin.    FLOATING  HEART. 

791.    L.  lacimosum,  Griseb. 
Keweenaw  Pt.— Dr.  Robbins. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  115 

LVII.     POLEMONIACE^E.     PHLOX  FAMILY. 
275.     PHLOX,  L. 

792.  P.  paiiiculata,  L, 

Keweenaw  Co.,~Farwell.    Introduced. (?) 

793.  P.  pilosa,  L. 

Dry,  sandy  fields,  Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.,  etc.    infrequent. 

*  794.    P.  divaricata,  L.  L.  P. 

Woods  and  fields,  northward  to  Kingsley  and  Frankfort.    Common. 

795.  P.  bifida,  Beck.  S.  W. 

Rare.    Shores  of  Barren  Lake;  Klinger  Lake,  the  farthest  station  east  known  for  this  interesting 
plant,-C.  F.  Wheeler. 

796.  P.  subulata,  L.    Ground  or  Moss  Pink. 

S.  Mich..— Winch.  Cat.;  shore  of  Barren  Lake,— C.  F.  Wheeler.    Common  in  cultivation. 

LYIII.     HYDROPHYLLACE^E.    WATEBLEAF  FAMILY. 

276.     HYDKOPHYLLUM,  Tourn.     WATERLEAF. 

*797.    H.  Virg-inicum,  L.  C.  &  S. 

Rich  woods.    Frequent. 

*  798.    H.  Caiiadeiise,  L.  C.  &.  S. 

Damp,  rich  woods.    Frequent. 

*799.    H.  appeiidiculatum,  Michx.  L.  P. 

Moist  hillsides  and  rich  woods,  northward  to  Frankfort.    Frequent. 

277.    PHACELIA,  Juss. 

800.    P.  Fraiiklinii,  Gray.  U.  P. 

"  Shores  of  L.  Superior,  especially  on  Isle  Royaie," — Gray,  and  Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons. 

LIX.    BORRAGINACE^.    BORAGE  FAMILY. 

278.     CYNOGLOSSUM,  Tourn.    HOUND'S-TONGUE. 

*801.    C.  OPPICINALE,  L.    Common  Hound's-Tongue.  Th. 

Roadsiftes.    Frequent. 

*802.     C.  Virginicum,  L.    Wild  Comf rey.  Th. 

Open  woods,— Coming,  Oscoda  Co. ;  Ejscanaba,  where  it  replaces  C.  offlcinale  as  a  weed,— E.  J.  Hill. 
Frequent. 

279.     ECHINOSPERMUM,  Lehm.    STICKSEED. 

*S03.    E.  Virgliiicum,  Lshm.    Beggar's  Lice.  Th. 

Woods.    Frequent. 

804.    E.  deflexum,  Lehm.,    var.  Americaiiuiii,  Gray. 

Cheboygan  Co.,-B.  &  K. 

*805.    E.  LAPPULA,  Lehm.  Th. 

A  worthless  weed  along  roadsides  and  in  waste  places. 

28O.    MEKTE1STSIA,  Roth.    LUNGWORT. 

806.  M.  Virg-inica,  DC.    Virginian  Cowslip.    Lungwort.    Blue  Bells. 
Near  Adrian,— Mrs.  I.  H.  Wheeler;  S.  E.  of  Grand  Rapids,— G.  D.  Sones.    Rare. 

807.  M.  paniculata,  Don.  U.  P. 

Whitney  Cat.;  Gray,  Fl.  N.  A. ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

15 


116  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

281.  MYOSOTIS,  Dill.    SCORPION-GRASS,    FORGET-ME-NOT. 

*808.    M.  verna,  Nutt.  S. 

Winch.  Cat.;  Coleman  Cat.;  Flint,— Dr.  Clark;  Ann  Arbor,— I.  N.  Mitchell;  shore  of  Park  Lake, 
Clinton  Co.,— C.  F.  Wheeler.    Rare. 

282.  LITHOSPERMUM,    Tourn.    GROMWELL.    PUCCOON. 

*809.    L.  ARVENSE,  Li.    Wheat-Thief.     Red-root.    Corn  Grom well.    C.  &  S. 
In  wheat  fields.    Introduced  from  the  old  world. 

*810.     L.  OFFICINALE,  L.     Common  Gromwell.  Th. 

Roadsides.    Infrequent. 

*811.    L.  latifolium,  Michx.  C.  &  S. 

Borders  of  woods  S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Ionia  Co.;  Flint,  etc. ;  Bois  Blanc  and  other  islands  [in 
Detroit  river,— Maclagan,  Canadian  Catalogue.    Frequent. 

*812.    L.  hirtum,  Lehm.  Th. 

Light  sand.    Flowers  bright  yellow,  showy.    Frequent. 

*813.    L.  caiiesceiis,   Lehm.    Puccoon  of  the  Indians.  Th. 

Sandy  fields,  Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Ionia  Co. ;  Macomb  Co.  and  northward. 

814.  L.  aiig'iistifolium,  Michx. 

Dr.  A.B.  Lyons;  "Mich.," — Gray's  Manual,  6th  edition. 

283.     ONOSMODIUM,  Michx.    FALSE  GROMWELL. 

815.  O.  Carolinianum,  DC.,  var.  molle,  Gray. 
Only  noticed  by  Dr.  D.  Cooley.  Macomb  Co. 

284.  SYMPHYTUM,  Tourn.    COMPREY. 

*816.     S.  OFFICINALE,  L.    Common  Comfrey. 
Escaped  from  gardens.    Infrequent. 

285.  ECHIUM,  Tourn.    VIPER'S  BUGLOSS. 

817.  E.  VULGARE,  L.    Blue-weed. 
Vulcan,-E.  J.  Hill. 

LX.    CONVOLVULACE^E.    CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY. 

286.     IPOMCEA,  L.    MORNING  GLORY. 

818.  I.  paiulurata,  Meyer.    Wild]Potato-vine.    Man-of-the-Earth.        S. 
Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  Niles,— I.  N.  Mitchell;  Coleman  Cat.    Infrequent. 

287.     CONVOLVULUS,  Tourn.    BINDWEED. 

819.  C.  spithamaeus,  L.  Th. 

Sandy  fields,    Local. 

*820.     C.  sepium,  L.    Hedge  Bindweed.  ,  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Common. 

*821.  var.    Aiiiericanus,  Sims. 

Common,  with  the  species.* 

*822.  var.  repeiis,  Gray. 

Frequent. 

*823.  C.  ARVENSIS,  L.  Bindweed. 
Alma,— C.  A.  Davis;  Hubbardston;  College  grounds,  along  C.  &  G.  T.  R.  R.  Spreading. 

288.     CUSCUTA,  Tourn.     DODDER. 

824.    C.  chlorocarpa,  Engelmann.  S.  W. 

S.  Haven,— Mrs.  Millington. 


FLORA  OP  MICHIGAN.  117 

*825.    C.  temiiflora,  Engelm. 
Maple  River  valley;  Coleman  Cat;  on  willows  along  Cedar  river  east  of  the  College. 

826.     C.  EPITHYMUM,  Murr. 
Introduced  at  Salem,  with  alfalfa  seed. 

*  827.    C.  Groiiovii,   Willd.  C.  &  S. 
Low  grounds.    Frequent. 

LXI.    SOLANACE^E.    NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY. 

289.  SOLANUM,  Tourn.    NIGHTSHADE. 

*828.    S.  DULCAMARA,  L.    Bittersweet.  C.  &  S. 

Roadsides.  A  form  with  white  flowers  and  very  pubescent  stems  and  leaves,  is  found  near  Hubbards- 
ton.  Infrequent. 

*829.    S.  nigrum  L.    Coiamon  Nightshade.  C.  &  S. 

Moist,  cultivated  fields.    Common. 

290.  PHYSALIS,  L.    GROUND  CHERRY. 

830.    P.  grandiflora,  Hook.  N.  &  U.  P. 

"Clearings."  First  collected  in  L.  P.,  near  Farwell,  in  June,  1876,  where  it  seemed  to  be  at  home. 
Near  the  mouth  of  the  AuSable  river,  losco  Co.,  June,  '78,— C.  B.  Cochran ;  "  S.  shore  of  L.  Superior,''— 
Gray,  Synop.  Fl.  N.  A.;  Eecanaba,— E.  J.  Hill ;  Indian  River,— C.  F.  Wheeler. 

*831,    P.  Virginiaiia,  Mill.  Th. 

Light,  sandy  soil.    Common. 

832.  var.  ambigua,  Gray.  U.  P. 

Keweenaw  Co.— F. 

*833.    P.  lanceolata,  Michx.  Th. 

Sandy  soil.    Ionia  Co.,  etc.    Frequent. 

291.  NICANDRA,  Adans.    APPLE  OF  PERU. 

*  834.    N.  PHYSALOIDES,  Gaertn. 

Gardens.    Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Flint ;  Ionia  Co.  Scarce. 

292.  LYCIUM,  L.    MATRIMONY-VINE. 

*835.    L.  VULGARE,  Dunal. 
Escaped  from  gardens  in  places. 

293.     HYOSCYAMUS,  Tourn.    HENBANE. 

836.    H.  NIGER,  L.    Black  Henbane. 
Macomb  Co.;  Ft.  Gratiot;  Mackinac,  abundant,— Winch.  Cat. 

294.    DATURA,  L.    JAMESTOWN- WEED.    THORN-APPLE. 

*  837.    D.  STRAMONIUM,  L.    Common  Stramonium,  or  Thorn- Apple.     C.  &  3. 
Roadsides.    Frequent. 

*  838.    D.  TATULA,  L.    Purple  Thorn- Apple.  C.  &  S. 
Flint;  Mncomb  Co.    Rare. 

295.    NICOTIANA,  Tourn.    TOBACCO. 

839.    N.  RUSTICA,  L.    Wild  Tobacco. 
Emmet  Co.,  cultivated  by  the  Indians,— Winch.  Cat. 


FLORA   OP  MICHIGAN. 


LXII.     SCKOPHULARIACEJE.     FIGWORT  FAMILY. 

296.     VERBASCUM,  L.    MULLEIN. 

*  340.    V.  THAPSUS,  L.     Common  Mullein.  Th. 

Fields  and  road  sides  everywhere,— a  common  weed.     Cultivated  in  England  under  the  name  of 
Aaron's  Rod. 

*841.    V.  BLATTARIA,  L.     Moth"  Mullein. 
Road  sides.    S.  Mich.;  Ionia  Co. ;  Detroit,  etc. 

297.     LINARIA,  Tourn.     TOAD  FLAX. 

*842.    Ij.  Canaclensis,  Dumont. 

S.  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay,— Winch.  Cat.;  barrens,  in  Clare  Co.    Infrequent  or  wanting  in  G.  and  S. 
Mich.    Grand  Rapids, — G.  D.  Sones. 

*843.    L.  VULGARIS,  Mill.    Ramsted.    Butter  and  Eggs. 
Road  sides.    Spreading  from  cultivation. 

298.     SCROPHULARIA,  Tourn.     FIGWORT. 

*844.    S.  iiodosa,  L.,  var.  Marilaiiclica,  Gray.  Th. 

Rich  soil.    Keweenaw  Co., — F.,  and  southward.    Frequent. 

299.     COLLINSIA,  Nutt. 

*845.    C.  verna,  Nutt.  C.  &  S. 

A  beautiful  little  annual  with  blue  and  white  flowers.    Moist  woods.  Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  S.  W., 
— Wright's  Cat.;  Ionia  Co.,  and  probably  reaches  its  N.  limits  in  Gratiot  Co. 

846.    C.  parviflora,  Dougl.  U.  P. 

"  Shady,  moist  ground,  Upper  Michigan,"— Gray  Fl.  N.  A ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

3OO.     CHELONE,  Tourn.     SNAKE-HEAD.     TURTLE-HEAD. 
*847.    C.  glabra,   L.  Th. 

Borders  of  streams.    Frequent. 

3O1.     PENTSTEMON,  Mitchell.     BEARD-TONGUE. 

*848.    P.  pubescens,  Solander.  Th. 

Dry  soil.    Ann  Arbor ,— Winch.  Cat. ;  to  Mackinac,— G.  H.  Hicks.    Common. 

849.    P.  laevigatus,  Solander,  var.  Digitalis,  Gray. 
Near:Adrian,-Mrs.  I.  H.  Wheeler. 

3O2.     MIMUL.US,  L.    MONKEY-FLOWER. 

*850.    M.  ring-ens,  L.  Th. 

Wet  places.    Common. 

851.  M.  alatus,  Ait.  S.  W. 
Wright's  Cat. 

852.  M.  moschatus,  Dougl. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

853.  M.  Jamesii,  Torr.  Th. 

Abundant  at  Mackinac.— Winch.  Cat. ;  "  Upper  Michigan,"— Gray ;  Petoskey;  Hubbardston,—  Wheeler ; 
Grayling,— G.  H.  Hicks;  Comstock,  Kalamazoo  Co.,— Tuthill;  rare  southward;  near  Miller's,  Ind.,  Flora 
of  Cook  Co.,  Illinois. 

3O3.     LIMOSELLA,  L.    MUDWORT. 

854.  L.  aquatica,  L.,  var.  teimifolia,  Hoffmann. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  119 

3O4.     GRATIOLA,  L.     HEDGE-HYSSOP. 
855.    G.  Virgiiiiana,  L, 

IS.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat.;    Keweenaw  Pt.,— Dr.  Bobbins.  Rare. 

305.  ILYSANTHES,  Raf. 

*  856.    I.  riparia,  Raf.     False  Pimpernel.  C.  &  S. 

Low  grounds.    Frequent. 

306.  SYNTHYRIS,  Benth. 

857.    S.  Houg-htoniana,  Benth.  , 

Oak  barrens.     8.  Mich.,— Wright's  Cat.;  Ionia  Co.,  three  miles  S.  of  Saranac,  probably  reaches  here 
its  N.  limits;    Barry  Co.,— L.  H.  Bailey.    Rare. 

3O7.    VERONICA,  L.     SPEEDWELL. 

.*858.    V.  Virginica,  L.    Culver's-root.    Culver's  Physic.  Th. 

Open  woods.    Common. 

*859.    V.  Auagallis,  L.    Water  Speedwell.  Th. 

In  springs  and  brooks.    Frequent. 

*  860.    V.  Americana,  Schweinitz.    American  Brooklime.  Th. 

Brooks.    Common. 

*861.    V.  scutellata,  L.    Marsh  Speedwell.  Th. 

Swamps.    Frequent. 

862.    V.  officinalis,  L,.    Common  Speedwell.  S. 

Dry  hills.    Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.    Scarce. 

*  863.    V.  CHAM^DRYS,  L, 
Escaped  from  cultivation. 

*864.    V.  serpyllifolia,  L.    Thyme-leaved  Speedwell.  Th. 

Open  grounds.    Frequent. 

*865.    V.  peregrina,  L.     Neckweed.    Purslane  Speedwell.  Th. 

Moist  grounds  everywhere.    Common. 

*  866.    V.  ABVENSIS,  L.    Corn  Speedwell.  C.  &.  S. 
Cultivated  and  waste  grounds.    Common. 

867.  V.  AGRESTTS,  L.    Field  Speedwell. 
Sandy  fields.    Coleman  Cat. ;  and  Flint.    Rare. 

868.  V.  BUXBAUMII,  Tenore. 

Waste  grounds,— Coleman  Cat.    Corunna,— G.  H.  Hicks ;  Port  Huron,— Dodge. 

3O8.    BUCHNEBA,  L.    BLUE-HEARTS. 

869.  B.  Americana,  L.  C.  &  S. 

Moist  sandy  ground.    S.  W.  Wright  Cat.;  Flint ;  Macomb  Co.,— Coleman  Cat.    Infrequent. 

309.     GERABDIA,  L. 

*  870.    G.  peclicularia,  L.  L.  P. 

Woods.    Frequent. 

*  871.    G.  flava,  L.    Downy  False  Foxglove.  C.  &  S. 
Open  woods.    Frequent. 

*872.     G.  quercifolia,  Pursh.    Smooth  False  Foxglove.  C.  &.  S. 

Oak  woods.    Frequent. 

873.    G.  Isevig-ata,  Raf.  S. 

Coleman  Cat.;  Flint;  Dr.  Lyons. 


120  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

874.  G.  auriculata,  Michx.  S. 

Wright  Cat.    Rare. 

875.  G.  aspera,  Dougl. 

"  Plains  and  prairies,  Mich.,  etc.,"— Gray's  Manual. 

876.  G.  purpurea,  L.  Purple  Gerardia.  L.  P. 
Moist,  sandy  ground,  near  the  Great  Lakes;  Port  Huron,— C.  K.  Dodge. 

*877.  var.  paupercula,  Gray. 

Oakland  Co.;  shore  of  Park  Lake,  Clinton  Co.,— Wheeler. 

878.    G.  teimifolia,  Vahl.    Slender  Gerardia. 
Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  Macomb  Co.    Rare. 

*879.  var.  asperula,  Gray. 

Lenawee  Co.,— G.  F.  Comstock;  Flint,— Dr.  Clark. 

31O.     CASTILLEIA,  Mutis.    PAINTED -Cup. 

*880.    C.  coccinea,  Spreng.    Scarlet  Painted-Cup,  Th. 

Wet  and  dry  grounds.    Varies  in  color  of  bracts  from  scarlet  to  yellow.    Common. 

881.  C.  pallida,  Kunth,    var.  septeiitrioiialis,  Gray.  U.  P. 
Lake  Superior,— Gray ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

311.     EUPHRASIA,  Tourn.    EYEBRIGHT. 

882.  E.  officiiialis,  L.,    var.   Tartariea,  Benth.  U.  P. 
"  Shore  of  Lake  Superior,"— Gray;  Isle  Royale,— Whitney  Cat. 

312.     RHINAIX'THUS,  YELLOW- RATTLE. 

883.  R.  Crista-g-alli,  L.  U.  P. 

"  Lake  Superior,"— Gi»y,  Fl.  N.  Am. 

313.     PEDICUL.ARIS,  Tourn.    LOUSEWOKT. 

*834.    P.  Canadeiisis,  L.    Common  Lousewort.     Wood  Betony.         Th. 
Moist  banks  and  woodlands.    Common. 

*885.    P.  lanceolata,  Michx.  Th. 

Swamps.    Frequent. 

314.     MELAMPYRUM,  Tourn.    COW-WHEAT. 

*886.    M.  Americaiium,  Michx.  Th. 

Sandy  woods.    A  form  with  broad,  spear-shaped  leaves  is  frequent.    Common. 

LXIII.     OROBANCHACE^.    BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY. 

315.     EPIPHEGUS,  Nutt.    BEECH-DROPS.    CANCER-ROOT. 

*887.    E.  Virginiaiia,  Bart. 

Beech  woods,  Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  'Macomb  Co.,  etc.    Very  common  in  Grand-Saginaw  Valley. 

316.     CO^OPHOLIS,  Wallr.    SQUAW-ROOT.    CANCER-ROOT. 

888.  C.  Americana,  Wallr. 

Moist  woods,  Ann  Arbor;  S.  Mich,— Wright  Cat.;  Ionia  Co.;   Flint;  Macomb  Co.,  northward  to 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Infrequent. 

317.     APHYLLON,  Mitchell.    NAKED  BROOM-RAPE. 

889.  A.  uniflorum,   Gray.    One-flowered  Cancer-root.  Th. 

Damp  woodlands,  S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  Ann  Arbor,— G.  D.  Sones;  Flint;  Grayling,— G.  H.  Hicks; 
Lake  Superior,— Whit.  Cat.    Infrequent. 

890.  A.  fasciculatum,  Gray. 

"  Sandy  ground,  Lake  Michigan,"— Gray;  sand  dunes,  Frankfort. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  121 


LXIV.     LENTIBULARIACE^E.     BLADDEEWOET  FAMILY. 

318.  UTRICULARIA,  L.    BLADDERWORT. 

*891.    U.  vulg-aris,  L.    Greater  Bladderwort.  Th. 

Slow  streams.    Throat  of  corolla  orange,  veined  with  brown-purple.    Frequent. 

892.    U.  minor,  L.    Smaller  Bladderwort.  Th. 

Shallow  water.     Detroit  river,— D.  H.  Campbell;  Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Hillsdale,— University 
Herb. ;  Hubbardston;  Montcalm  Co. :  northward.    Eare. 

*893.    U.  gibba,  L.  L.  P. 

Old  Mission,  Grand  Traverse  Co.,— E.  J.  Hill;  shore  of  Park  Lake,  Clinton  Co.,-C.  F.  Wheeler; 
Lenawee  Co.,— G.  F.  Comstock.    Eare. 

894.    U.  intermedia,  Hayne.  Th. 

Shallow  water.    Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  Macomb  Co.;  Grand  Eapids,— Sones ;  northward  to  Black 
Lake.  Cheboygan  Co., — B.  &  K.;  and  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Infrequent. 

*  895.    U.  resupinata,  B.  D.  Greene. 

Very  abundant  on  the  east  shore  of  Woodward  lake,  in  Ionia  Co., — E.  F.  Smith,  1880;  shore  of  Pine 
lake,  Ingham  Co.,  also  reported  from  Whitings,  Ind. 

*-896.    U.  eornuta,  Michx.  Th. 

Shore  of  Pine  Lake,  Ingham  Co.;  Point  Sable.Mason  Co.,— C.  E.  St.  John ;  Petoskey;  Cheboygan  Co.,— 
B.  &  K. ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

319.  PIKGUICULA,  Tourn.    BUTTERWORT. 

897.  P.  vulgaris,  L.  U.  P. 

Wet  rocks.     Whitney's  Catalogue;  Isle  Eoyale,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons;  Pictured  Eocks,  abundant.— G.  H. 
Hicks. 

LXV.    ACANTHACE^B.     ACANTHUS  FAMILY. 

32O.    RUELLIA,  Plumier. 

898.  B.  ciliosa,  Pursh.  S. 
Dry  grounds.    Wright  Cat. 

899.  R.  strepens,  L.  S. 

Dry  soil.    Wrigkt  Cat. 

321.     DI  ANTHER  A,  Gronov.    WATER-WILLOW. 

900.  D.  Americana,  L.  S. 

In  shallow  water.    Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  Put-in-Bay;  S.  Haven,— Bailey. 

LXVI.    YERBENACE^E.    VEEVAIN  FAMILY. 

322.     VERBENA,  Tourn.    VERVAIN. 

*  901.    V.  urticsefolia,  L.    White  Vervain.  Th. 
Waste  places.    Common. 

902.    V.  angustifolia,  Michx.  S. 

Dry  grounds.    Winch.  Cat. 

*903.    V.  liastata,  L.    Blue  Vervain.  Th. 

Roadsides.    Cotiftnon. 

904.    V.  bracteosa,  Michx.  S. 

Waste  places.    Coleman  Cat.;  Kalamazoo,— Bailey. 


122  FLORA.  OF  MICHIGAN. 

323.     LIPPIA,  Houst. 

905.    Li.  lanceolata,  Michx.    Fog-fruit.  S.  W. 

Coleman  Cat.;  Niles  — I.  N.  Mitchell. 

324.     PHRYMA,  L.    LOPSEED. 
*90tJ.    P.  Leptostachya,  L.  C.  &  S. 

Moist  woods,  Pt.  au  (Jhene,— Winch.  Cat.;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.;  S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  loniu  l'o. 
Infrequent. 

LXVIL     LABIATE.     MINT  FAMILY. 

325.  TEUCRIUM,  Tourn.    GERMANDER. 

*907.    T.  Caiiadeiise,  L.    American  Germander.    Wood  Sage.          L.  P. 
Low  grounds.    Infrequent  at  Black  Lake,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K. 

326.  COLLIlSrSONIA,  L.    HORSE-BALM. 

*908. .  C.  Canadensis,  L.    Stone-root.    Rich-weed.  C.  &  S. 

Rich  woods.    Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  Detroit;  Ann  Arbor,  and  8.  W.,— Winch.  Cat.    Frequent. 

327.     MENTHA,  Tourn.    MINT. 

*  909.    31.  VIRIDIS,  L.    Spearmint. 
Roadsides.    Escaped  from  cultivation.    Frequent. 

*910.    M.  PIPERITA,  L.    Peppermint.  Th. 

Along  streams.    Extensively  cultivated  in  St.  Joseph  and  Wayne  counties  for  the  oil.    Common. 

*911.    M.  Canadensis,  L.    Wild  Mint.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Common. 

912.  var.  glabrata,  Benth. 

Keweenaw  Co.,— Farwell. 

328.  LYCOPUS,  Tourn.    WATER  HOREHOUND. 

*913.    L,.  Virginicus,  L.    Bugle-weed.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Common. 

914.    L..  rubelliis,  Moench. 
Clinton  Co.,— E.  F.  Smith ;  St.  Clair  Co.,— Brotherton. 

*915.    L.  sinuatus,  Ell.  Th. 

Frequent. 

329.  HYSSOPUS,  Tourn.    HYSSOP. 

916.      H.    OFFICINALIS,  L. 
Escaped  from  gardens.    Flint;  S.  W.,— Winch.  Cat. 

33O.     PYCNANTHEMUM,  Michx.    MOUNTAIN  MINT.    BASIL. 
*917.    P.  lanceolatum,  Pursh.  C.  &  S. 

Low  grounds.    Ionia  Co.;  Flint ;  Macomb  Co.,  and  southward.    Frequent. 
331.     THYMTJS,  Tourn.    THYME. 

918.    T.  SERPYLLUM,  L.    Creeping  Thyme. 
Flint,— Coleman  Cat.    Rarely  escaped  from  gardens. 

*919.     T.  VULGARIS,  L. 
College  grounds. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  123 

332.     CALAMINTHA,  Tourn.    CALAMINT. 
920.    C.  Xuttallii,  Gray. 

Drumm end's  Island,  and  northward,  common.    Not  seen  in  C.  of  the  State;  S.  E., — Wright  Cat. 

*921.    C.  Cliiiopodium,  Benth.    Basil.  Th. 

Fields.    Ionia  Co. ;  Fort  Gratiot,— Winch.  Cat.,  and  northward  to  Lake  Superior. 

333.     HEDEOMA,  Pers.    MOCK  PENNYROYAL. 

*922.    H.  puleg'ioides,  Pers.    American  Pennyroyal.  C.  &S. 

Fields.    Hubbardston;  S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  Macomb  Co.;  Lenawee  Co.,— Dr.  Beal. 

334.     MONARDA,  L.    HORSE-MINT. 

923.    M.  clidyma,  L.    Bee-Balm.    Oswego  Tea.  S.  W. 

Rare  m  Michigan.    Barren  Lake,— Wheeler;  Flint,— Dr.  Clark. 

*924;    M.  fistulosa,  L.    Wild  Bergamot.  Th. 

Sandy  soil.    Common. 

925.  var.  mollis,  Benth. 
Port  Huron,— C.  K.  Dodge. 

926.  M.  puiictata,  L.    Horse-Mint.  S. 
Sandy  soil.    S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat. ;  S.  Haven,— Bailey;  Grand  Haven,— G.  D.  Sones.    Infrequent. 

335.    BLEPHILIA,  Raf. 

*927.    B.  ciliata,  Raf.  Th. 

Dry  ground.    Ionia  Co.;  Ann  Arbor,  and  Sault  de  Ste  Marie,— Winch.  Cat.    Scarce. 

*  928.    B.  hirsuta,  Benth.  C.  &  S. 
Low  woods.    S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat. ;  northward  to  Ionia  Co, 

336.     LOPHAXTHUS,  Benth.    GIANT  HYSSOP. 

*929.    L.  iiepetoides,  Benth.  C.  &  S. 

Low  grounds.    Ionia  Co. ;  Flint;  8.  W.,— Wright  Cat. ;  Grosse  Isle,— Miss  Clark.    Infrequent. 

930.    Lr.  scrophulari8efolius,fBenth.  C.  &  S. 

Low  grounds.    S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat. ;  Lenawee  Co.,— G.  F.  Comstock;  Macomb  Co.;  Hubbardston. 
Infrequent.* 

337.    NEPETA,  L.    CAT-MINT. 

*  931.    N.  CATARIA,  L.    Catnip.  Th. 
Near  dwellings.    Common.! 

*  932.    N.  GLECHOMA,    Benth.    Ground  Ivy.    Gill-over-the-Ground.     C.  &  S. 
Sparingly  escaped  from  culture.    Flint;  Grand  Rapids, — Coleman  Cat.;  Cassopolis. 

338.     DKACOCEPHALUM,  Tourn.    DRAGON-HEAD. 
933.    D.  par viflor um,  Nutt.  Tb. 

This  interesting  plant  was  first  detected  in  the  Lower  Peninsula  in  June,  1876,  when  it  was  foundJin 
Roscommon  Co.,  south  of  Houghton  Lake.    Alcona  Co.;  Hnbbardston,  Ionia  Co.    Rare  southward. 

339.     SCUTELLARIA,  L,    SKULLCAP. 
*934.    S.  lateriflora,  L.    Mad-dog  Skullcap.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Common. 

935.  S.  versicolor,  Nutt.  S. 
Banks  of  streams.    S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat. 

936.  S.  pilosa,  Michx. 

S.  W.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Gray's  Manual,  6th  edition. 

937.  S.  parvula,  Michx, 

Ionia,— E.  F.  Smith ;  Islands  east  of  Georgian  Bay,— Bell,  Can.  Cat.    Infrequent. 

16 


124:  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

*938.    S.  galericulata,  L.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Common. 

34O.     BBUNEL.LA,  Tourn.    SELF-HEAL. 

*  939.    B.  vulg-aris,  L.    Common  Self-heal  or  Heal-all.  Th. 

Fields.    Occasionally  the  flowers  are  white.    Common. 


PHYSOSTEGIA,  Benth.    FALSE  DRAGON-HEAD. 
940.    P.  Virginiana,  Benth. 

Wet  grounds;  varies  greatly.    Ann  Arbor,—  Winch.  Cat.;  S.  W.,—  Wright  Cat;  Muir;  Kalamazoo,— 
Bailey  ;  Flint,—  Dr.  Clark,  northward  to  Keweenaw  Co.,—  F, 

342.     MARRUBIUM,  Tourn.    HOREHOUND. 
*94L    M.  VULGARE,  L.    Common  Horehound. 

Roadsides,  escaped  from  cultivation.    Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  S.  Mich.,—  Winch.  Cat.;  Grand  Traverse  and 
Benzie  Cos.    Frequent. 

343.    LEONURTJS,  L.    MOTHERWORT. 
*942.    L.     CARDIACA,  L.     Common  Motherwort. 
Waste  grounds.    Common. 

344.    L.AMIUM,  L.    DEAD-NETTLE. 

*943.      Li.    AMPLEXICAULE,   L. 
Naturalized  in  gardens. 

345.     GALEOPSIS,  L. 

944.  G.  TETRAHIT,  L.    Common  Hemp-Nettle.  Th. 

Rare  in  C.  of  the  State.    Abundant  at  Mackinac,—  Winch.  Cat.  ;  Cheboygan  Cc.,—  B.  &  K.  ;  Harbor 
Springs,—  Wheeler. 

945.  G.  LADANUM,  L.    Red  Hemp-Nettle. 
Ft.  Gratiot  and  Sault  de  Ste.  Marie,—  Winch.  Cat. 

246.     STACHYS,  Tourn.    HEDGE-NETTLE. 

946.  S.  hyssopifolia,  Michx.  Th. 
Wet  grounds.    S.  Mich.,—  Wright  Cat.;  Stanton,—  E.  J.  Quackenbush.    Rare. 

947.  S.  palustris,  L. 
Keweenaw  Co.,—  F. 

948.  S.  aspera,  Michx.  L.  P. 

Wet  grounds.    Infrequent. 

*949.  var.  glabra,  Gray. 

Rare.  .    ; 

LXVIII.     PLANTAGINACE^E.     PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 

347.     PLANTAGO,  Tourn.    PLANTAIN.    RIBWORT. 
*950.    P.  corclata,  Lam.  C.  &  S. 

Borders  of  streams.    S.  Mich.,—  Wright  Cat.;  Tnscola  Co.,—  Winch.  Cat.;  Ionia  Co.;  Clinton  Co.; 
Flint;  Macomb  Co.    Frequent. 

*951.    P.  major,  L.    Common  Plantain.  Th. 

Waysides  and  about  dwellings  everywhere.    Decaisne's  variety  minima  occurs  in  salt  marshes;  Maple 
River,  Clinton  Co.,  etc.    Common. 

*  952.    P.  Kug-elii,  Decaisne. 
Waste  places.    Often  confounded  with  the  previous  species.    Frequent. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  125 

*953.    P.  LANCEOLATA,  L.    Ripplegrass.    Ribgrass.    English  Plantain. 

C.  &S. 
Meadows  and  fields.    Too  common.    The  seeds  are  often  mixed  with  clover  seed. 

LXIX.    ILLECEBRACE^E.     KNOTWOET  FAMILY. 

348.     ANYCHIA,  Michx.    FORKED  CHICKWEED. 

954.    A.  dicliotoma,  Michx.  S.  W. 

S.  Mich.,— Dr.  Wright ;  Ann  Arbor;  Watkins  Sta.,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons. 

349.     SCT.ERANTHUS,  L.    KNAWEL. 

*955.    S.  ANNUUS,  L. 
Naturalized  on  the  Agri.  College  grounds. 

LXX.    AMARANTACE^.    AMARANTH  FAMILY. 

35O.     AMABAXTUS,  Tourn.    AMARANTH. 

956.      A.    HYPOCHONDRIACUS,  L, 
Scarcely  escaped  from  gardens.    Ann  Arbor,— Miss  Clark. 

*  957.    A.  RETROFLEXUS,  L.  Tn. 
A  common  weed  in  gardens. 

958.    A.  CHLOROSTACHYS,  Willd. 
Detroit.    Infrequent. 

*959.    A.  albus,  L.    Tumble  Weed.  Th. 

Fields  and  gardens ;  lees  troublesome  than  the  preceding  species.    Frequent. 

*960.    A.  blitoides,  Wats. 
Lately  introduced  from  the  west,  spreading  rapidly  along  railroad  tracks. 

351.     ACNIDA,  Mitch.    WATER-HEMP. 

*  961.    A.  tuberculata,  Moq.  C.  &  S. 

Low  grounds.    8.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Ionia  Co.;  Macomb  Co.    Frequent. 

LXXI.     CHENOPODIACE^].     GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY. 

352.     CYCLOLOMA,  Moquin.    WINGED  PIGWEED. 

962.    C.  platyphyllum,  Moquin. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

353.     CHENOPODITJM,  Tourn.    GOOSEFOOT.    PIGWEED. 

*963.    C.  ALBUM,  L.    Lamb's-Quarters.     Pigweed.  Th. 

Waste  and  cultivated  ground.    Common. 

*964.     C.  URBICUM,  L.  S. 

Waste  grounds.    Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  Grand  Rapids,— Coleman  Cat.    Infrequent 

965.     C.  MURALE,  L.  C.  &  S. 

Grand  Rapids,— Coleman  Cat. 

*  966.    C.  hybridum,  L.    Maple-leaved  Goosefoot.  Th 
Waste  grounds.    Common. 

*967.    C.  GLAUCUM,  L.    Oak-leaved  Goosefoot. 
Lansing,  College  grounds;  Detroit. 


126  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

968.    C.  BONUS-HENRICUS,  L.    Good-King-Henry. 
Flint,— Dr.  Clark.    Infrequent. 

*969.    C.  capitatum,  Watson.    Strawberry  Elite.  Th. 

Dry,  rich  grounds.    Very  noticeable  from  the  fleshy,  bright-red  calyx.    Common. 

*970.    C.  BOTRYS,  L.    Jerusalem  Oak.    Feather  Geranium. 
Escaped  from  gardens.    Abundant  at  Indian  River,— Wheeler. 

971.  C.  AMBEOSIOIDES,  Mexican  Tea.  S. 
Waste  places.    Macomb  Co.;  Detrqjt ;  Ann  Arbor,— Miss  Clark ;  S.  W.,— Wright  Cat.    Scarce. 

972.  var.  ANTHELMINTICUM,  Gray. 
Detroit. 

354.     ATRIPLEX,  Tourn.    ORACHE. 

*  973.    A.  patulum,  L.,  var.  hastatum,  Gray. 
Common  at  Detroit, — Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons.    Naturalized  at  Lansing. 

974.  var.  littorale,  Gray, 

Detroit;  "  along  the  Great  Lakes,"— Gray's  Manual. 

355.     CORISPERMUM,  A.  Juss.    BUG-SEED. 

975.  C.  hyssopifolium,  L. 

S.  Haven,— Bailey;  and  northward  to  L.  Superior,  along  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

LXXII.    PHYTOLACCACE^E.    POKEWEED  FAMILY. 

356.    PHYTOLACCA,  Tourn.    POKEWEED. 

*976.    P.  decanclra,  L.    Garget.    Poke.    Scoke.    Pigeon  Berry.    C.  &  S. 
Fields.    Frequent. 

LXXIII.    POLYGONACE^].    BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 

357.    RUMEX,  L.    DOCK.    SORREL. 

977.    R.  PATIENTIA,  L.    Patience  Dock. 
Adventitious  at  Portland,— C.  F.  Wheeler. 

*978.    R.  Britannica,  L.    Great  Water-Dock.  Th. 

Wet  places.    S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Ionia  Co.;  Flint ;  Macomb  Co. ;  and  northward.    Frequent. 

*979.    R.  altissimus,  Wood.    Pale  Dock. 
Sault  de  Ste.  Marie,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Ionia.    Apparently  introduced  at  the  College.    Rare. 

980.    R.  salicifolius,  Weinmann.    White  Dock.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Shore  of  Little  Traverse  Bay;  and  northward.    Scarce. 

*981.    R.  verticillatus,  L.    Swamp  Dock.  L.  P. 

River  banks.    Frequent. 

*982.    R.  CRISPUS,  L.    Curled  Dock.    Narrow  Dock.  Th. 

Everywhere  in  fields. 

*983.    R.  OBTUSIFOLIUS,  L,.    Bitter  Dock.  Th. 

Meadows  and  fields.    Frequent. 

984.  var.  DISCOLOR,  Wall. 
Formerly  mistaken  for  R.  sanguineus,  L. 

985.  R.  OBTUSIFOLIUS  X  CRISPUS,  Trelease. 

North  Manitou  Isle.,— Mrs.  Wislizenus.    Trelease,  Revision  of  Rumex. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  127 

*  986.    R.  ACETOSELLA,  L.    Field  or  Sheep  Sorrel.  Th. 

Sterile  fields.    Common. 

987.    K.  ACETOSA,  L.    Sorrel  Dock.  U.  P. 

Very  abundant  at  Point-aux-Pins,  above  Sault  de  Ste.  Marie,— Maconn;  N.  shore  of  Lake  Superior,— 
Pitcher,  Trelease,  Revision  of  Rumex. 

358.    POLYGONTJM,  Tourn.    KNOTWEED. 

*988.    P.  aviculare,  L.  Th. 

The  commonest  of  weeds. 

*989.    P.  erect  mil,  L. 

Waste  places  with  the  preceding  species.    Common. 

*990.    P.  tenue,  Michx. 
Sterile  soil.    S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  common  in  Ionia  Co.;  Macomb  Co.,  and  northward. 

*991.    P.  lapathifolium,  L.  Th. 

River  banks.    Ionia  Co.;  Grand  Rapids,— Coleman  Cat.;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Frequent. 

992.  var.  incaimm,  Koch. 

Keweenaw  Co.,— F. ;  L.  Superior,— O.  B.  Wheeler. 

*993.    P.  Peimsylvanicum,  L.  C.  &  S. 

Low  grounds.    Ionia  Co.;  Clinton  Co.;  Flint;  S.  Mich., — Wright  Cat.    Frequent. 

*994.    P.  ampliibium,   L.  Th. 

Borders  of  ponds.    Frequent. 

*995.    P.  Mulilenbergii,  Watson. 

E.  shore  Lake  Huron,— J.  Macoun;  Ionia  Co.;  Flint;   Grand  Rapids;   Indian  River;  Black  Lake; 
•Cheboygan  Co. 

*996.    P.  Hartwrightii,  Gray.  Th. 

Kalamazoo, — Tuthill;   Indian    River;   Black    Lake,  Cheboygan    Co., — B.  and  K. ;   Lenawee  Co., — 
Dr.  Beal;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

997.    P.  ORIENTALE,  L.    Prince's  Feather. 
Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens. 

*998.    P.  PERSICARIA,  L.    Lady's  Thumb.  Th. 

Waste  places.    Common. 

*999.    P.  hydropiperoicles,  Michx.    Mild  Water-Pepper.  C.  &  S. 

Wet  places.     Common. 

*1000.    P.  Hydropiper,  L.    Common  Smartweed  or  Water-Pepper.    Th. 

Moist  grounds.    Common. 

*1001.    P.  acre,  HBK.    Water  Smartweed.  L.  P. 

Wet  places.    Ann  Arbor;  Ionia  Co. ;  Mackinac,— Winch.  Cat.;  Flint.    Frequent. 

1002.    P.  viviparum,  L.  U.  P. 

Shore  of  L.  Superior,— Gray ;  Isle   Royale,  common,— Whitney  Cat. 

*1(03.    P.  Virgrinianum,  L.  C.&S. 

Thickets.    Common. 

1004.    P.  arifolium,  L.    Halberd-leaved  Tear-thumb.  L.  P. 

Low  grounds.     South  Haven,— Bailey; IGros  Cap,  L.  Mich.— Winch.  Cat.;  S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat. 
Infrequent. 

*1005.    P.  sagittatum,  L.    Arrow-leaved  Tear-thumb.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Frequent. 


{P.      RAMOSISSIMUM,   Michx. 

Should  be  looked  for.  as  it  is  found  on  Manitoulin  Islands,— Can.  Cat.] 


128  FLORA.  OF  MICHIGAN. 

*1006.    P.  CONVOLVULUS,  L.    Black  Bindweed.  Th. 

Waste  gronnde.    Common, 

1007.    P.  ciliiiode,  Michx.  Th. 

Copses.    S.  Haven,— Bailey;  Lyons.    Common  northward. 

*1008.    P.    dumetoriim,    L.,    var.    scaiicleiis,    Gray.     Climbing    False 

Buckwheat.  Th. 

Moist  thickets.    Frequent. 

359.     FAGOPYRUM,  Tourn.    BUCKWHEAT. 

*1009.    F.  ESCULENTUM,  Moench.    Buckwheat. 
Persistent  in  fields. 

36O.     POLYGOSTEULA,  Michx. 

1010.  P.  articulata,  Meisn.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Traverse  City,— Winch.  Cat. ;  L.  Superior,— Whitney  Cat. ;  Oscoda;  Black  Lake,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  & 
K.;  Indian  River,— Wheeler ;  Harrison,— Dr.  Beal;  Crawford  Co.,— O.  Palmer. 

LXXIV.     PODOSTEMACE^E.     EIVEK-WEED  FAMILY. 

361.     PODOSTEMON,  Michx.    RIVER-WEED. 

1011.  P.  ceratophylliis,  Michx. 

Detroit,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons. 

LXXV.     ABISTOLOCHIACE^S.     BIBTHWOBT  FAMILY. 

362.     AS  ARUM,  Tourn.    ASARABACCA.    WILD  GINGER. 
*1012.    A.  Canadense,  L.  Th. 

Moist  woods.    Common. 

363.    ARISTOLOCHIA,  Tourn.    BIRTHWORT. 

1013.    A.  Serpentaria,  L.    Virginia  Snakeroot. 
In  Gray's  Manual,  said  to  occur  in  the  S.  part  of  the  State. 

LXXYI.    PIPEEACE^.    PEPPEE  FAMILY. 

364.     SAURURUS,  L.    LIZARD'S-TAIL. 

*10H.    S.  cermms,  L.  C.  &  S. 

Swamps.    Common. 

LXXVII.    LAURACE^E.    LAUREL  FAMILY. 


365,    SASSAFRAS,  Nees.    SASSAFRAS. 
*1015.    S.  officinale,  Nees.  L.  P. 

Woods,— sandy  soil.    A  shrub  or  low  tree,  reported  by  Mr.  Spicer,  near  Manistee;  Hamlin  Lake,  Mas 
Co.,— C.  E.  St.  Johns.    Frequent. 

366.     LTIKDERA,  Thunb.    WILD  ALLSPICE.    FEVER-BUSH. 

*1016.    L.  Benzoin,  Blume.    Spice-bush.    Benjamin-bush.  C.  &  S. 

Damp  woode.    Frequent.  | 


FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN.  129 


LXXVIII.    THYMEL^EACE^E.     MEZEKEUM  FAMILY. 

367.     DIRCA,  L.    LEATHER-WOOD.    MOOSEWOOD. 

*1017.    D.  palustris,  L.  Th. 

Woods.  The  tough  bark  used  for  thongs  by  Indians.  Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat. ;  S.  Haven,— Bailey, 
and  northward.  Frequent. 

LXXIX.    EL^EAGNACE^E.    OLEASTER  FAMILY. 

368.     SHEPHERDIA,  Nutt. 
*1018.    S.  Canaeteiisis,  Nutt.  Th. 

Gravelly  banks.  "On  the  western  islands  in  Lake  Erie."— Dr.  D.  Cooley, ;  Ann  Arbor,— Winch. 
Cat.;  South  Haven,— Bailey;  Flint,  and  northward.  Abundant  at  Petoskey.  "A  common  short  shrub," 
(L.  Superior") ,— Whitney  Cat.;  Benton  Harbor,— Wheeler. 

LXXX.     SANTALACE^.    SANDALWOOD  FAMILY. 

369.     COMANDRA,  Nutt.    BASTARD  TOAD-FLAX. 
*1019.    C.  umbellate,  Nutt.  Th. 

Dry  ground.    Indifferently  parasitic  on  roots.    Common. 

1020.  C.  livida,  Richards.  N.  &  U.  P. 

"  Sandy  shores,  L.  Superior,"— Gray;  Traverse  City,— Dr.  :A.  B.  Lyons;  Isle  Royale,— Whitney  Cat; 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

LXXXI.    EUPHOKBIACE^.     SPURGE  FAMILY. 

37O.     EUPHORBIA,  L.    SPURGE. 

1021.  E.  polygoiiifolia,  L.  Th. 

Sandy  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes.    S.  Haven,— Bailey;  Ft.  Gratiot,— Winch.  Cat.,  etc.    Frequent.: 

1022.  E.  serpyllifolia,  Pers. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F.? 

*  1023.    E.  maculata,    D. 

Roadsides  and  fields,  everywhere. 

1024.    E.  humistrata,  Engelm. 
Flint,— Dr.  D.  Clark. 

*1025.    E.  Preslii,  Guss.  C.  &  S. 

Cultivated  soil,  and  waste  places.     Detroit,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons;  Ionia;  Grand  Rapids.     Infrequent^ 

*1026.    E.  corollata,  L.  C.  &  S. 

Sandy  soil.    Frequent. 

1027.  E.    PLATYPHYLLA,    L. 

Macomb  Co.;  "Along  the  Great  Lakes,"— Gray;  Lake  Huron,— Dr.  Todd. 

1028.  E.  HELIOSCOPIA,  L. 
Common  at  Detroit,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons. 

*  1029.     E.  EsULA,  L.. 
Escaped  from  cultivation. 


[E.   SERPENS,   HBK.  t 

Introduced  at  Windsor,  Ont..— J.  Macoun.    Probably  in  Detroit.] 


130  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

*1030.    E.  CYPARISSIAS,     L. 
Escaped  from  cultivation.    Frequent. 

1031.    E.  commutata,  Engelm. 
Ann  Arbor.— Winch.  Cat.;  Flint.    Infrequent. 

371.     ACALYPHA,  L.    THREE-SEEDED]MERCURY. 
*1032.    A.  Virginica,  L.  Th. 

Open  woods.    Variable.    Common. 

1033.  var.  gracileiis,  Muell. 

Detroit,— Dr.  D.  Clark. 

LXXXII.    UKTICACE^S.    NETTLE  FAMILY. 

372.     UL.MUS,   L.    ELM. 

*  1034.    U.  fulva,  Michx.    Slippery  or  Red  Elm.  Th. 
Rich  soil.    Frequent. 

*  1035.    U.  Americana,  L.    White  or  American  Elm.  Th. 
Low  grounds.    Common. 

*1036.    U.  racemosa,  Thomas.    Cork  or  Rock  Elm.  Th. 

River  banks.    Frequent. 

373.     CELTIS,  Tourn.    NETTLE-TREE.    HACKBERRY 

*1037.    C.  occideiitalis,  L.    Hackberry.    Sugarberry.  C.  &  S. 

River  banks.    A  medium  or  large  sized  tree.    Frequent. 

374.     CAMTABIS,  Tourn.    HEMP. 

*  1038.    C.  SATIVA,  L.    Hemp. 
Waste  places.    Frequent. 

375.     HUMULUS,  L.    HOP. 

1039.    H.  Ldipulus,  L.    Common  Hop.  Th. 

Banks  of  streams.    Frequent  northward. 

376.     MOKUS,  Tourn.    MULBERRY. 

*  1040.    M.  mbra,  L.    Red  Mulberry.  C/&  S. 
A  small  tree  on  river  bottoms. 

377.     UBTICA,  Tourn.    NETTLE. 
*1041.    U.  gracilis,  Ait.  Th. 

Moist  ground.    Common. 

1042.    U.  DIOICA,  L.  Th. 

Waste  places .    Occasional . 

378.     LAPORTEA,  Gaud,  D  WOOD-NETTLE. 

*1043.    L.  Canaclensis,  Gaud.  C.  &  S. 

Thick  woods  along  streams.    Common. 

379.     PILEA,  Lindl.    RICHWEED.     CLEARWEED. 

*  1044.    P.  pumila,  Gray.    Richweed.    Clearweed.]  C.  &  S. 

Low  woods.    Common. 

38O.     BCEHMERIA,  Jacq.    FALSE  NETTLE. 
*1045.    B.  cylinclrica,  Willd. 
Moist  ground.    Common. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  131 


'LXXXIII.     PLATANACE^].     PLANE-TREE  FAMILY. 

381.     PLATA^US,  L.    SYCAMORE.    BUTTONWOOD. 

*  1046.    P.  occiclentalis,  L.  C.  &  S. 

Along  oar  rivers.    "  The  largest  tree  of  the  Atlantic  forests."— Sargent. 

LXXXIY.    JUGLANDACE^.     WALNUT  FAMILY. 

382.  JUGLAXS,  L.    WALNUT. 
*1047.    J.  ciiierea,  L.    Butternut. 

Low  rich  woods.  * 

*  1048.    J.  iiigra,  L.    Black  Walnut.  C.  &  S. 

Becomming  scarce. 

383.  CABYA,  Nutt.    HICKORY. 

*1049.    C.  alba,  Nutt.    Shell-bark  or  Shag-bark  Hickory.  C.  &  S. 

Timber  very  valuable.    Common.] 

1050.    C.  sulcata,  Nutt.    Big  Shell-bark.     King-nut.  S. 

River  bottoms.    Rare,  except  in  the  extreme  south. 

*  1051.    C.  tomentosa,  Nutt.    Morier-nut.    White-heart  Hickory.  C.  &  S. 
Dry  woods.    Flint;  Grand  Rapids,— Coleman's  Cat.;  Three  Rivers;  Cassopolis,— Wheeler.    Rare. 

*1052.    C.  microcarpa,  Nutt.  S. 

Ann  Arbor;  Cassopolis ;  Three  Rivers. 

1053.    C.  porciiia,  Nutt.    Pig-nut  or  Broom  Hickory.  C.  &  S. 

Woods.    Nuts  pear-shaped  or  oblong. 

*  1054.    C.  aiiiara,  Nutt.    Bitter-nut  or  Swamp  Hickory.  C.  &  S. 
Moist  soil.    No  member  of  this  family  gets  much  north  of  lat.  43°.    Common. 

LXXXV.     MYRICACE^E.    SWEET-GALE  FAMILY. 

384.     MYRICA,  L.    BAYBERRY.      WAX-MYBTLE. 

1055.  M.  Gale,  L.    Sweet  Gale.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Swamp  near  Crooked  Lake,  Emmet  Co.;  Harrisville^Manistee,— E.  J.  Hill;  Isle  Royale,— Dr.  A.  B. 

Lyons. 

1056.  M.  cerifera,  L.    Bayberry.    Wax-Myrtle. 

'    S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat. 

1057.  M.  aspleiiifolia,  Endl.  Th. 

South,— Wr.  Cat. ;  Detroit,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons.  Very  common  in  the  center  of  the  State  and  northward 
throughout  the  pine  country,  of  which  it  is  a  characteristic  species. 

LXXXYI.     CUPULIFER^E.    OAK  FAMILY. 

385.     BETUL.A,  Tourn.     BIRCH. 

*  1058.    B.  leiita,  L.     Cherry  Birch.    Sweet  or  Black  Birch.  Th. 

Ann  Arbor,— Allmend.  Cat.;  S.  Haven,— Bailey;  Lenawee  Co.,— Dr.  Beal;  Hubbardston;  Flint  and 
northward  to  L.  Superior.  Rare  in  the  south,  but  attains  a  "  monstrous  size  "  on  Drummond's  Island, — 
Winch.  Cat. 

17 


132  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

1059.    B.  lutea,  Michx.  f.    Yellow  or  Gray  Birch.  Th. 

Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  8.  Haven,— Bailey;  to  L.  Superior.  "Common  along  the  line  of  the  F.  & 
P.  M.  R.  R.  and  northward  to  the  Traverse  country;  a  large  tree;  timber  valuable,"— Dr.  Beal.  Rare 
south  of  the  Grand- Saginaw  Valley. 

*  1060.    B.  papyrifera,  Marshall.    Paper  or  Canoe  Birch.    White  Birch. 

Th. 

Extends  southward  to  Lansing  and  perhaps  further.    Frequent  at  Crystal  Lake,  Montcalm  Co.,  as  a 
small  tree.    Often  springs  up,  forming  a  dense  thicket,  where  pine  lands  have  been  burned  over. 

*1061.    B.  pumila,  L.    Low  Birch.  Th. 

Swamps.    Variable.    Frequent. 

1062.  B.  glanclulosa,  Michx.    Dwarf  Birch.  U.  P. 
Burt's  MS.  Cat;  Lake  Superior. 

386."  ALNUS,  Tourn,    ALDER. 

1063.  A.  viridis,  DC.    Green  or  Mountain  Alder.  U.  P. 

"  Dry  rocky  land,"— Whitney  Cat.;  Isle  Royale,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons;  high  hills,  Escanaba,— E.  J.  Hill; 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F.  Common. 

*1064.    A.  incana,  Willd.    Speckled  or  Hoary  Alder.  Th. 

Borders  of  streams.    The  prevailing  Alder  in  center  of  the  State  and  in  U.  P.    Common. 

1065.    A.  serrulata,  Willd.    Smooth  Alder. 
Macomb  Co.;  Traverse  City  and  S.  Mich., -Winch.  Cat. ;  Burt's  MS.  Cat.    Rare  or  local. 

387.     CORYL-US,  Tourn.    HAZEL-NUT.    FILBERT. 
*1066.    C.  Americana,  Walt.    Wild  Hazel-nut.  Th. 

Thickets.    Common. 

1067.    C.  rostrata,  Ait.    Beaked  Hazel-nut.  Th. 

Hubbardston ;  and  common  northward. 

388.     OSTRYA,  Micheli.    HOP-HORNBEAM.    IRON-WOOD. 

*1068.     O.    Virgiiiica,    Willd.     American    Hop-Hornbeam.      Lever- wocd, 

Th. 
Rich  woods.    Common. 

389.     CARPINUS,  L.    HORNBEAM.    IRON-WOOD. 

*1069.    C.  Caroliniaiia,  Walter.     American  Hornbeam.     Blue  or  Water 

Beech.  Th. 

Along  streams.    Wood  of  this  and  the  preceding  tough  and  durable ;  used  for  wedges,  levers,  etc. 

390.     QUERCUS,  L.    OAK. 
*1070.    Q.  alba,  L.    White  Oak.  Th. 

Rich  woods.  Rare  in  U.  P.,  Menominee  Co.,— Burt  MS.  Cat.,  etc.  Our  most  valuable  species.  Much 
used  in inside  finishing,  carriage-making,  etc.,  etc.,  wherever  a  strong,  durable,  and  beautiful  timber  is 
desired.  Common, 

*1071.    Q.  macrocarpa,  Michx.    Bur  Oak.     Over-cup  or  Mossy -cup  Oak. 
Rich  soil.    Common.   A  form  of  this  oak  occurs  in  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K. 

*1072.    Q.  bicolor,  Willd.    Swamp  White  Oak. 
Low  ground.    A  large  tree.    Common. 

*1073.fjQ.  Muhlenberg-ii,  Engelm.   Yellow  Oak.   Chestnut-Oak.   C.&S. 
Rich  woods.    A  medium  sized  tree.    Infrequent. 

1074.    Q.  prinoicles,  Willd.    Dwarf  Chestnut-Oak.  C.  &  S. 

A  low  shrub  or  small  tree.  Macomb  Co.;  Barren  Lake,  Cass  Co. ;  Brighton,— Dr.  J.  B;  Steere;  Hub- 
bardston; Muir ;  Gratiot  Co.  This  and  the  preceding  seem  to  run  together.  Infrequent. 

*1075.    Q.  rubra,  L.    Red  Oak.  Tb. 

In  the  C.  &  S.,  a  large  tree ;  or,  at  Petoskey,  a  low  tree  or  tall  shrub;  in  U.  P.,  along  the  shore,  a  low 
shrub  or  scraggy  tree  (the  common  form),  or,  in  Ontonagon  valley,  a  good-sized  tree,— Whitney.  Q. 
ambigua,  MX.,  apparently  belongs  here.  (See  Engelm,  "Oaks  of  the  U.S."  Tr.  Ac.  Sc.,  St.  Louis,  Vol. 
III.) "  "One  of  the  most  variable  of  the  Atlantic  species,"— Engelmann. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  133 

i 
1076.    Q.  cocciiiea,  Wang.    Scarlet  Oak.  L,.  P. 

Inner  bark  reddish;  scales  of  involucre,  brown,  glabrate,  appressed.  In  the  C.,  this  species  blossoms 
and  puts  forth  its  leaves  about  two  weeks  earlier  than  the  next,  and  the  leaves  are  smooth  and  glossy 
before  the  leaves  of  the  next  have  become  well  divested  of  their  reddish  down.  Frequent. 

*1077.    Q.  tinctoria,  Bartram.    Quercitron.    Yellow-barked  or  Black  Oak. 

Inner  bark  bright  yellow;  scales  of  involucre  yellowish-canescent,  somewhat  sqarrose;  leaves  less 
pinnatified,  more  obova4e  in  outline  and  less  glossy-green  than  those  of  Q.  coccinea.  This  species  and 
the  preceding  occur  together  in  the  C.,  and  are  seldom  large— usually  40-50  ft.,  and  12-15  inches  in  diam- 
eter. Considerable  study  has  shown  no  gradations  between  the  two  forms,  except  one  anomalous  speci- 
men, with  very  long  acorns,  and  some  characteristics  of  both  species. 

1078.  Q.  palustris,  Du  Roi.    Swamp  Spanish  or  Pin  Oak.  S.  E. 
Only  seen  in  the  S.  E.  portion'of  therState;  Port  Huron,— Dodge^Belle  Isle ;  Monroe  Co. 

1079.  Q.  iifcibricaria,  Michx.    Laurel  or  Shingle  Oak.  S. 
Barrens,  Galesburg,— H.  Dale  Adams;  Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat. ;  S.  Mich.,— Dr.  Wright.C Rare. 

391.     CAST  AXE  A,  Tourn.     CHESTNUT. 

1080.  C.  sativa,  Mill.,£var.  Americana,  Watson.    Chestnut.          S.  E.  • 

''-""•Occurs  abundantly  along  an  outcrop  of  Helderberg  limestone  in  E.  Monroe  Co.  and  Wayne  Co.  -• 
Wheeler ;  Ann  Arbor,— Dr.  Steere;  Detroit  River  to  Lake  St.  Clair,— Macoun,  in  Can.  Cat. 

392.     FAGUS,  Tourn.  BEECH. 

*1081.    F.  ferruginea,  Ait.*  American  Beech.'  Th. 

Common  in  L.  P.,  but7rare 'in  LU.  P.  Occurs  at  Mackinac  and[Pictured  Rocks;  St.  Mary's  River,— • 
Macoun. 

LXXXVII.     SALICACE^E.    WILLOW  FAMILY. 

393.     SALJX,  Tourn.    WILLOW.    OSIER. 

*1082.     S.  nigra,  Marshall.    Black  Willow.  Th. 

Along  streams ;  a  small  tree. 

*il083.    S.  amygdaloides,  Anders.  Th. 

Flint,— Dr.  Clark ;  Hubbardston ; ;  Harrisville. 

*1084.     S.  lucida,  Muhl.     Shining  Willow.  Th. 

Along'streams.    Variable.    Common. 

*1085.    S.  ALBA,  L.,  var.  VITELLINA/  Koch.    White  Willow. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

*1086.    S.  longifolia,  Muhl.  Th. 

Wet  places.    Common. 

*1087.    S.  rostrata,  Richardson.  Th, 

Moist  or  dry  ground.  CCommon. 

*1088.    S.  discolor,  Muhl.     Glaucous  Willow.  Th. 

River  banks.  This  species  and  the  preceding  are  very  much  visited  by  bees  in  early  spring  for  pollen 
and  honey.  Common. 

1089.  var.JI[eriocephala,*Ander8. 

KeweenawlCo.,— F. 

*1090.  var.    prinoides,  Anders. 

Common. 

*1091.    S.  humilis,  Marshall.    Prairie  Willow.  Th. 

Common  northward  to  Marquette  Co.,— Burt  MS.  Cat.  A>ery  broad  leaved  [form  with  the  yourg 
leaves  round-obovate  to  nearly  round,  collected  by  O.  A.  Farwell,  Keweenaw  Co. 

1092.    S.  tristis,  Ait.    Dwarf  Gray  Willow. 
Alcona  Co. ;  Barren  lake.  Cass  Co.;  Monroe  Co,     Infrequent. 


131  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

*1093.    S.  sericea,  Marshall.    Silky-Willow. 

Drnmmond's  Is.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Ionia  Co. ;  and  southward  to  S.  Haven,— Bailey ;  shore  of  Black  lake, 
•Cheboygan  Co.  Very  common  in  central  part  of  the  State. 

*1094.    S.  petiolaris,  Smith.    Petioled  Willow.  Th. 

With  the  last.    From  Sault  de  Ste.  Marie  southward.    Ionia  Co.    Frequent. 

1095.    S.  petiolaris,  Smith,  var.  gracilis,  Anders. 
S.  western  part  of  the  State. 

*1096.    S.  Candida,  Willd.    Hoary  Willow.  Th. 

Usually  in  tamarack  swamps.    Rare  in  S.  part  of  the  State.    Common  northward. 

*  1097.    S.  VIMINALJS,  Basket  Osier. 
Woodward  lake,  Ionia  Co.;  S.  Haven,— Bailey. 

*1098.    S.  cordata,  Muhl.    Heart-leaved  Willow.  Th. 

Along  streams.  Marrow-leaved  forms  occur  in  the  central  and  southern  parts  of  the  State;  at 
Petoskey,  broadly  ovate-heart-shaped  leaved  forms  occur.  Common. 

*1099.    S.  glaucophylla,  Bebb.  Th. 

Hnbbardston;  Petoskey;  frequent  along  the  shores  of  Little  Traverse  Bay,  and  shores  of  the  Great 
Lakes.  Rare  in  the  interior. 

1100.  var.  angustifolia,  Bebb. 
Sturgeon  Point,  Alcona  Co. 

1101.  var.  brevifolia,  Bebb. 
Shores  of  Little  Traverse  bay,— C.  F.  Wheeler. 

1102.  S.  balsamifera,  Barrett. 
Flint,— Dr.  D.  Clark;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

1103.  var.  vegeta,  Bebb. 

1104.  var.  lanceolata,  Bebb. 
These  two  varieties  occur  in  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

1105.  S.  adeiiopliylla,  Hook.    Tomentose  Willow. 

Low,  2-5  feet.  Beach  sand.  Lake  Michigan,  and  northward.  Petoskey;  St.  Jo.,  Dr.  Wright  in  Torr. 
Herb.,— Bebb.  Hooker's  original  specimens  came  from  Labrador. 

*1106.    S.  myrtilloides,  L.    Myrtle  Willow.  Th. 

Sphagnous  swamps.    8.  E.,— Winch.  Cat.    Ionia,  etc.,  to  L.  Superior.    Frequent. 

1107.  var.  pedicellaris,  Anders. 
Keweenaw  Co., — F. 

1108.  S.  SEBICEAX CANDIDA,  Bebb..   forma  denudata,  Bebb,  Herb.    Salicum, 

No.  33. 
Flint,-Dr.  Clark. 

1109.  S.    SERICEA X CANDIDA,  Bebb.    Herb.    Salicum,  No.  32. 
Flint,— Dr.  D.  Clark;  Hnbbardston,— C.  F.  Wheeler. 

1110.  S.  PETIOLARIS X CANDIDA,  Bebb.    Herb.    Salicum,  No.  30. 

Originally  from  Hascall's  swamp,  near  Flint,  Mich.,  where  it  was  discovered  by  Daniel  Clarke,  M.  D., 
IB  1872— the  locality  being  soon  after  obliterated.  Should  it  be  deemed  advisable  hereafter  to  treat  sup- 
posed hybrids  as  quasi-species,  after  the  manner  of  Andersson,  Kerner  and  others,  I  very  much  wish  that 
this  beautiful  willow  should  be  called  S.  Clarkei,  to  commemorate  the  name  of  a  botanist  who  has  done 
more  than  any  other  to  give  an  impetus  to  the  study  of  hybrid  willows  in  this  country,— M.  S.  Bebb, 
1880.  Swamp  near  Hubbardston,  Ionia  Co.,— C.  F.  Wheeler. 

1111.  S.  ROSTRATA  (X PETIOLARIS?),  No.  37.    Bebb.    Herb.  Salitfum. 
Flint,— Dr.  D.  Clark. 

1112.  S.    CANDID  AX  CORDATA,  Bebb. 
Flint,— Dr.  D.  Clark ;  Hubbardston,— C.  F.  Wheeler. 

*1113.    S.  CORDATA X SERICEA,  Bebb. 
Bailey;  Flint,— Dr.  D.  Clark. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  135 

*1114.    S.  HUMILISX  DISCOLOR,  Bebb. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— Farwell. 

*1115.    S.  FRAGiLisXALBA,  Wimmer. 
Coleman's  Catalogue ;  Palmer's  Catalogue. 

394.     POPULUS,     Tourn.    POPLAR.    ASPEN. 

1116.    P.  ALBA,  L.    White  Poplar.    Abele. 
Occasionally  escaped  from  cultivation. 

*  1117.    P.  tremuloides,  Michx.    American  Aspen.  Th. 
Woods  and  lake  shores;  most  abundant  in  U.  P.,— Whitney.    Common. 

*  1118.    P.  g'randidentata,  Michx.    Large-toothed  Aspen.  Th. 
Woods.    Common  northward,  but  "  rare  in  U.  P.,"— Whitney  Oat. 

*  1119.    P.  balsamifera,  L.    Balsam  Poplar.  Th. 
River  banks.    A  small  tree  in  Michigan. 

*1120.  var.    CANDICANS,  Gray. 

Common  in  cultivation. 

*1L21.    P.  monilifera,  Ait.    Cotton- wood.    Necklace  Poplar.  L.  P. 

Sometimes  a  large  tree,  three  feet  in  diameter.    Infrequent.    Collected  by  the  Forestry  Commission 
Expedition  party,  June,  1888,  in  Alcona  Co. 

LXXXVIIL    EMPETKACE^E.     CBOWBERBY  FAMILY. 

395.     EMPETRUM,  Tourn.    BLACK  CROWBERRY. 

1122.    E.  nigrrum,  L.  U.  P. 

Whitney  Cat.    Pictured  Rocks,— G.  H.  Hicks. 

LXXXIX.    CEEATOPHYLLACE.E.     HORNWORT  FAMILY. 

396.     CEKATOPHYLLUM,  L.    HORNWORT. 
*1123.    C.  demersum,  L.  Th. 

Ponds.    Fruit  in  August.    Common. 

XC.    HYDEOCHAEIDACE^E.    FROG'S-BIT  FAMILY. 

397.     ELODEA,      Michx. 

*1124.    E.  Caiiadensis,  Michx.    Water-weed.  Th. 

Slow  streams.    Common. " 

398.    VALLISNEBIA,  L. 

*1125.    V.  spiralis,  L.    Tape-grass.    Eel-grass.  Th. 

Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  S.  Haven,— Bailey;  Hubbardston,  to  Petoskey;  Lake  Superior,— Agassiz. 
Slow  streams.     Common  in  Grand  River  and  tributaries. 

XCI.     OECHIDACE^E.    ORCHIS  FAMILY. 

399.     MICBOSTYLIS,  Nutt.    ADDER'S-MOUTH. 

1126.  M.  monopliyllos,  Lindl. 

Hubbardston;  {Flint;  Macomb  iCo.;"bogs  near  Long  lake  and  Black 'lake,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K. 
Rare. 

1127.  M.  ophiogrlossoides,  Nutt. 

Ann  Arbor,— Allmendinger  Cat.;  Hubbardston ;  Lenawee  Co.,— G.  F.  Comstock.    Rare. 


136  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

4OO.     LIPARIS,  Richard. 

1128.  L.  liliifolia,  Richard. 

S.  W.— Wright's  Cat. 

1129.  L.  Loeselii,  Richard.    Twayblade.  Th. 

Ann  Arbor,— Allmendinger  Cat.;  abundant  in  a  tamarack  swamp  near  Hubbardston;  S.  'Haven,— 
Bailey;  Flint ;  Macomb  Co. ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.;  Sault  de  8te  Marie,— Porter. 

4O1.     CALYPSO,  Salisb. 

1130.  C.  borealis,  Salisb. 

Forty-mile  Point,  Presqne  Isle  Co.,— Winch.  Cat.;  shores  of  Higgins  lake,— Dr.  D.  Cooley;  Mount 
Pleasant,— E.  F.  Smith;  Grayling,— G.  H.  Hicks;  Frankfort,— E.  J.  Parker;  Keweenaw  Co., —F.;  Mackinac, 
—Whitney  Cat.;  L.  Superior,— J.  Maconn,  in  Can.  Cat. 

4O2.     TIPULARIA,  Nutt.    CRANE-FLY  ORCHIS. 

1131.  T.  discolor,  Nutt. 

Coleman  Cat.;  "  N.  Mich.,  Dr.  Cooley,"— Winch.  Cat.;  eastern  coast  of  L.  Huron,— J.  Maconn.  Our 
rarest  orchid. 

4O3.     APLECTRUM,  Nutt.    PUTTY-ROOT.    ADAM-AND-EVE. 
*1132.    A.  liiemale,  Nutt. 

Rich  woods.  Ann  Arbor,— Allmend.  Cat.;  Detroit,— Gillman;  Macomb  Co.;  Montcalm  Co.;  Flint; 
Hubbardston;  Grand  Rapids,—  Colemans  Cat.;  Niles,— Mitchell;  Keweenaw  Co..— F.  Scarce. 

4O4.     CORALLORHIZA,  Haller.    CORAL-ROOT. 

*1133.    C.  innata,  R.  Br.  Th. 

S.  E.,— Wright  Cat.;  Park  Lake,  Clinton  Co.;  Harmon;  Grayling;  Frankfort;  L.  Superior,  not  rare,— 
Whitney  Cat. 

1134.    C.  odoiitorhiza,  Nutt.  Th. 

Hubbardston;  Flint;  Frankfort;  Oscoda;  northward  to  L.  Superior,— Whitney  Cat. 

*1135.    C.  multiflora,  Nutt.  Th. 

Hubbardston;  S.  W.,— Wright  Cat.;  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K. ;  northward  to  L.  Superior. 

1136.  C.  striata,   Lindl.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Frankfort;  Comins,  Oscoda  Co.;  abundant  at  Mackinac, — Whitney  Cat.;  Keweenaw  Co., — F.  Becom- 
ing scarce. 

4O5.     LISTERA,  R.  Brown. 

1137.  L.  corclata,  R.  Br.    Twayblade.  N.  &  U.  P, 

Whitney  Cat.;  and  Isle  Royale,— Dr.  A.  B.  ;Lyons ;  Grayling,— G.  H.  Hicks ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. ;  cedar 
swamps,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K. 

1138.  L.  convallarioides,  Nutt.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Not  common.  Whitney  Cat.;  Isle  Royale,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons ;  abundant  at  Pictured  Rocks,-  G.  H. 
Hicks;  Grand  Traverse  Co.;  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K. ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

4O6.     SPIRANTHES,  Richard.    LADIES'  TRESSES. 

1139.  S.  latifolia,  Torr. 

Drummond's  Island,  common,  and  S.  E.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Hubbardston;  Flint.    Rare  in  L.  P. 

1140.  S.  Romaiizoffiana,  Chamisso.  Th. 

Borders  of  Mud  Lake,  Northport,— E.  J.  Hill;  St.  Clair  Co.,— A.  F.  Foerste ;  Grayling,— G.  H.  Hicks  ; 
Caribou  Islet, — Porter ;  northward  to  L.  Superior.  Infrequent  southward. 

*1141.    S.  cernua,  Richard.;  Th. 

Sphagnous  swamps.    Frequent. 

1142.  S.  gracilis,  Bigelow.  L.  P. 

S.  W.,—  Wright's  Cat.;  Macomb  Co.;  Grand  Rapids,— Coleman  Cat.;  Kalamazoo,— Tuthill;  Long  Lake 
and  Pine  Plains,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K. 

4O7.     GOODYERA,  R.]Br.    RATTLESNAKE-PLANTAIN. 

1143.  G.  repens,  R.  Br.  Th. 

Bangor,  Van  Buren  Co., —Bailey;  Grand  Rapids,— Coleman  Cat.;  RoscommonCo.,— Dr.  Cooley;  Petos- 
key  and  northward.  Infrequent. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  137 

*1144.    G.  pubescens,  R.  Br.  Th. 

Woods.    Frequent. 

1145.    G.  Menziesii,  Lindl.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Grayling,— G.  H.  Hicks;  Boyne  Falls,  Northport  and  Frankfort,— E.  J.  Hill;  Petoskey;  Isle  Royale  and 
Traverse  Bay.,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Rare  in  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K. 

408.  ARETHUSA,  Gronov. 

*1146.    A.  bulbosa,  L.  Th. 

In  sphagnous  swamps.     S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;]  Ann  Arbor,— Allmeni.  Cat.;  Kalamaz oo,— Tathill; 
Hubbardston,  and  northward.    Rare. 

409.  CALOPOGOX,  R.  Br. 

*1147.    C.  pulcliellus,  R.  Br.  Th. 

Bogs.    Common. 

41O.    POGONIA,  Juss. 

*1148.    P.  opliioglossoides,  Nutt.  Th. 

Bogs.    Common. 

1149.  P.  pendula,  Lindl.  S.  W. 
Dr.  Wright;  Calvin,  Cass  Co., -I.  N.  Mitchell.    Rare. 

1150.  P.  verticillata,  Nutt.  C.  &  S. 

Kalamaz  oo;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.    Rare. 

411.     ORCHIS,  L. 

*1151.    O.  spectabilis,  L.    Showy  Orchis.  C.  &  S. 

Rich  woods.    Scarce. 

1152.  O.  rotimdifolia,  Pursh. 

Frankfort,— E.  J.  Parker;  Marquette,— T.  H.  Danger;  Lake  Fume6,— E.  J.  Hill. 

412.     HABEXARIA,   Willd.    REIN-ORCHIS. 

1153.  H.  tridentata,  Hook.  Th. 

Lenawee  Co.,— G.  F.  Comstock;  8.  W.,— Wright  Cat.;  Ann  Arbor,— Allmend.  Cat.;  Hubbardston; 
Grayling,— G.  H.  Hicks;  and  northward. 

1154.  H.  virescens,  Spreng.  L.  P. 
Macomb  Co.;  Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat. ;  S.  W.,— Wright  Cat.;  Cheboygan  Co,,  infrequent,— B.  &  K. 

*  1155.    H.  bracteata,  R.  Br.  Th 

Ann  Arbor  and  Emmet  Co.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Macomb    Co.;  Kalamazoo;  Hubbardston;   Flint;  and 
northward. 

1156.    H.  hyperborea,  R.  Br.  Th. 

Wet  woods.    Frequent  northward. 

*1157.    H.  dilatata,  Gray.  Th. 

S.  E.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Constantine,  and  northward. 

1158.    H.  obtusata,  Richardson.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K. ;  Pictured  Rocks,— G.  H.  Hicks ;  Isle  Royale,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons;  L.  Superior, 
common,— Whitney  Cat.;  Cove  I. ;  L.  Huron,— Austin. 

*1159.    H.  Hookeri,  Torr.  Th. 

S.  E.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Hubbardston ;  Flint;  Lake  Superior,— Whitney  Cat.    Rare  southward. 

*  1160.    H.  orbiculata,  Torr.  Th. 
Frequent  in  the  pine  region,  not  rare  on  U.  P.,— Whitney  Cat. ;  Hubbardston ;  Flint,  etc. 

*  1161.    H.  ciliaris,  R.  Br.    Yellow  Fringed-Orchis. 

Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  Macomb  Co.;  Kalamazoo,— Tuthill ;  Niles,— I.  N.  Mitchell.    Rare.l 

1162.    H.  blepharig-lottis,  Torr.    White  Fringed-Orchis.  C.  &  S. 

S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Stanton.    Rare. 


138  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

*1163.    H.  leucophaea,  Gray. 

Belle  Isle,— Foerste;  Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  Pine  Lake,  Ingham  Co.;  Woodward  Lake,  Ionia  Co.; 
Macomb  Co.;  Isle  Royale,— Foote.  Rare. 

*  1164.    H.  lacera,  R.  Br.    Ragged  Fringed-Orchis.  Th. 

Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  Woodward  Lake ;  Flint ;  Macomb  Co. ;  north  to  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.  Infre- 
quent. 

*1165.    H.  psycodes,  Gray.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Frequent. 

413.  CYPRIPEDIUM,  L.    MOCCASON -FLOWER. 

1166.  C.  arietinum,  R.  Brown.    Ram's-head  Lady's  Slipper. 

Isle  Royale,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons;  tamarack  swamp  Vz  mile  E.  of  Whittemore  Lake,— W.  H.  Lewis,  May, 
1891.  Rare. 

1167.  C.  caiiclidum,  Muhl.    Small  White  Lady's  Slipper.  Th. 

Tamarack  swamps.  Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  Kalamazoo;  Macomb  Co. ;  Flint ;  Hubbardston ;  How- 
ell  Junction,— Wheeler ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.  Rare. 

*1168.    C.  parviflorum,  Salisb.    Smaller  Yellow  Lady's  Slipper.         Th. 

Swamps.  A  slender  species;  leaves  slightly  pubescent,  not  much  plaited;  flowers  much  smaller  than 
those  of  the  next;  corolla  bright  yellow  and  much  brown  spotted  inside  in  lines;  sepals  and  side  petals 
dark  brown-purple,  the  latter  several  times  twisted.  Usually  grows  in  clumps,  preferring  very  wet  swamps. 
Frequent.  t 

*1169.    C.  pubescens,  Willd.    Larger  Yellow  Lady's  Slipper. 

Woods,  in  moist  or  dry  ground.  Much  coarser  every  way  than  the  preceding,  with  strongly-plaited, 
hairy  leaves,  and  large  light  yellow  flowers,  more  or  less  brown-spotted.  Small  forms  of  this  are  often 
mistaken  for  C.  parviflarum,  but  the  two  species  are  apparently  distinct  in  Michigan.  Frequent. 

*1170.    C.  spectabile,  Salisb.    Showy  Lady's  Slipper.  Th. 

Swamps.    The  largest  species,  as  well  as  the  most  beautiful ;  leaves  frequently  6x10  inches.    Ann 
Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  Kalamazoo,— Tuthill ;  Macomb  Co.;  Flint;  Hubbardston;  Keweenaw  Co.    Frequent. 

*  1171.    C.  acaule,  Ait.    Stemless  Lady's  Slipper.  Th. 
Dry  woods,  and  sphagnous  swamps.    Frequent. 

XCII.     H^MODORACE^E.     BLOODWORT  FAMILY. 

414.     ALETRIS,  L.     COLIC-ROOT.     STAR-GRASS. 

1172.    A.  farinosa,  L.  G.  &  S. 

Addison,— G.  F.  Comstock;  Howard  City;  Grand  Rapids;  Ann  Arbor,— Allmend.  Cat. ;  Macomb  Co. 
Flint;  Clarkston,— G.  H.  Hicks;  Hubbardston.  Rare. 

XCIII.     IRIDACE^E.    IRIS  FAMILY. 

415.     IRIS,  Tourn.    WILD  FLOWER-DE-LUCE. 

*  1173.    I.  versicolor,  L.    Larger  Blue  Flag.  Th, 
Low  grounds.    Common. 

1174.      I.  lacustris,  Nutt.    Lake  Dwarf  Iris. 

Bois  Blanc  I.  and  Drummond's  I.,— Winch.  Cat. :  Mackinac.,— Whitney  Cat.;  "Shores  of  L.  Huron 
and  Mich.,"— Gray,  Lewis  Foote,  et  al.;  Mackinaw  City,— Wheeler. 

416.     SISYRINCHIUM,  L.    BLUE-EYED  GRASS. 

*1175.    S.  angustifolium,  Mill.  Th. 

Moist  grassy  places.    Common. 

1176.    S.  aiiceps,  Cav.  Th. 

Palo ;  Petoskey ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

XCIV.    AMAKYLLIDAQE.E.    AMARYLLIS  FAMILY. 
417.     HYPOXYS,  L.     STAR-GRASS. 


FLORA  OP  MICHIGAN.  139 

1177.    H.    erecta,   L.  C.  &  S. 

Meadows.    Common. 

XCV.    DIOSCOKEACE^B.     YAM  FAMILY. 

418.     DIOSCOREA,  Plumier.     YAM. 

*1178.    D.  villosa,  Wild  Yam-root.  C.  &  S. 

Rich  woods.    Frequent. 

XCVI.     LILIACE.E.     LILY  FAMILY. 

419.     SMILAX,  Tourn,    GREENBRIER.     CAT-BRIER. 

*  1179.    S.  herbacea,  L.    Carrion-Flower.  Th. 

River  banks.    Flowers  much  visited  by  blow-flies.    Common. 

*  1180.  var.  pulveruleuta,  Gray. 

Ann  Arbor,— Allmend.  Cat. ;  Owosso,— G.  H.  Hicks. 

1181.  S.  ecirrhata,  Watson. 
Mich., — Gray's  Manual. 

1182.  S.  rotundifolia,  L.    Common  Greenbrier.    Horse-brier.       C.  &  S. 

Ann   Arbor,— Allmend.    Cat.;   Flint;    Macomb    Co.;    Kent    Co.,— Coleman    Cat.;    Benton    Harbor. 
Infrequent. 

*1183.    S.  liispicla,  Muhl.  Th. 

The  common  woody  species  in  Ionia  and  adjacent  counties.    Ann  Arbor, — Winch.  Cat. ;  Hubbardston; 
Flint ;  Houghton  lake;  northward  to  Lake  Superior,— Whitney  Cat. 

42O.     ALT.IUM,  L.    ONION.    GARLIC. 
*1184.    A.  tricoccum,  Ait.    Wild  Leek.  Th. 

Rich  woods.     Cattle  pastured  in  woodlands  in  early  spring  are  sure  to  find  and  eat  this  plant,  and 
the  "  garlic  "  odor  of  wild  leek  is  only  too  well  known  to  butter  buyers  in  the  rural  districts. 

1185.  A.  Schoeiioprasum,  L.    Chives.  U.  P. 
Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons ;  Gray's  Manual ;  N.  shore  of  Lake  Superior, — Ag  assiz  ;  Keweenaw  Point, — F. 

1186.  A.  cernuum,  Roth.    Wild  Onion.  +  S. 

Ann  Arbor,— Allmend.  Cat. 

*1187.    A.  Canaclense,  Kalm.    Wild  Garlic.  C.  &  S. 

Woods.    Common. 

421.     CAMASSIA,  Lindl 
1188.    C.  Fraseri,  Torr.    Eastern  Camass.    Wild  Hyacinth. 

Adrian,  Mich.,— Mrs.  I.  H.  Wheeler;  White  Island  in  the  Detroit  river  opposite  Amherstburgh,  1882,— 
Dr.  J.  Macoun. 

422.     HEMEROCALLIS,   L.    DAY  LILY. 

*1189.    H.  FULVA,  L.     Common  Day-Lily. 
Escaped  from  cultivation. 

423.    POLYGONATUM,  Tourn.    SOLOMON'S  SEAL. 

*  1190.    P.  biflorum,  Ell.    Smaller  Solomon's  Seal.  Th. 
Ann  Arbor, — Winch.  Cat. ;  Ionia  Co.,  and  northward.    Open  woods.    Common. 

*1191.    P.  gigaiiteum,  Dietrich,     Great  S.  S.  Th. 

River  banks.    Stems  often  very  tall  and  channeled  [on  one  side.    Intermediate  forms  between  this 
and  the  preceding  occur. 

18 


140  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

424.     ASPARAGUS,     Tourn.    ASPARAGUS. 

*1192.    A.  OFFICINALIS,  L.    Garden  Asparagus. 
Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens  in  older  parts  of  the  State. 

425.     SMILACrNTA,  Desf.    FALSE  SOLOMON'S  SEAL. 

*  1193.    S.  racemosa,  Desf.    False  Spikenard.  Th. 

Moist  grounds.    Common.  ^ 

*1194.    S.  stellata,  Desf.  Th. 

Moist  banks.    Common. 

*1195.    S.  trifolia,   Desf.  Th. 

Sphagnous  swamps.    Frequent. 

426.     MAIANTHEMUM,  Wigg. 
*1196.    M.  Caiiadeiise,   Desf.  Th. 

Woods,  everywhere. 

427.     STKEPTOPUS,  Michx.    TWISTED-STALK. 

1197.  S.  amplexifolius,  DC. 

Fort  Gratiot,— Winch.  Cat.;  Houghton  Lake  to  Lake  Superior,  where  it  is  rare,— Whitney  Cat. 

1198.  S.  roseus,  Michx. 

Cedar  swamps,  Mt.  Pleasant,— Chas.  A.  Davis;  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &K.;  Drummond's  Is.  and  Sugar 
Is.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  to  L.  Superior  where  it  is  very  common,— Whitnev  Cat. 

428.     CLINTONIA,  Raf. 

1199.  C.  borealis,  Raf.  Th. 

Follows  the  Lake  Michigan  shore  down  .as  far  as  S.  Haven;  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  State  reaches  to 
Macomb  Co.,— Dr.  D.  Cooley;  and  in  the  center  of  the  State  is  found  in  Ionia  Co.  Very  common  north 
of  latitude  43°. 

429.     UVULARIA,  L.     BELLWOBT. 
1200.    U.  perfoliata,  L. 

Rich  woods.    Marquette  Co.,— Burt  MS.  Cat. ;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.    Infrequent. 

*1201.    U.  grandiflora,  Smith.  C.  &  S. 

Rich  woods.    Common. 

43O.     OAKESIA,  Watson. 

1202.    O.  sessililblia,   Watson.  Th. 

Low  woods.  Apparently  infrequent  S.  Monroe  Co.,— Wheeler ;  Ann  Arbor,— Allmend.  Cat. ;  Ypsi- 
lanti;  Flint;  Macomb  Co. ;  Crystal  Lake,  Montcalm  Co.,— E.  F.  Smith,  and  northward  to  Marqaette 
Co.,— Whitney  Cat. 

431.  ERYTHRONIUM,  L.    DOG'S-TOOTH  VIOLET. 
*1203.    E.  Americaimm,  Ker.    Yellow  Adder's-tongue.  Th. 

Low  copses.    Common. 

*1204.    E.  albidum,  Nutt.    White  Dog's-tooth  Violet.  .   Th. 

Ann  Arbor,— Allmend.  Cat.;  Macomb  Co.;  Flint ;  Hubbardston.  "  At  L.  Superior  Dr.  Bobbins  found 
a  plant  like  this  but  yellow  flowered,  a  transition  towards  E.  grandiflorum," — Gray's  Man.;  Keweenaw 
Co.,-F. 

432.     L.ILIUM,  L.    LILY. 

*1205.    L.  Philadelpliicum,  L.    Wild  Orange-red  Lily.  Th. 

Ann  Arbor,— Allmend.  Cat.;  Hubbardston;  Petoskey,  and  northward.  Not  common  in  the  central 
part  of  the  State. 

*1206.    L.  superb  vim,  L.    Turk's-cap  Lily.  C.  &  S. 

Low  grounds.  Ann  Arbor  (Miss  Clark) ,— Winch.  Cat.;  Flint ;  S.  Haven,— Bailey;  Alma,— C.  A.  Davis, 
Frequent. 


FLORA   OP  MICHIGAN.  141 

1207.    L.  Canadeuse,  L.    Wild  Yellow  Lily. 
Meadows  and  along  streams.    Northward,  frequent. 

433.     MEDEOLA,  Gronov.    INDIAN  CUCUMBER-ROOT. 

*1208.    M.  Virgiiiiaiia,  L.  L.  P. 

Abundant  at  Gaylord,  where  it  probably  reaches  its  N.  limits,— G.  L.  Stewart. 

434.     TRILLIUM,  L.    WAKE  ROBIN.    BIRTHROOT. 

1209.  T.  sessile,  L.  S. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons.    St.  Joseph,— Wheeler;  Niles,— I.  N.  Mitchell.    Rare. 

1210.  T.  recur vatum,  Beck.  S.  W. 

Niles,-!.  N.  Mitchell. 

*1231.    T.  erectum,  L.  Th. 

Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.;  Constantino;  Port  Huron,— Dodge.    The  white  form  with  declinate  pedicels 
is  most  common  throughout,  and  the  only  form  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State. 

*1212.    T.  grandiflorum,  Salisb.  Th. 

Rich  woods.    Exceedingly  variable  and  apt  to  sport.    Common. 
*1213.    T.  cernuum,  L. 

S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Macomb  Co. ;  Flint;  Grand  Rapids,— Coleman  Cat.;  northward  to  Keweenaw 
Co.,— F.    Infrequent. 

1214.  T.  nivale,  Riddell.    Dwarf  White  Trillium.  C.  &  S. 

Low  woods.     One  of  our  earliest  spring  flowers.     Hnbbardston;  Ionia;  Grand   Rapids, — Coleman 
Cat.;  Niles -I.  N.  Mitchell.    Rare. 

1215.  T.  erythrocarpum,  Michx.    Painted  T.  Th. 

S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  not  observed  in  the  center  of  the  State ;  Port  Huron,— Dodge;  Keweenaw  Co., 
— F.    Infrequent. 

435.  CHAMJELIBIUM,  Willd.    DEVIL'S-BIT. 

1216.  C.  Caroliniaiium,  Willd.    Blazing-Star. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons. 

436.  TOFIELDIA,  Hudson.    FALSE  ASPHODEL. 

1217.  T.  palustris,  Hudson.  U.  P. 
Isle  Royale,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons. 

*1218.    T.  glutiiiosa,  Willd.  Th. 

Sphagnous  swamps.    Frequent. 

437.     ZYGAI)ENUS,  Michx. 

*1219.    Z.  elegans,  Pursh.  Th. 

S.   W.,— Wright  Cat.;    Dexter,— Dr.  Elmore  Palmer;  Ann  Arbor,— AUmend.   Cat.;    Grand   Ledge; 
Clarkston,— G.  H.  Hicks;  Ionia;  Davisburgh;  Petoskey.    Rare. 

XCYII.    PONTEDEEIACE^E.    PICKEREL-WEED  FAMILY. 

438.     POXTEDEBIA,  L.    PICKEREL-WEED. 

*1220.    P.  cordata,  L.  Th. 

Borders  of  lakes  and  slow  streams.    Lakes  in  Oakland  Co.;  Ann  Arbor;  Ionia  Co.,  and  northward. 

*1221.  var.  aiigustifolia,   Torr. 

Lake  St.  Clair ;  Pine  Lake,  Ingham  Co. 

439.     HETEBAXTHEBA,  R.  &  P.    MUD-PLANTAIN. 
*  1222.    H.  gramiiiea,  Vahl.  C.  &  S. 

Ann  Arbor,— Allmend.  Cat. ;  Dexter,— Dr.  Elmore  Palmer;  Grand  Rapids;  Hnbbardston.    In  streams 
Common. 


142  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 


XCVIII.     XYEIDACE^].    YELLOW-EYED-GRASS  FAMILY. 

44O.     XYKIS,  Gronov.    YET.LOW-EYED-GRASS. 

1223.  X.  flexuosa,  Muhl. 

Macomb  Co. ;  S.  W.,— Wright  Cat ;  Hubbardston,— Wheeler.    Rare. 

1224.  var.  pusilla,  Gray, 

Lake  Superior,— Gray's  Manual,  6th  edition. 

XCIX.     COMMELINACE^.     SPIDERWORT  FAMILY. 

441.     COMMELINA,  Dill.    DAY-FLOWER. 

1225.  C.  Virgiiiica,  L.  S.  W. 
Wright  Cat. 

442.     TRADESCAXTIA,  L.    SPIDERWORT. 

1226.  T.  Virginica,  L.    Common  Spider  wort.  C.  &  S.  . 
Moist  woods.    Ionia  Co.;  Grand  Rapids;  Ann  Arbor,— Allmendinger  Cat.;  Hillsdale  Co.    Frequent. 

C.     JUNCACE^].     KUSH  FAMILY. 

443.     JUNCUS,  Tourn.    RUSH.    Boo-RusH. 

*1227.    J.  eftusus,  L.    Common  or  Soft  Rush.  Th. 

Marshy  grounds.    Common. 

*1228.  var.  coiiglomeratus,  Engelm. 

Swamps;  not  so  common  as  the  species. 

1229.    J.  filiformis,  L. 

Adrian,— Tuthill;  Saginaw  Bay,— Winch.  Cat.;  L.  Superior,— Jno.  Macoun.    Rare. 

*        1230.    J.  Balticus,  Dethard,  var.  littoralis,  Engelm.  Th. 

Sandy  shores.    8.  Haven,-  Bailey;  to  Petoskey;  Port  Huron ;  Oscoda,  and  northward.    A  form  of  this 
species  is  found  at  Hubbard&ton,  Ionia  Co.,— Wheeler. 

1231.  J.  stygius,  L. 

"  N.  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  Mr.  Wheeler,"— Gray's  Manual,  5th  edition;  Marquette,— E.  J.  Hill. 

1232.  J.  margiiiatus,  Rostk.  S. 
S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Macomb  Co.,— Dr.  D.  Cooley;  Grand  Rapids,— Wheeler.    Rare. 

1233.  J.  Vaseyi,  Engelm. 
Detroit,— Lyons ;  Lake  Superior,—  Jno.  Macoun. 

1234.  J.  Greeiiii,  Oakes  &  Tuck. 

Head  of  Lake  Michigan,— Gray's  Manual,  6th  edition ;  Detroit,— Wheeler. 

*1235.    J.  tennis,  Willd.  Th. 

Roadsides.    Very  variable.    Common. 

1236    J.  Gerardi,  Loisel.    Black-Grass. 
"  Rare  about  the  Great  Lakes,"— Gray's  Manual. 

*1237.    J.  bufonius,  L.  Th. 

Roadsides.    Common. 


[JuNcus  LONGISTYLIS,  Torr. 

Rather  common  at  Win  'sor,  on  the  Detroit  River,  1885,— Macoun.] 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  143 

*  1238.    J.  pelocarpus,  E.  Meyer.  Th. 

Shore  of  Woodward  Lake,  Ionia  Co.;  Pine  Lake,  Ingham  Co.;  Lake  Superior;  J.  Macoun,  Can.  Cat ; 
Bear  Lake,  Manistee  Co.,— E.  J.  Hill;  Macomb  Co.,  Dr.  D.  Cooley.  Infrequent. 

*  1239.    J.     alpiims,  Villars,  var.  iiisigiiis,  Fries.  Th. 

"Along  the  Great  Lakes  northward  and  westward,"— Gray.  Common.  Along  railroad  track  on 
Agricultural  College  Farm.  This  species  has  been  mistaken  by  early  collectors  for  J.  articulatiis,  which 
"  is  confined  to  the  New  England  States."— Engelmann. 

*1240.    J.  acuminatus,  Michx.  Th. 

Macomb  Co.;  Fruitport, — E.  J.  Hill;  Hubbardston;  KeweenawCo., — F.;  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
— Agassiz. 

1241.  J.  brachy  carpus,  Engelm. 

Dr.  Engelmann. 

1242.  J.  scirpoicles,  Lam. 
Gray's  Manual. 

*1243.    J.  nodosus,  L.  Th. 

Gravelly  banks.  Common.  An  intermediate  form  grows  with  the  species  on  the  shore  of  Little 
Traverse  Bay,— Wheeler. 

1244.  var.    megacephalus,  Torr. 

Flint;  Hubbardston  and  southward. 

*1245.    J.  Canatleiisis,  J.  Gay.  Th. 

•Common. 

*  1246.  var.  loiigicauclatus,  Engelm.  Th. 
Fruitport,— E.  J.  Hill;  Macomb  Co.;  Hubbardston;  northward  to  Sault  de  Ste.  Marie,— Burgess. 

*1247.  var.  brachyceplialus,  Engelm.  S. 

.Hubbardston;  Howell  Junction. 

1248.  var.  coarctatus,  Engelm. 

Detroit;  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,— Dr.  Lyons. 

444.     LUZULA,  DC.    WOOD-RUSH. 

*  1249.    L.  vernalis,  PC.  Th. 

Woods.    Common. 

1250.    L.  spaclicea,  DC.,  var.  melaiiocarpa,  Meyer.  U.  P. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons.  Shore  of  Lake  Superior  at  the  Pic,  and  along  Current  River,  Thunder  Bay,— 
Macoun. 

*  1251.    L.  campestris,  DC.  C.  &  S. 

Dry  woods.    Frequent. 

1252.    Li.  spicata,  Desvaux.  •   U.  P. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons. 

01.    TYPHACE^E.    CAT-TAIL  FAMILY. 

445.     TYPHA,  Tourn.    CAT-TAIL  FLAG. 
*1253.    T.  latifolia,  L.    Common  Cat-tail.  Th. 

Borders  of  streams.    Common. 

1254.    T.  aiigustifolia,  L.  S.  E. 

Detroit,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons.    Rare. 

446.     SPARGAXIUM,  Tourn.    BUR-REED. 

*  1255.    S.  eurycarpum,  Engelm.  C.  &  S. 

Borders  of  ponds.    Frequent. 

*1256.    S.    simplex,  Hudson.  Th. 

Fruitport,— E.  J.  Hill ;  Oscoda;  Keweenaw  Co.,— Farwell;  Black  River,— B.  &  K.    Common. 


144  FLORA  OF     MICHIGAN. 

1257.  var.  aiulrocladum,  Engelm. 
Ann  Arbor,— Allmendinger  Cat. ;  Flint,— Dr.  Clark;  Macomb  Co. 

1258.  var.  angustifolium,  Engelm. 

Isle  Royale,— Whitney  Cat.;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.;  N.  shore  of  Lake  Superior,— Agassiz. 

1259.  S.  minimum,  Fries. 

Hubbardston;  Manistee,— E.  J.  Hill ;  Macomb  Co.;  Homestead,  Benzie  Co. ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— FarwelL 
Rare. 

OIL    AKACE^E.    ARUM  FAMILY. 

447.     ARIS.^EMA,  Martius.    INDIAN  TURNIP.    DRAGON  ARUM. 

*1260.    A.  triphyllum,  Torr.     Indian  Turnip.  Th. 

Rich  woods. 

*  1261.    A.  Dracontium,  Schott.    Green  Dragon.    Dragon- root.     C.  &  S. 
Low  grounds.    Infrequent. 

448.     PELTANDRA,  Raf.    ARROW  ARUM. 

*1262.    P.  uiululata,  Raf.  C.  &  S. 

S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  Huron  River,— Allmendinger  Cat.;  Ionia  Co.;  Flint. 

449.     CAL.LA,  L.    WATER  ARUM. 

*1263.    C.  palustris,  L.  Th. 

Bogs.    Frequent. 

45O.     SYMPLOCARPUS,  Salisb.    SKUNK  CABBAGE. 
*1264.    S.  foeticlus,  Salisb.  Th. 

451.    ACORUS,  L.    SWEET  FLAG.    CALAMUS. 

*1265.    A.    Calamus,  L.  Th. 

Margin  of  streams.    Infrequent. 

GUI.    LEMNACE.E.     DUCKWEED  FAMILY. 

452.     SPIRODELA,  Schleiden. 

*1266.    S.  polyrrhiza,  Schleid. 
Ponds.    Common. 

453.     LEMNA,  L.    DUCKWEED.    DUCK'S-MEAT. 

*1267.    L.  trisulca,  L.  C.  &  S. 

Ponds.     Frequent. 

1268.    L.  perpusilla,  Torr.  C.  &  S. 

Detroit  River,— D.  H.  Campbell;  Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons.    Rare. 

*1269.    L.  minor,  L.  Th. 

Ponds.    Blossoms  occasionally    in  June.    Common. 

454.     WOLFFIA,  Horkel. 

1270.  W.  Columbiana,  Karsten. 

Abundant  on  Maple  River,  Clinton  Co. ;  ionia  Co.;  Detroit, — J.  M.  Bigelow. 

1271.  W.  Brasiliensis,  Weddell. 

With  the  last.    Nearly  covering  the  surface  of  ponds  and  slow  streams  in  July. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  145 


CIY.    ALISMACE^E.     WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 

455.     AL.ISMA,  L.     WATER-PLANTAIN. 

*1272.    A.  Plaiitago,  L.  Th. 

Shallow  water.    Common. 

456.     SAGITTARIA,  L.    ARROW  HEAD. 
*1273.    S.  variabilis,  Engelm.  Th. 

Wet  places.    Occurs  in  many  forms,  the  most  marked  of  which  are  the  following: 

*  1274.  var.  obtusa,  Engelm. 
*1275.  var.  latifolia,  Engelm. 
*1276.                  var.  angustifolia,  Engelm. 

*1277.    S.   heterophylla,  Pursh.  Th. 

Elk  Rapids,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Detroit,— D.  H.Campbell;  Alma,— Chas.  A.  Davis. 
1278.  var.  rigida,  Engelm. 

Fruitport, — E.  J.  Hill,  and  in  the  Great  Lakes. 

*1279.    S.  graminea,  Michx.  .  S. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons;  Park  Lake,  Clinton  Co.,— Bailey. 

457.     ECHIXODORUS,  Richard. 

1280.  E.  parvulus,  Engelm. 
Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons;  Gray's  Manual,  6th  edition. 

CV.     NAIADACE^.    PONDWEED  FAMILY. 

458.     TRIGLOCHLNT,   L.    ARROW-GRASS. 

1281.  T.  palustre,  L.  Th. 

Marshes.    Frequent. 

1282.  T.  maritima,  L. 

Shores  of  Great  Lakes;   borders  of  deer  licks  in  interior;   Macomb  Co.;  8.  Mich., — Wright  Cat.; 
Hubbardston;  Petoskey. 

459.     SCHEUCHZERIA,  L. 

1283.  S.  palustris,  L. 

Keweenaw  Co.,— Farwell;  S.  W.,— Wright  Cat.;  Macomb  Co.,— Cooley;  Hnbbardston;  Montcalm  Co. 
Infrequent. 

46O.     POTAMOGETON,  Tourn.    PONDWEED. 
*128i.    P.  iiatans,  L.  Th. 

Ponds.    Frequent. 

*  1285.  var.  prolixus,  Koch. 
Common  in  deep  water  of  lakes  and  rivers. 

1286.  P.  Pennsylvanicus,  Cham.  Th. 
Ionia  Co. ;  Macomb  Co.,— Dr.  D.  Cooley ;  Fruitport,— E.  J.  Hill;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

1287.  P.  later  alls,  Morong. 
Bear  Lake,  Van  Buren  Co.,— E.  J.  Hill.    Rare. 

1288.  P.  Spirillus,  Tuckerman.  U.  P. 
"  Lake  Superior,"— Gray's  Manual;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 


146  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

1289.  P.  liybridus,  Michx. 
Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons. 

1290.  P.  rufescens,  Schrader.  N.  &  U.  P. 
Mud  Lake  and  Bear  River;  Petoskey,  E.  J.  Hill ;  Keweenaw  Co..— F. 

*1291.    P.  fluitans,  Roth.  L.  P. 

Hnbbardston;    Macomb   Co.;    Detroit   River, — D.   H.   Campbell;   Portage    Lake,     Crawford    Co. 
Infrequent. 

*1292.    P.  amplifolius,  Tuckerman.  Th. 

Maple  River;  Macomb  Co. ;  Pere  Marquette  River  at  Ludington,— E.  J.  Hill. 

*1293.    P.  heterophy  Hits,  Schreb.  Th. 

Woodward  Lake,  Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  Macomb  Co. ;  and  northward. 

1294.  var.  graminifolius  (Fries). 

Bear  Lake,  Van  Buren  Co.,— E.  J.  Hill ;  Black  Lake,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K'. 

*1295.    P.  Zizii,     Mert.  &  Koch. 

Crystal  Lake,  near  Frankfort,  and  Bear  Lake,  Manistee  Co.,— E.  J.  Hill;  Crystal  Lake,  Montcalm  Co., 
and  Woodward -Lake,  Ionia  Co.;  Detroit  River,— D.  H.  Campbell.    Infrequent. 

*  1296.    P.  lucens,  K  Th. 

Mnskegon  River,  near  H9ughton  Lake;  Flint;  S.  Mich.,— Wright.  Cat;    Detroit  River,— D.  H.  Camp- 
bell ;  Lake  Superior,— Agassiz. 

'*1297.    P.  prseloiigus,  Wulfen.  Th. 

Maple  River;  Pine  Lake,  Ingham  Co.;  Black  Lake,  Cheboygan  Co.    Common. 

*1298.    P.  perfoliatus,  L.  Th. 

Pine  Lake,  Ingham  Co.  and  northward.    Common. 

1299.  var.  laiiceolatus,  Robbins.  Th. 

Little  Traverse  Bay.  etc. ;  "  Along  the  Great  Lakes,"— Gray. 

*1300.    P.  zostersefolius,  Schum.  Th. 

Common. 

1301.  P.  Hillii,  MoroDg. 
Marquette  Co.,— E.  J.  Hill. 

1302.  P.  obtusifolius,  Mertens  &  Koch. 
"  Floating  in  Gratiot  Lake,  N.  Mich.,"— Gray's  Manual. 

*1303.    P.  pauciflorus,  Pursh.  Th. 

Hubbardston;  Grand  Rapids;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.,  and  northward.    Typical  forms  occur  at  Manistee 
and  Frankfort,-E.  J.  Hill. 

1304.  var.  Niagareusis,  Gray. 

In  running  water,  Hubbardston ;  Macomb  Co.,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes. 

1305.  P.  pusillus,  L. 

Manistee  Lake,— E.  J.  Hill ;  Detroit  River,— D.  H.  Campbell. 

*  1306.    P.  mucroiiatus,  Schrad. 

Crooked  River,  Cheboygan  Co.,  and  common  at  Manistee  and  Frankfort,— E.  J.  Hill;  Oscoda;   St. 
Mary's  River;  Sault  de  Ste.  Marie. 

*1307.    P.  pectiiiatus,  L.  Th. 

Frequent. 

1303.  P.  mariims,  L. 

Crystal  Lake,  near  Frankfort,  Benzie  Co.,— E.  J.  Hill. 

*1309.    P.  Robbiiisii,   Oakes. 

N.  shore  Lake  Superior;  Pine  lake,  seven  miles  N.  E.  of  the  Agricultural  College.  1891,  the  only  station 
known  in  the  L.  P.,— C.  F.  Wheeler. 


FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN.  147 

461.     ZANNICHELLIA,  Micheli.    HORNED  PONDWEED. 

1310.  Z.  palustris,  L. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons ;  W.  Bay  City.    Rare. 

462.     NAIAS,  L. 

1311.  N.  marina,  L.    Naiad. 
Flint,— Dr.  D.  Clark. 

*1312.    X.  flexilis,  Rostk.  &  Schmidt,  Th. 

Ponds.    Frequent. 

*1313.  v        var.  robusta,  Morong. 

South  Haven;  Park  lake,  Clinton  Co.,— Bailey. 

CVI.     EKIOCAULE^.    PIPEWORT  FAMILY. 

463.    ERIOCAULON,  L. 

13H.    E.  septangulare,  With.  Th. 

Margin  of    Long   lake,   Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K.;  S.    W.,— Wright    Cat.;  Macomb  Co.,— Cooley; 
Escanaba,— E.  J.  Hill.    Infrequent. 

CYII.     CYPEKACE^E.     SEDGE  FAMILY. 

464.     CYPERUS,  Tourn.    GALINGALE. 

1315.    C.  iiavescens,  L.  S. 

Grand  Rapids,— Coleman  Cat.;  S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.     Rare. 

*1316.    C.  diandrus,   Torr.  C.  &  S. 

Low  grounds.    Common. 

*1317.  var.  castaiieus,  Torr. 

Frequent. 

*1318.    C.  aristatus,  Rottb. 
Grand  Rapids, — Coleman ;  Ionia;  banks  of  Cedar  river,  Agricultural  College  grounds.     Not  common 

1319.  C.  Schweiiiitzii,  Torr.  S.  W. 
Lake  Michigan  shore  at  S.  Haven, — Bailey;    Kalamazoo, — Tuthill. 

1320.  C.  Houghtoiiii,  Torr. 

Hilltops  near  Indian  River,— Wheeler;  Long  Lake,  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K. 

*1321.    C.  ffliculmis,  Vahl.  C.  &  S. 

Sterile  soil.    Common. 

*1322.  C.  erythrorhizos,  Muhl.  S. 

Macomb  Co.,— Dr.  D.  Cooley;  near  Agricultural  College.    Infrequent. 

*1323.    C.  esculentus,  L.  L.  P. 

A  troublesome  weed  on  low  grounds,  spreading  rapidly  by  means  of  its  nut-like  tubers.    Hard  to 
eradicate.    Muir ;  Flint ;  Grand  Rapids ;  north  to  Oscoda,    Frequent. 

*1324.    C.  strigosus,  L.  C.  &  S. 

Low  grounds.    Common. 

1325.    C.  speciosus,  Vahl. 

Low  grounds.    Hubbardston;  Flint,  etc. 

*1326.    C.  Engelmaimi,  Steud. 
Frnitport,— E.  J.  Hill;  shore  of  Park  Lake,  Clinton  Co.,— C.  F.  Wheeler.    Rare. 

'   19 


).,-C.  F.Wl 


148  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

465.    KYLLINGA,    Rott. 

1327.    K.  pumila,  Michx.  S. 

Dr.  Lyons. 

466.     DULICHIUM,  Pers. 

*1328.    D.  spatliaceuin,  Pers.  Th. 

Borders  of  swamps  and  ponds.    Common. 

467.     ELEOCHARIS,  R.  Br.     SPIKE-RUSH. 

*1329.    E.    Itobbiiisii,  Oakes. 

Shallow  water.    Park  Lake,  Clinton  Co.    The  only  station  known  in  the  State,— C.  F.  Wheeler. 

1330.    E.  equisetoides,  Torr. 

Wright  Cat.,  Jackson  Co.,  1838. 

*  1331.    E.  quadraiigulata,  R.  Br.  C.  &  S. 

8.  Mich.,— Gray;  Flint;  borders  of  Crystal  Lake,  Montcalm  Co;  shores  of  Park  Lake  and  Pine  Lake 
Infrequent. 

*  1332.    E.  ovata,  R.  Br.  Th. 

Wet  grounds.    N.  shore  of  L.  Superior,— Agassiz;  southward.    Infrequent. 

*1333.    E.  olivacea,  Torr, 

Shore  of  Park  Lake,  Clinton  Co.,— Wheeler.    Only  station  known  in  the  State. 

*1334.    E.  palustris,  R.  Br.  Th. 

Wet  places.    Common. 

*  1335.  var.  glaucesceiis,  Gray. 

Frequent. 

1336.  var.  calva,  Gray. 

Lake  Antoine,— E.  J.  Hill. 

*  1337.  var.  vigeiis,  L.  H.  Bailey. 

Indian  river,  Cheboygan  Co.;  along  the  Great  Lakes,— Gray's  Man. 

1338.    E.  rostellata,  Torr. 

Marshes.    Hubbardston;  Macomb  Co. ;  Drummond's  I.,— Winch.  Cat.    Rare. 

*1339.    E.  intermedia,  Schultes.  L.  P. 

Macomb  Co.,— Dr.  D.  Cooley;  Grand  Traverse  Bay,— Winch.  Cat.;  Hubbardston.  Low  river  banks. 
1340.    E.  tenuis,  Schultes.                                           .  Th. 

Oscoda ;  east  coast  of  L.  Superior,— Canadian  Cat. ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

*1341.    E.  acicularis,  R.  Br.    Spike-rush.  Th. 

1342.    E.  pygmaea,  Torr. 

Salt  marshes  Hubbardston;  Clinton  Co.,— E.  F.  Smith. 

468.    FIMBRISTYLIS,  Vahl. 

*1343.    F.  autumn alis,  R.  &  S. 

S.  Mich.,— Wright ;  Pine  lake,  Ingham  Co. 

1344.    F.  capillaris,  Gray. 

S.  Mich.,— Wright;  Detroit.    Rare. 


[E.  COMPRESSA,  Sullivant. 

Lake  Superior  at  Thunder  Bay,-ICanadian  Catalogue.    May  be  looked  for  within  our  limits.] 


1.  PAUCIFLORA,  Link. 
North  shore  of  Lake  Superior,— Canadian  Cat.    Probably  to  be  found  within  the  State.] 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  149 

469.     SCIKPUS,  Tourn.    BULRUSH  OR  CLUB-RUSH. 
1345.    S.  csespitosus,  L.  U.P. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons;  Marquette,—  E.  J.  Hill;  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior.— Agassiz. 

*1346.    S.  Clintoiiii,  Gray.  C. 

Blaffs  along  Fish  creek,  Hubbardston;  Bath,— L.  H.  Bailey.    Rare. 

*1347.    S.  subterminalis,  Torr.  Th. 

Honghton  Lake;  Woodward  Lake,  Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.;  S.   Mich.,— Wr.  Cat.;  north   of 
Lake  Superior.— Can.  Cat.    Infrequent . 

*1348.    S.  puiigens,  Vahl.  Th. 

Borders  of  ponds.    Common. 

*1349.    S.  Torreyi,  Olney. 
Border  of  Pine  Lake,  Ingham  Co.,— Bailey. 

1350.    S.  Olneyi,  Gray. 
Border  of  deer  lick  near  Hubbardston,— Wheeler. 

*]351.    S.  lacustris,  L.  Th. 

In  still  water.    Common. 

*1352.    S.  clebilis,  Pursh. 

Macomb  Co.,— Cooley ;  Park  Lake,  Clinton  Co.,— Wheeler.    Rare. 

*1353.    S.  Smithii,  Gray. 
Shore  of  Park  Lake,— C.  F.  Wheeler,  1891.    Only  locality  known  in  the  State. 

1354.  S.  maritimus,  L..    Sea  Club-Rush.  S. 
S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat. 

1355.  S.  fluviatilis,  Gray.    River  Club-Rush.  Th. 

Margins  of  rivers,  S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Macomb  Co.;  Hubbardston;  abundant  along  Maple  River ; 
west  of  Lake  Superior, — Macoun. 

1356.  S.  sylvaticus,  L.,  var.  digynus,  Boeckl. 
Lake  Nipigon,  Ont.,— Macoun ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

*1357.    S.  atrovirens,  Muhl.  Th. 

Wet  meadows.    Common. 

1358.    S.  polypliyllus,  Vahl. 

S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat. 

47O.  ERIOPHORUM,  L.    COTTON-GRASS. 

*  1359.    E.  lineatum,  Benth.  &  Hook. 
River  banks,  S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Flint;  Macomb  Co. ;  Habbardston.    Infrequent. 

*1360.    E.  cyperinum,  L. 

Wet  meadows.    Common  and  variable. 

1361.    E.  alpiimm,  L.  Th. 

Mad  Lake;  Petoskey,— E.  J.  Hill ;  Macomb  Co.,— Cooley.    Infrequent. 

*1362.    E.  vaginatum,  L.  Th. 

Sphagnous   swamps.    S.   Mich.,— Winch.  Cat.;   Macomb  Co.;  Hubbardston,  and  northward.    Rare. 

*1363.    E.  Virginicum,  L.  Th. 

Sphagnous  swamps.    Ann  Arbor,— Ailmend.  Cat.;  Flint;  Hubbardston;  northward.     Infrequent. 

*1364.    E.  polystachyon,  L.  Th. 

Swamps.    Common. 

1365.  var.  latifolium,  Gray. 

Cassopolis, — Wheeler. 


150  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

1366.  E.  gracile,  Koch.  Th. 

S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  Flint;  Hubbardston;  Montcalm  Co.;  and  northward;  Kalamazoo,— Tathill. 
Rare. 

471.     FUIRENA,  Rottb.    UMBRELLA-GRASS. 

1367.  F.  squarrosa,  Michx.,  var.  pumila,  Ton.  C. 
Macomb  Co.,— Dr.  D.  Cooley.    Rare. 

472.     HEMICAKPHA,  Xees. 

*  1368.    H.  subsquarrosa,   Nees.  C.  &  S. 
S.  W.,— Wright  Cat. ;  Pine  lake,  Ingham  Co.    Rare. 

473.     KHYNCHOSPOKA,  Vahl.    BEAK  RUSH. 

1369.  K.  fusca,  R.  &  S. 

Escanaba,— E.  J.  Hill. 

1370.  R.  alba,  Vahl.  Th. 

Bogs.    Ann  Arbor, — Allmend.  Cat.;  Macomb  Co.;  Hubbardston;  N.  E., — Winch.  Cat.;  Keweenaw  Co., — 
F.;  Mackinaw  City.-Wheeler. 

1371.  R.  capillacea,  Torr.  Th. 

Bogs  and  sandy  lake  shores.    Hubbardston ;  Flint;  Macomb  Co. ;  Petoskey.    Infrequent. 

1372.  var.  leviseta,  Hill. 
Shore  Grand  Traverse  Bay,  near  Torch  lake,— E.  J.  Hill. 

*1373.    R.  g-lomerata,  Vahl. 
8.  MicL.,— Wright  Cat.;  Macomb  Co.,  Hubbardston;  Pine  lake,  Ingham  Co. 

474.     CL.ADIUM,  P.  Browne.    Twio-Rusn. 
*1374.    C.  mariscoicles,  Torr.  L.  P. 

Bogs.    S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  Macomb  Co. ;  Flint ;  Hubbardston;  Cheboygan  Co.,— B.  &  K. 
475.     SCLERIA,  Berg.    NuT-Rusn. 

1375.  S.  triglomerata,   Michx.  S. 
S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat. ;  Macomb  Co. ;  Flint.    Rare. 

1376.  S.  verticillata,  Muhl.  S. 

Macomb  Co.,— Dr.  D.  Cooley.    Rare. 

476.     CAREX,  Ruppius.    SEDGE. 
*1377.    C.  pauciflora,  Lightfoot, 

U.  P.,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons;  Chocolate  R.,  L.  Superior,— Henry  Gillman;  Towar's  swamp  near  Agricultural 
College.    Local. 

1378.  C.  Michauxiana,  Boeckl.  U.  P. 
Keweenaw  Co., — F. ;  near  Portage  river, — Porter. 

1379.  C.  folliculata,  L.  Th. 

S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  So.  Haven;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.,  to  L.  Superior.    Rare. 

*1380.    C.  iiitumescens,  Rudge.  Th. 

Swamps.    So.  Haven  and  northward.    Common. 

*1381.    C.  Grayii,  Carey. 

Low  grounds.    Macomb  Co. ;  Flint;  Hubbardston;  Lenawee  Co.    Rare. 

*1382.    C.  lupuliua,  Muhl.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Common. 

*1383.  var.  pecluiiculata,  Dew. 

"  With  the  species,  but  more  common,"  Prof.  Bailey  in  Gray's  Man.,  6th  ed.    Frequent  at  Lansing. 

*  1384.    C.    LUPULINAXRETRORSA,  Dudley. 
Lansing,— Bailey. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  151 

1335.    C.  oligosperma,  Michx.  Th. 

Borders  of  swamps  and  lakes.    Habbardston;  Woodward  Lake;  Farwell;  Houghton   Lake;  Craw- 
ford Co.;  Keweenaw  Co.,  F. 

*1386.    C.  utriculata,  Boott.  Th. 

Swamps.     Common. 

*1387.  var.  minor,  Boott. 

With  the  species. 

*1383.     C.  moiiile,  Tuckerman.  Th. 

Mud  Lake,  Petoskey,— E.  J.  Hill;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.;  Colon,— Wheeler;   Reform  School  marsh, 
Lansing. 

*1389.    C.  Tuckermani,  Dewey. 

Swamps.    S.  Mich., — Wright  Cat. ;  Habbardston;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.,    and  northward.    Frequent. 

*1390.    C.  retrorsa,   Schwein.  Th. 

River  banks.    Frequent. 

*1391.  var.  Hartii,  Gray. 

Hubbardston ;  Agricultural  College  Farm. 

1392.  C.  luricla,   Wahl.  Th. 
Antrim  Co. ;  S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat. ;  So.  Haven;  Hubbardston  ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

1393.  C.     Scliweiiiitzii,  Dew. 

Near  Frazer's,  Crawford  Co.,— Prof.  L.  H.  Bailey.    Only  station  known  in  the  State. 

*1394.    C.  hystriciiia,  Muhl.  Th. 

Wet  meadows.    Common. 

1395.  var.  Diulleyi,  Bailey. 
Owosso, — G.  H.  Hicks.    The  only  locality  known  in  the  State. 

1396.  C.  Pseuclo-Cyperus,  L.  Th. 

Margins  of  streams.    S.  Mich.; — Wright  Cat.;  Macomb  Co.;  Hubbardston;  northward.    Infrequent. 

*1397.  var.  Americana,  Hochst. 

Wet  places,    Common  in  the  center  and  south. 

*  1398.    C.  squarrosa,  L. 

8.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  Hubbardston;  Lansing,— Bailey;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Rare. 

*  1399.    C.  scabrata,  Schwein. 

Banks  of  steams.    Flint;  Grand  Rapids,— Coleman  Cat. ;  Hubbardston  to  Lake  Superior,— Whitney 
Cat.    Infrequent. 

1400.    C.  Houghtoiiii,  Torr.  N.  &  U.  P. 

N.  part  of  Clare  Co. ;  Keweenaw  Co. ;  Cheboygan  Co.;  Oscoda;  northward. 

*1401.    C.  nliformis,  L.  Th. 

Bogs.    S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  Hubbardston;  Macomb  Co. ;  Flint;  common  at  Pine  Lake,  Ingham  Co.; 
Keweenaw  Co., — F. ;  Towar's  swamp,  Lansing. 

*1402.  var.  latifolia,  Boeckl. 

River  banks,  S.  E.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Macomb  Co.;  Flint;  Hubbardston;  northward.    Frequent. 

*1403.    C.  tricliocarpa,  Muhl.  C.  &  S. 

S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  Macomb  Co.    Infrequent. 

*1404.  var.  aristata,  Bailey. 

Agricultural  College  grounds ;  northward  to  Lake  Superior. 

*1405.    C.  riparia,  W.  Curtis.  Th. 

Wet  places.    Common. 

1406.    C.  alpiua,  Swartz.  U.  P. 

Isle  Royale,— Whitney  Cat. 


152  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

*1407.    C.  fusca,  All.  Th. 

Bogs.    S.  E.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Macomb  Co.;  Hubbardston;  northward  to  L.  Superior,— Whitney  Cat. 
Infrequent. 

*1408.     C.  stricta,  Lam.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Common. 

1409.  var.  ang'ustata,  Bailey. 

Less  common  than  the  species.    Hubbardston,— Wheeler;  Keweenaw,— F. 

1410.  C.  STRICTA XFILJFORMIS,  Bailey. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

*1411.    C.  aquatilis,  Wahl.  Th. 

Margins   of  streams.     S.  Mich.,— WTright   Cat.;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.;  Hubbardston;  Sitting  Rabbit, 
— Winch.  Cat.    Infrequent. 

1412.  C.  lenticularis,  Michx.  U.  P. 

"  Upper  Michigan,"— Gray;  Laughing  Fish  R.,  L.  Superior,— Henry  Gillman. 

1413.  C.  prasina,  Wahl.  S. 
Wet  meadows.    Hubbardston;  S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Flint;  Port  Huron,— C.  K.  Dodge.    Rare. 

*1414.    C.  crinita,  Lam.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Common. 

*1415.    C.  Magellanica,  Lam.  Th. 

Sphagnous  swamps.    Local. 

*1416.    C.  limosa,  L.  Th. 

Bogs.      Ann   Arbor,— Allmend.   Cat.;   Macomb   Co.;  Hubbardston  and   northward.    Infrequent. 

1417.  C.  virescens,  Muhl.,  var.  costata,  Dew.  Th. 

S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Detroit;  Constantine,  Dundee,— Wheeler;  So.  Haven;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

1418.  C.  triceps,  Michx.,  var.  liirsuta,  Bailey. 

In  an  oak  wood  on  the  farm  of  Hon.  N.  B.  Hayes,  in  North  Plains  township,  Ionia  Co.     Not  known 
to  occur  elsewhere  in  the  State. 

*1419.    C.  longirostris,  Torr. 
Woods.    Flint;  Hubbardston  and  northward.    Rare. 

1420.  C.  castaiiea,  Wahl.  Th. 

Woods.    Mont  calm  Co.;  Macomb  Co. ;  L.  Superior,— Whitney  Cat.;  Alcona  Co.;  Port  Huron,— Dodge, 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

1421.  C.  AKCTATAXCASTANEA,  Bailey. 
Keweenaw  Co., — F. 

1422.  C.  capillaris,  L.  K  &  U.  P. 

Point  de  Tour,  Lake  Michigan,— Gray ;    Sturgeon  Point,  Alcona   Co.;  Mackinac,— G.  H.  Hicks. 
Common  in  the  Lake  Superior  region. 

*  1423.    C.  arctata,  Boott.  Th. 

W7oods.    S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Petoskey;  near  South  Haven;  Hubbardston;  Grand  Ledge;  Van 
Buren  Co.,— Bailey. 

1424.  var.  Faxoni,  Bailey.     . 
Isle  Royale,— Dr.  Sandberg;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

1425.  C.  debilis,  Michx.,  var.  Budget,  Bailey. 

Bear  lake,  Van  Buren  Co.,— E.  J.  Hill;  shores  of  Barren  lake,  Cass  Co. ;  Gaylord;  Alcona  Co. 

*1426.    C.  gracilltma,  Schwein.  Th. 

Wet  meadows. 

*1427.  var.  liumilis,  Bailey. 

Keweenaw  Co.,— Fafwell. 

*1428.    C.  formosa,  Dewey. 
Macomb  Co.    Rare. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  153 

*1429.     C.  Davisii,  Schwein.  &  Torr. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— Farwell.    Rare. 

*1430.    C.  grisea,  Wahl.  Th. 

Moist  woods.    Variable. 

*1431.    C.  granularis,  Muhl.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Common. 

1432.  C.  Crawei,  Dewey. 
Macomb  Co., — Cooley ;  Keweenaw  Co., — F.    Rare. 

1433.  C.  flava,  L.  Th. 

Sphagnous  swamps.    Frequent. 

1434.  var.  gramiiiis,  Bailey. 
Crawford  Co.,— Bailey;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Rare. 

1435.  var.  viridula,  Bailey.  Th. 
Margins  6f  lakes.    Frequent. 

1436.  C.  pallesceiis,  L. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.;  Sault  de  Ste.  Marie,— Macoun. 

1437.  C.  coiioidea,  Schk.  C.  &  S. 
8.  E., -Wright  Cat.;  Flint.    Infrequent. 

1438.  C.  oligocarpa,  Schk. 

Flint;  Macomb  Co.,— Dr.  D.  Cooley;  Cassopolis,— Wheeler;  Detroit,— Dr.  Lyons. 

*1439.    C.  Hitclicockiaiia,  Dewey.  S. 

Woods.    Flint ;  Hubbardston  and  southward. 

*1440.     C.  laxiflora,  Lam.  Th. 

Beech  and  maple  woods.    Exceedingly  variable.    Common. 

*  1441.  var.  variaiis,  Bailey.  Th. 

Keweenaw  Co.,— F. ;  southward.    Common. 

*1442.  var.  striatula,  Carey.  S. 

Common. 

*1443.  var.  latifolia,  Boott.  S. 

Frequent. 

*1444.  var.  patulifolia,  Carey. 

Frequent  in  center  and  south. 

*1445.    C.  digitalis,  Willd.  S. 

Macomb  Co. ;  Flint;  Hubbardston.    Frequent. 

*1446.  var.    copulata,  Bailey. 

Hubbardston;  southward. 

1447.    C.    laxiculmis,  Schwein. 

Washington,  Macomb  Co.,— Dr.  Cooley.    Rare. 

*1448.    C.  platypliylla,  Carey.  S. 

Grand  Rapids.— Coleman1  s  Cat.;  Hubbardston.    Infrequent. 

*1449.    C.  Careyaiia,  Torr.  S. 

Rich  woods.    Macomb  Co.;  Flint;  Hubbardston;  southward.    Rare. 

*1450,    C.  plant agmea,  Lam.  Th. 

Hillsides.    Scarce. 

1451.    C.  Saltuensis,  Bailey.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Keweenaw  Co.,— F;  Oscoda  Co.,— L.  H.  Bailey, 


154  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

*1452.    C.  tetanica,  Schkuhr. 

S.  Mich.;— Winch.  Cat.;  Grand  Ledge,— C.  F.  Wheeler;  near  Pine  Lake,  Ingham  Co.,— L.  H.  Bailey; 
Macomb  Co.;  Flint,  and  northward. 

*1453.  var.  Woodii,  Bailey. 

Central  part  of  the  State.    Infrequent. 

*1454.  var.  Meadii,  Bailey. 

Sphagnous  swamps.    Macomb  Co. ;  Hubbardston;  Constantino.    Infrequent. 

1455.    C.  livida,  Willd,  U.  P. 

Lake  Superior,— Gray's  Manual.    Bare. 

*1456.    C.  aurea,  Nutt.  Th. 

Borders   of   cool  springs.    S.  E.,— Wright  Cat;    Ann    Arbor,— Allmend.  Cat. ;   Macomb    Co.;    Pine 
Lake,  Ingham  Co.;  Hubbardston;  Petoskey  and  northward.    Infrequent. 

1457.  C.  eburiiea,  Boott.  Th. 

Hillsdale;  So.  Haven  on  sand  dunes  and  northward.    Infrequent. 

1458.  C.  Kicliardsoiiii,  R.  Br. 

Barrens.    Ionia  Co.;  Macomb  Co.;  Gaylord,— G.  E.  Hancorne.    Scarce. 

*1459.    C.  pedimculata,  Muhl.  Th, 

Hillsides.    Infrequent. 

1460.  C.  seirpoidea,  Michx. 

N.  E.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Drummond's  Island ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

1461.  C.  deflexa,  Hornem. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

1462.  var.  Deanei,  Bailey. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Mackinac.— G.  H.  Hicks. 

1463.  var.  meadia,  Bailey. 
Keweenaw  Co., — F. 

1464.  C.  varia,  Muhl. 

Barren  Lake;  New  Buffalo;  Monroe  Co.;  dunes,  So.  Haven,— Bailey;  Oscoda  Co.;  Crawford  Co.;  Grand 
Traverse,— Winch.  Cat.;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

*1465.    C.  Pennsylvania,  Lam.  Th. 

Dry  woods.    Our  commonest  sedge. 

*1466.    C.  communis,  Bailey.  •  Th. 

With  the  last.    Frequent. 

*1467.  var.  Wheeleri,  Bailey. 

Hubbardston;  Grand  Ledge;  Alcona  Co.;  Mackinac, — G.  H.  Hicks;  Keweenaw  Co., — F.    Infrequent* 

*1468.    C.  umbellata,  Schk. 
Grand  Ledge,— Wheeler;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Bare. 

1469.  var.  viciiia,  Dewey. 

Alcona  Co.;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Not  common. 

*1470.    C.  pubescens,  Muhl.  Th. 

S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;   Macomb  Co.;   Hubbardston  to  Lake  Superior,-  Whitney  Cat.    Frequent. 

*1471.    C.  Jamesii,  Schwein.  Th. 

Keweenaw  Co. ,— F. ;  Cassopolis ;  Dundee.    Infrequent. 

1472.  C.  Willdenovii,  Schk. 
Bear  Lake,  Van  Buren  Co.,— E.  J.  Hill.    Rare. 

1473.  C.  Backii,  Boott.  N.  &  U.  P. 
Ontonagon  River,— Whitney  Cat.;  West  Harrisville,  Alcona  Co.    Rare. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  155 

*1474.    C.  polytrichoides,  Muhl.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Common. 

*1475.    C.  chorclorhiza,  Ehrh.  Th. 

Upland  swamps.    Macomb  Co.;  Hubbardston.    Rare. 

*1476.    C.  stipata,  Muhl.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Common. 

*1477.    C.  crus-corvi,  Shuttlew. 

Valley  of  River  Raisin  near  Dundee;  Reform  school  marsh,  Lansing,— C.  F.  Wheeler.    The  only  local- 
ities known  in  the  State. 

*1478.    C.  decomposita,  Muhl. 

Hnbbardston;   Ann  Arbor,— AUmendinger  Cat.;   8.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;   Lansing,— BaiJey.     Very 
rare. 

*1479.    C.  teretiuscula,  Good.  Th. 

Swamps.    Common. 

*1480.  var.  ramosa,  Boott. 

Frequent. 

*1481.    C.  alopecoidea,  Tuckerman. 

Macomb  Co. ;  Gray's  Man. ;  Agricultural  College  grounds. 

1482.  var.   sparsispicata,  Dewey. 

Flint,— Clark;  Macomb  Co.,-Cooley. 

*1483.    C.  vulpiiioidea,  Michx.  Th. 

Low  meadows.    Common. 

*1484.    C.  Sartwellii,  Dewey.  Th. 

S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Macomb  Co. ;  Flint ;  Hubbardston  and  northward. 

*1485.    C.  tenella,  Schk. 

Sphagnous  swamps.    Common. 

*  I486.    C.  rosea,  Schk.  S. 

Moist  woods.    Frequent. 

*  1487.  var  radiata,  Dewey.  Th. 

Dry  woods.    Frequent.  «• 

1488.  var.  retroflexa,  Torr.  S. 

Infrequent. 

*1489.    C.  spargaiiioides,  Muhl.  C.  &  S. 

Low,  rich  grounds.    Infrequent. 

*1490.    C.  Muhlenbergii,  Schk.  C.  &  S. 

Fields.    Hubbardston;  Macomb  Co.;  south  ward.    Infrequent 

*1491.    C.  ceplialoidea;  Dewey.  C.  &  S. 

Fields.    Macomb  Co.,— Cooley;  Ann  Arbor,— Allmend.  Cat.    Rare. 

*1492.    C.  cephalopliora,  Muhl.  C.  &  S. 

Open  woods.    Common. 

1493.  C.  gynocrates,  Wormekiold. 

.   N.  E.  and  N.  W.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Sturgeon  Point,  Alcona  Co.;  Mio,  Oscoda  Co. 

1494.  C.  exilis,  Dewey. 

Keweenaw  Peninsula,— F.    The  only  station  known  in  the  State  for  this  rare  E.  species. 

1495.  C.  echinata,  Murr.,  var.  cephalantha,  Bailey. 

Keweenaw- Co., —F. 

20 


156  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

*1496.  var.  microstackys,  Boeckl. 

S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Hubbardston;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.;  and  northward.    Common. 

*M97.    C.  canescens,  L.  Tb. 

In  swamps. 

*1493.  var.  vulgaris,  Bailey.  Th. 

Common. 

1499.  var.  alpicola,  Wahl. 
Keweenaw  Co., — F. 

1500.  var.  polystackya,  Boott. 

Keweenaw  Co.,— F.  . 

*1501.    C.  tenuiflora,  Wahl.  Th. 

U.  P.,— Whitney  Cat. ;  Oscoda  Co.;  Towar's  swamp,  near  Lansing,— Wheeler,  1890. 

*1502.    C.  trisperma,  Dewey.  Th. 

Upland  swamps.    Constantine;  Hubbardsto^;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.    Frequent. 

*  Ii03.    C.  Deweyaiia,  Schwein.  Th. 

Woods.    Frequent. 

*1504.    C.  bromoides,  Schk.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Common. 

*1505.    C.  siccata,  Dewey. 

Barrens.    Macomb  Co.;  Flint;  Hubbardston;  near  Park  Lake ;  northward  to  Lake  Superior.    Infre- 
quent. 

*1506.    C.  Muskiiig-umeiisis,  Schwein.  C.  &  S. 

Hubbardston;  Flint;  near  Owosso,— Hicks.    Bare. 

*1507.    C.  tribuloides,  Wahl.  Th. 

•Swales.    Frequent. 

*1508.  var.  turbata,  Bailey. 

Hubbardston,— Wheeler.    Rare. 

1509.  var.  reducta,  Bailey. 

JKeweenaw  Co.,— F. 

*1510.  var.  Bebbii,  Bailey.  Th. 

TTrequent. 

*1511.  var.  cristata,  Bailey.  Th. 

Common  in  swales. 

*1512.    C.  scoparia,  Schk.  Th. 

Low  grounds,  everywhere. 

1513.  var.  minor,  Boott. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

1514.  C.  adusta,  Boott. 

Crawford  Co.,— Bailey;  Grayling.— G.  H.  Hicks.    Rare. 

1515.  C.  foenea,  Willd. 

Alger's  Camp,  Alcona  Co. ;  Potts;  Oscoda  Co.;  Crawford  Co. ;  Isle  Royale,— Dr.  J.  H.  Sandberg. 

*1516.    C.  straminea,  Willd.  Th. 

Ann  Arbor,— Allmendinger  Cat.;  Macomb  Co. ;  Flint;  Hubbardston;  So.  Haven;  northward  to  Kewee- 
naw Co.,— F.    Frequent. 

*1517.  var.  mirabilis,  Tuck.  Th. 

Hubbardston,  and  northward.    Infrequent. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  157 

*1518.  var.  brevior,  Dewey.  Th. 

Common. 

*1519.  var,  alata,  Bailey. 

Keweenaw  Co.  ,—F.;  Crystal  Lake,  Montcalm  Co.,— Wheeler;  So.  Haven;- Niles,— Dr.  G.  L.  Ames,  in 
University  Herb. 

1520.    €.  syelmocephala,  Carey.) 

Crystal,  Montcalm  Co.    Only  station  known  in  the  State.l  IColl.  by  C.  F.  Wheeler,  Sept.  11, 1875. 

CYIII.    GBAMINE^J.    GRASS  FAMILY. 
477.     SPARTIXA,  Schreb.    CORD  OR  MARSH  GRASS. 

*  1521.    S.  cynosuroides,  Willd.    Fresh-water  Cord-Grass.  Th. 

Banks  of  rivers,  to  N.  shore  L.  Superior,— Agassiz.    Frequent. 

478.     PANICUM,  L.    PANIC-G'RASS. 

*1522.    P.  GLABRUM,  Gaudtn. 
Waste  places.    Common.! 

*1523.    P.  SANGUINAL.E,  L.    Common  Crab-  or  Finger-Grass. 

Waste  places,  gardens,  and  fields.  A  bad  weed,  difficult  to  dig  up  or  pull  out;  grows  quickly  and  is 
perhaps  the  worst  weed  we  have  in  gardens,  at  least  in  some  localities.  P.  glabrum  grows  in  the  same 
situations  but  is  smaller  and  easily  eradicated. 

*  1524.    P.  capillare,  L.    Old-witch  Grass.  Th. 

Sandy  soil,  fields.  The  spreading  panicle  is  easily  broken  off  and  blown  about  by  the  wind. 
Common. 

1525.    P.  agrostoides,  Muhl. 

Specimen  in  the  College  Herb.,  collected  by  Dr.  D.  Cooley,  at  Washington,  Macomb  Co.  Only  local- 
ity known  in  the  State. 

*1526.    P.  virgatum,  L.  Th. 

S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat. ;  Ionia;  Flint.    A  tall  coarse  grass  along  rivers.    Infrequent. 

1527.    P.  xantliopliysum,  Gray.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Grand  Traverse  Co.,  Indian  River  and  Black  Lake,  Cheboygan  Co.,— C.  F.  Wheeler;  northward  to 
Keweenaw  Co., — F. 

*1528.    P.  latifolium,  L.  L.  P. 

Rich  woods.    Northward  to  Oscoda  Co.    Common. 

*1529.    P.  clandestinum,  L. 

Low  grounds.    Macomb  Co.;  Flint ;  Hubbardston.    Rare. 

*1530.    P.  scoparium,  Lam.  Th. 

Hubbardston.  Along  the  R.  R.  between  St.  Johns  and  Mair,  northward  to  Baldwin.  Frequent  in 
light  sandy  soil. 

1531.  P.  nitidum,  Michx.  (Lam.  ?). 
Washington,  Macomb  Co.,— Dr.  Cooley;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

1532.  P.  microcarpoii,  Muhl. 
Washington,  Macomb  Co., — Dr.  Cooley. 

*1533.    P.  depauperatum,  Muhl.  Th. 

Dry  woods  and  barrens.    Common. 

*1534.    P.  dichotomum,  L.  Th. 

Dry  or  low  grounds.  A  very  common  and  exceedingly  variable  grass.  Some  forms  saem  distinct 
enough  to  be  considered  species-  The  most  common  forms  are: 

*  1535.  var.  commune,  Wats. 
*J536.                  var.  fasciculatum,  Wats. 
*1537.  var.  g-racile,  Wats. 


158  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

*  1538.    P.  CRUS-GALLJ,  L.    Barnyard-Grass. 
Low  grounds.    Variable.    Common. 

*1539.  var.  hispidum,  Gray. 

Low  river  bank  near  Hubbardston  where  it  appears  to  be  indigenous. 

479.     SETARIA,  Beauv.    BRISTLY  FOXTAIL  GRASS. 

*  1540.    S.  VERTICILLATA,  Beauv. 
College  grounds. 

*1541.    S.  GLAUCA,  Beauv.    Foxtail.    Pigeon-Grass. 
Fields  and  gardens.    Common. 

*  1542.    S.  VIRIDIS,  Beauv.    Green  Foxtail.    Bottle-Grass. 
Cultivated  grounds.    Common. 

*1543.    S.  ITALICA,  Kunth.    Millet.    Hungarian  Grass. 
Persisting  after  cultivation  in  places. 

48O.     cfttfCHRTJS,  L.    HEDGEHOG-  OR  BUR-GRASS. 

*1544.    C.  tribuloides,  L. 

This  bad  weed  has  began  to  occupy  the  S.  part  of  the  State,  as  far  north  as  Bay  City.  Not  as  yet 
troublesome  in  fields,  but  likely  to  become  so  on  sandy  farms  along  the  Great  Lakes. 

481.     LEERSIA,  Swartz.    WHITE  GRASS. 

*1545.    L.  Virgiiiica,  Willd.  Th. 

Wet  woods.    Northward  to  Keweenaw  Co.,— F,    Frequent. 

*1546.    L.  oryzoides,  Swartz,    Rice  Cut-grass.  Th. 

River  banks.    Frequent. 

482.  ZIZAXIA,  Gronov.    WATER  OR  INDIAN  RICE. 

*1547.    Z.  aquatica,  L.    Indian  Rice.    Water  Oats.  Th. 

Borders  of  large  streams  and  lakes.  Yields  an  edible  grain,  gathered  by  the  Indians,  and  greedily 
eaten  by  wild  ducks  which  haunt  lakes  and  rivers  during  its  ripening  in  innumerable  numbers. 

483.  ANDROPOGON,  Royen.     BEARD-GRASS. 

*1548.    A.  furcatus,  Muhl.  Th. 

Light  soil.    Common. 

*1549.    A.  scoparius,  Michx.  L.  P. 

Sterile  soil.    Frequent. 

484.     CRYSOPOGON,  Trln. 

*1550.    C.  nutans,  Benth.    Indian  Grass.    Wood-Grass.  C,  &  S. 

Dry  banks  and  sandy  fields.    Variable.    Infrequent. 

485.     PHALARIS,  L.    CANARY-GRASS. 

1551.    P.  CANARIENSIS,  L.    Canary-Grass. 
Occasionally  found  in  waste  places. 

*  1552.    P.  arundiiiacea,  L.    Reed  Canary- Grass.  Th. 

Borders  of  streams.  "  Var.  picta,  the  leaves  striped  with  white,  is  the  familiar  ribbon-grass  of 
the  garden," -Gray's  Manual.  Ann  Arbor,— Prof .  M.  W.  Harrington;  S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Macomb 
Co.;  Flint;  Hubbardston;  northward  to  L.  Superior,— Whitney  Cat. 

486.     ANTHOXANTHUM,  L.  SWEET  VERNAL-GRASS. 

*1553.      A.    ODORATUM,   L. 
Ionia ;  Grand  Rapids,— Coleman  Cat;  well  established  on  the  College  lawn.    Bare. 

487.  HIEROCHLOE,  Gmelin.    HOLY  GRASS. 
1554.    H.  borealis,  Roem.  &  Schultes.    Vanilla  or  Seneca  Grass.  Th. 

Not  confined  to  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes;  rarely  found  in  the  central  part  of  the  State  at  Ionia ; 
Hubbardston;  Macomb  Co. ;  Flint;  S.  E.,— Winch.  Cat.,  etc.  More  common  northward. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  159 

488.     ARISTIDA,  L.    TRIPLE-AWNED  GRASS. 

1555.  A.  purpurascens,  Poir.  C.  &  S. 
S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.    Infrequent. 

489.     STIPA,  L.    FEATHER-GRASS. 

1556.  S.  avenacea,  L.    Black  Oat-Grass.  Th. 

S.  W.,— Wright  Cat. ;  South  Haven,— Bailey;  Baldwin;  Dundee;  Cass  Co.;  Point  aux  Pins,— Macoun, 
€an.  Cat.    Infrequent. 

*  1557.    S.  spartea,  Trin.    Porcupine  Grass.  Th. 

Dry  plains.    S.  Mich, — Wright  Cat.;  Macomb  Co.;  shore  of  Woodward  Lake,  Ionia  Co.;  hills  along 
Grand  River  near  Ionia. 

49O.     ORYZOPSIS,  Michx.    MOUNTAIN  RICE. 

*1558.    O.  melanocarpa,  Muhl.  C.  &  S. 

Woods.    S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  S.  Haven;  Macomb  Co.;  Flint;  Hubbardston.    Infrequent. 

*J559.    O.  asperifolia,  Michx. 
Hillsides.    Common . 

1560.    O.  Canadeiisis,  Torr.  Th. 

Sterile  soil.    8.  E.,— Wright  Cat. ;  Hubbardston;  Montcalm  Co;  Macomb  Co. ;  common  in  Clare  Co.; 
frequent  from  Ionia  northward. 

491.  ^MILJTJM,  Tourn.    MILLET-GRASS. 

*1561.    M.  eftusum,  L.  Th. 

Woods.    Frequent. 

492.     MUHLENBERGIA,  Schreber.     DROP-SEED  GRASS. 

*1562.    M.  glomerata,  Trin.  Th. 

Marshes.    Infrequent. 

*1563.    M.  Mexicana,  Trin.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Variable.    Frequent. 

*  1564.    M.  sylvatiea,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Th. 

Hubbardston ;  Flint;  Lake  Superior, — Agassiz.    Frequent. 

*1565.    M.  Willdenovii,  Trin.  C.  &  S. 

Woods.    Flint;  Macomb  Co.;  S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.    Rare. 

*1566.    M.  diffusa,  Schreber.    Nimble  Will.  C.  &  S. 

Open  woods,  becoming  frequent  around  dwellings.    S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  So.  Haven,— Bailey; 
Flint;  Hubbardston. 

493.    BRACHYELYTRUM,  Beauv. 

*I£67.    B.  aristatiim,  Beauv.  Th. 

Woods.    Frequent. 

494.     PHLEUM,  L.    CAT'S-TAIL  GRASS. 

*1568.    P.  PRATENSE,  L.    Timothy.    Herd's-Grass. 
Meadows  everywhere. 

1569.  P.  alpiuimi,  L. 

L.  Superior,— Whitney  Cat. 

495.     ALOPECURUS,  L.    FOXTAIL  GRASS. 

1570.  A.  PRATENSIS,  L,    Meadow  Foxtail. 
L.  Superior,— Whitney  Cat.    Sparingly  cultivated. 


[S.  RICHARDSONII,  Link. 
N.  shore  of  L.  Superior,— Macoun.    May  be  looked  for  within  our  limits.] 


160  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

1571.    A.  GENICULATUS,  L.    Floating  Foxtail. 
S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat, ;  Macomb  Co. 

*1572.  var.  aristulatus,  Torr.  Th. 

In  water.    Frequent. 

496.     SPOKOBOLUS,  R.  Br.     DROP-SEED  GRASS.    RUSH-GRASS. 

1573.  S.  vagiiiseflorus,  Vasey.  C.  &  S. 
Flint;  Detroit,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons.    Rare. 

1574.  S.  cryptaiiclrus,  Gray.  C.  &  S. 

S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Point  Edward,  River  St.  Clair,  Macoun;  Bay  City,— Dr.  P. eal;  shore  of  Gull 
Lake,  Augusta,  Kalamazoo  Co.  Infrequent. 

1575.  S.  serotiims,  Gray. 

Sandy  wet  places,— Gray's  Manual;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Rare. 

497.     AGKOSTIS,  L.    [BENT-GRASS. 

^1576.     A.  ALBA,  L.    Fiorin  or  White  Bent-Grass.    Red  Top. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.    A  common  pasture  and  meadow  grass. 

*  1577.  var.  VULGARIS,  Thurb.    Red  Top. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

*1578.    A.  pereimaiis,  Tuckerman.    Thin-Grass. 
Swamps  and  damp  woods.    S.  Mich.,— Wright ;  Macomb  Co.;  Hubbaraston.    Infrequent. 

*1579.    A.  scabra,  Willd.    Hair-Grass.  Th. 

Sterile  soil.    Common.  _ 

*  1580.    A.  caiiiiia,  L.    Brown  Bent-Grass. 
Ann  Arbor.— Winch.  Cat. ;  Ronald,  Ionia  Co.    Infrequent. 

498.     CENTNA,  L.    WOOD  REED-GRASS. 
*{1581.    C.  arimdiiiacea,  L.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Frequent. 

1582.    C.  pemlula,  Trin. 

Wet  woods  throughout.    N.  shore  of  Lake  Superior, — Agassiz. 

499.     APERA,  A  dans. 

*1583.    A.  SPICA-VENTI,  Beauv. 
College  lawn. 

[5OO.     CALAMAOROSTIS,  Adans.    REED  BENT-GRASS. 

*1584.    C.  Caiiadeiisis,  Beauv.    Blue-Joint. 

This  is  a  very  valuable  grass  to  the  lake  settlers  (U.  P.),  rarely  of  many  acres  in  extent.  It  is  cut  and 
stacked  in  August,  and  in  winter  is  hauled  home  by  sled  or  dog-train.  It  is  greedily  eaten  by  cattle.  If 
cut  early,  the  hay  is  of  better  quality.  It  grows  shoulder-high,  so  that  even  a  small  meadow  furnishes  a 
great  store  of  hay,— Whitney  Cat.,  in  1851. 

1585.  C.  stricta,  Trin.  Th. 
Flint,— Dr.  D.  Clark ;  and  northward  to  L.  Superior,— Gray,    Rare. 

1586.  C.  Lapponica,  Trin. 
IslelRoyale,  Lake  Superior,— T.  C.  Porter. 

1587.  C.  longifolia,  Hook.  Th. 
Sand  dunes  along  L.  Michigan.    S.  Haven,— Bailey ;  Petoskey;  Point  au  Chene,— Winch.  Cat.;  Oscoda. 


[S.  HETEROLEPIS,  Gray. 

East  side  of  La  Cloche  Island,  Georgian  Bay,— R.  Bell,;Canadian  Catalogue.] 
[C.  LANGSDORFFII,  Trin. 

Lake  Superior,— Maconn.] 


FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN.  161 

5O1.     AMMOPHILA,  Host.     SEA  SAND-REED. 
1588.    A.  arimdinacea,  Host.  N.  &  U.  P. 

This  is  one  of  the  few  plants  found  both  on  the  ocean  and  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes.    Petoskey ; 
Point  au  Chene,— Winch.  Cat.    Infrequent. 

5O2.     ARRHENATHERUM,  Beauv.    OAT  GRASS. 
*1589.    A.  AVENACEUM,  Beauv. 

Macomb  Co.,  etc.    Escaped  from  cultivation. 

503.     DESCHAMPSIA,  Beauv. 

1590.     E>.  flexuosa,  Trin.     Common  Hair-Grass. 
Oscoda;  Baldwin,  to  Lake  Superior, — Macoun. 

*1591.    D.  csespitosa,  Beauv.  Th.. 

In  bogs.    Frequent. 

504.  TRISETUM,  Persoon. 

1592.    T.  subspicatum,  Beauv.,  var.  molle,  Gray.  U.  P. 

Marquette,— E.  J.  Hill;  Whitney's  Cat.    Common. 

505.  A  VENA,  Tourn.    OAT. 

*1593.    A.  striata,  Michx.    Oat-Grass.  Th. 

Woods.    Infrequent. 

1594.    A.  Smith!!,  Porter.    (Melica  Smitliii,  Vasey.) 

Keweenaw  Point ;  Isle  Royale,— Dr.  Bobbins,  in  Gray's   Man.;  woods  near  Sault  de  Ste.  Marie,— C.  E. 
Smith;  shore  of  Crystal  Lake,  Benzie  Co., — L.  H.  Dewey;  Vanderbilt,  Otsego  Co. 

5O6.     DANTHONIA,  DC.    WILD  OAT-GRASS. 
*1595.    D.  spicata,  Beauv.  Th. 

Sterile  soil.    Frequent. 

1596.  D.  intermedia,  Vasey. 
Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

5O7.     BOUTELOUA,  Lagasca.    MUSKIT-GRASS. 

1597.  B.  racemosa,  Lag.    Grama  Grass. 

Dry  plains.    S.  Mich., -Wright  Cat.;  Macomb  Co.    Rare. 

5O8.     ELETJSINE,   Gaertn.    CRAB-GRASS.     YARD-GRASS. 

*1598.    E.  INDICA,  Gaertn.    Dog's-tail  or  Wire  Grass.  S.  &*C. 

Ionia  Co.;  South  Haven,— Bailey ;  S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.   Infrequent. 

5O9.     TKIODIA,  R.  Br. 

1599.    T.  cuprea,  Jacq.    Tall  Red-top.  S.  E. 

S.  Mich.,— Wright's  Cat. 

51O.     PHRAGMITES,  Trin.    REED. 
*1600.    P.  communis,  Trin.  Th. 

Swamps.    Infrequent. 

511.     KCELERIA,  Pers. 

*1601.    K.  cristata,  Pere.  Th. 

Dry  hills.    Frequent. 

512.     EATOXIA,  Raf. 
*1602.    E.  obtusata,  Gray. 

S.  E.,— Wright  Cat.;  Flint;  Hubbardston,  northward.    Bare. 


162  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

*1603.    E.  Pennsylvania,  Gray.  Th. 

Moist  woods.    Common. 

*1604.    E.  Dudley!,  Vasey. 
Hubbardston,— Wheeler.    Kare. 

513.     ERAGROSTIS,  Beauv. 

*  1605.    E.  reptaiis,  Nees. 

Gravelly  borders  of  streams.    Common. 

*1606.    E.  MAJOR,  Host. 
Waste  places  and  gardens,— a  common  weed. 

1607.    E.  PILOSA,  Beauv.  S. 

Grand  Rapids,— Coleman's  Cat. ;  Macomb  Co. 

*1608.    E.  Frankii,  Meyer.  C.  &  S. 

Roadsides  in  low  ground.    Hubbardston;  Gratiot  Co.,  etc.;  Grand  Rapids.    Frequent. 

1609.  E.  capillaris,  Nees. 

Coleman's  Cat. ;  S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat. ;  Ann  Arbor,— M.  WT.  Harrington.    Rare. 

1610.  E.  pectinacea,  Gray.,  var.  speQtabilis,  Gray.  C.  &  S. 

Dry  sandy  ground.    S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.    Reaches  its  northern  limits  at  Howard  City.  Infrequent. 

514.    DIARRHENA,  Raf. 

16]  1.    D.  Americana,  Beauv.  S. 

S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  Flint ;  Hnbbardston.    Reaches  its  northern  limits  in  Ionia  Co."!  Rare. 

515.    DACTYLIS,  Ii.     ORCHARD  GRASS. 

*1612.      D.    GLOMERATA,   L. 
A  valuable  grass  for  pasture  and  hay ;  becoming  naturalized. 

516.     POA,  L.    MEADOW-GRASS.    SPEAR-GRASS. 

*1613.    P.  ANNUA,  L.    Low  Spear-Grass.  Th. 

Low  grounds.    Common. 

*  1614.    P.  COMPRESSA,  L.    Wire-Grass.    Blue-Grass.    English  Blue  Grass. 

Th. 
Dry  fields.    Nutritious  and  would  make  good  hay  if  it  could  be  grown  in  quantity.    Common. 

1615.  P.  alpina,  L.  U.  P. 

Isle  Royale,— C.  G.  Loring,  Jr.,  in  Gray's  Manual;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

1616.  P.    iiemoralis,    L.   (Poa    caesia,     Smith    and    P.    caesia,   var. 

strictior,  Gray.) 
Throughout  N.  Mich.    Infrequent  except  in  the  Lake  Superior  region. 

*1617.    P.  serotina,  Ehrh.    False  Red-top.    Fowl  Meadow-Grass.       Th. 
Wet  meadows,  where  it  is  a  valuable  grass— sometimes  mistaken  for  Red-top,  Agrostis  vulgaris. 

*  1618.    P.  pratensis,  L.    Kentucky  Blue  Grass.    June  Grass.  Th. 

Pastures  and  meadows.     Our  most  valuable  pasture  grass;  not  of  much  value  for  hay.     Blossoms  in 
June. 

1619.    P.  TRIVIALIS,  L.     Roughish  Meadow-Grass. 
S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  Flint.    Sparingly  in  cultivation. 

*1620.    P.  sylvestris,  Gray.  C.  &  S. 

Low  woods.    S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Flint;  Hubbardston.    Rare. 

*1621.    P.  clebilis,   Torr.  Th. 

Hillsides.    S.  Mich,— Winch.   Cat.;   Macomb   Co.;  Hubbardston  to  N.  shore  of   Lake  Superior,— 
Macouo.    Infrequent. 


FLORA  OP  MICHIGAN.  163 

*1622.    P.  alsodes,  Gray.  L.  R 

Banks  of  brooks.    Flowering  early.    Flint;  Hubbardston;  Inland,  Grand  Traverse  Co.  Infrequent. 

1623.    P.  flexuosa,  Muhl. 

Swamps.    Hubbardston;  Constantino,— Wheeler;  Flint,— Dr.  Clark.    Rare. 

517.     GKAPHEPHORUM,  Desv. 
*1624.    G.  melicoideum,   Desv.  Tb. 

River  banks.  Macomb  Co.;  Flint;  Hubbardston;  Petoskey;  Grand  Detoar,  Upper  Michigan, — Prof. 
Porter.  Rare  south.  Abundant  at  Pic  River, — Macoun. 

1625.  var.    ma  jus,  Gray. 

Swamps.    Hnbbardston;  Washington,  Macomb  Co.;  Montcalm  Co. 

518.     GLYCERIA,  R.  Br.    MANNA-GRASS. 

*1626.     G.  Canadeiisis,  Trin.    Rattlesnake-Grass.  Th. 

Borders  of  marshes.    S.  W.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Flint;  Ionia  Co.    Infrequent. 

*  1627.    G.  nervata,  Trin.  Th. 
Vary  variable.    Woods  and  wet  meadows. 

*1628.    G.  pallicla,  Trin.  S. 

Wet  places.    Constantino,— Wheeler;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Rare. 

*1629.    G.  graiidis,  Watson.  Th. 

Common. 

*1630.    G.  fluitaiis,  R.  Br.  Th. 

Shallow  water.    Common. 

519.     FESTUCA,  L.     FESCUE-GRASS. 
*1631.    F.  tenella,  Willd.  Th. 

Dry  grounds.    Infrequent. 

*1632.    F.  ovina,  L.    Sheep's  Fescue.  Th. 

Dry  grounds.    Common. 

1633.  var.  duriuscula,  Koch.  Th. 

S.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  Petoskey;  Keweenaw  Co.,— Robbins;  Isle  Royale,—  Gillman.  Sparingly  in 
cultivation. 

*1634.    F.  nut ans,  Willd.  L.  P. 

Woods.    Frequent. 

*1635.    F.  ELATIOR,  L.    Taller  or  Meadow  Fescue. 
Meadows.    Not  common. 

*  1636.  var.  PRATENSIS,  Gray.    Meadow  Fescue. 

Kalamazoo,— Tnthill;  Hnbbardston.    Not  common. 

52O.     BKOMUS,  L.    BROME-GRASS. 

*1637,    B.  Kalmii,  Gray.    Wild  Chess. 

Dry  open  woods.  S.  E., — Wright's  Cat.;  Flint;  Macomb  Co.;  Hubbardston ;  northward  to  Quinnesec, 
— E.  J.  Hill.  Infrequent. 

*1638.    B.  SECAMNUS,  L.    Cheat  or  Chess.  Th. 

Fields.  Too  common  in  wheat  fields.  There  is  a  wide-spread  notion,  arnong  farmets,  that  wheat 
changes  or  degenerates  into  this  grass.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  it  is  wholly  without  foundation.  Often 
as  many  as  thirty  well-developed  stalks  grow  from  a  single  grain  in  rich  soil,  each  stalk  maturing  a  hun- 
dred grains  or  more.  It  is  perhaps  the  worat  intruder  in  our  wiieatfialds.  Phis  grass  seldom  troubles  the 
better  class  of  farmers. 

*1639.    B.  ciliatus,  L,  Th. 

Moist  woods.    Very  variable. 

*1640.     B.  ASPER,  L. 
Gray's  Manual. 

21 


164  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

1641.  B.  breviaristatus,  Thurb. 

First  collected  on  low  sand  dunes  near  Bay  View,  in  August,  1879,  by  C.  F.  Wheeler.  In  June,  1881, 
Prof.  V.  M.  Spalding  also  collected  this  species  near  Charlevoix.  The  farthest  station  east  known  for 
this  grass. 

521.     LOLIUM,  L.     DARNEL. 

1642.  IJ.  PERENNE,  L.     Common  Darnel.    Ray-or  Rye-Grass. 
Macomb  Co.,— Dr.  Cooley;  Ionia  Co.,  etc.    Scarcely  naturalized. 

164:-$.     L.  TEMULENTUM,  L.     Bearded  Darnel. 
Scarcely  naturalized.    Flint ;  Macomb  Co.;  8.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat. 

522.     AGROPYRUM,  Gaertn. 
*1644.    A.  repens,  Beauv.    Couch-Quitch-Quick-or  Quack-Grass.         Th. 

Cultivated  grounds.  Varies  greatly.  Sometimes  grows  to  the  exclusion  of  everything  else,  and  is 
widespread  enough  to  be  considered  a  pest. 

1645.  A.    dasystachyum,  Vasey.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Common  at  Petoskey;  N.  W., — Winch.  Cat.;  Oscoda  and  the  sandy  shores  of  the  great  lakes. 

1646.  A.  violaceum,  Lange. 
Keweenaw  Peninsula, — Farwell;  Lake  Superior, — Porter. 

*  1647.    A.  caiiinum,  R.  &  S.    Awned  Wheat-Grass.  Th. 

S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Macomb  Co. ;  Hubbardston  ;  northward. 

523.     HORDEUM,  Tourn.    BARLEY. 

*1648.    H.  jubatum,  L.    Squirrel-tail  Grass.  Th. 

Sands.    N.  shore  of  Lake  Superior,— Agassiz ;  Sault  de  Ste.  Marie,— R.  Bell ;  Bay  City.    Infrequent. 

524.     ELYMUS,  L.    LYME-GRASS.    WILD  RYE. 
*1649.    E.  Virginicus,  L.  Th. 

River  banks.    A  glaucous  form  occurs  on  the  banks  of  Cedar  River,  college  grounds.    Common. 

*1650.    E.  Caiiadeiisis,  L.  Th. 

River  banks.    Common. 

*1651.  var.  glaucifolius,  Gray. 

Ionia  Co. ;  Specimens  from  banks  of  Red  Cedar  River,  Lansing,  measured  six  feet,  with  leaves 
one  inch  wide. 

*1652.    E.  striatus,  Willd.  Th. 

8.  Mich.,— Wright  Cat.;  Flint;  Hubbardston;  northward  to  L.  Superior. 

var.  villosus,  Gray. 
Flint,— D.  Clark. 

1653.  E.  Sibiricus,  L.,  var.  Americamis,  Gray.  U.  P. 
Marquette,— Porter  in  Gray's  Manual;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

1654.  E.  mollis,  Trin. 

Shores  of  the  Great  Lakes,— Gray's  Manual;  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,— Agassiz. 

525.  ASPRELLA,  Willd. 

*1655.    A.  Hystrix,  Willd.    Bottle-brush  Grass.  Th. 

Moist  woods.  A  variety  of  this  grass  is  found  in  one  locality  near  Hubbardston  with  smooth  and  very 
glaucous  culms,  leaves  rough,  hairy. 

CIX.     CONIFERS.     P!NE  FAMILY. 

526.  PINUS,  Tourn.    PINE. 

*1656.    P.  Strobus,  L.    White  Pine.  Tb. 

Hamburgh.  Livingston  Co.,  in  the  center  of  the  State  and  northward.  Follows  the  shore  of  L. 
Michigan  to  the  Indiana  line.  Found  in  a  swamp  near  Constantine.  Usually  3  to  4  feet  in  diameter  and 
100  feet  high,  but  often  larger.  Furnishes  most  of  the  pine  lumber  of  commerce.  The  tallest  white  pine 
we  have  measured  was  134  feet,  and  the  largest  diameter,  scant  6  feet.  Much  taller  and  larger  specimens  are 
reported  by  lumbermen. 


FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.  165 

1657.  P.  Baiiksiaiia,  Lambert.    Gray  or  Northern  Scrub  Pine.   Jack  Pine. 

In  the  western  part  of  the  State,  noticed  as  far  south  as  Grand  Haven.  Occurs  at  south  end  of  Lake 
Michigan  in  Indiana;  "Sand  Pt.,  Saginaw  Bay,  and  northward  along  the  shore  of  L.  Huron,  not  common," 
— Winch.  Cat.  In  the  central  part  of  the  State  this  pine  is  first  seen  in  the  northern  part  of  Clare  Co., 
where  it  is  common  in  groves  on  sandy  barrens.  Trees  sometimes  grow  50  to  70  feet  in  height  and  rarely 
have  been  measured  with  a  diameter  of  two  feet. 

1658.  P.  resiiiosa,  Ait.    Red  Pine.    Norway  Pine. 

Dry  woods.  First  noticed  in  Isabella  Co.,  in  center  of  the  L.  P. ;  very  abundant  in  Clare  Co.,  and 
northward.  "  Frequent  on  low,  sandy  plains  in  U.  P.,  where  it  forms  orchard-like  groves,"— Whitney. 
Usually  100-110  feet  high.  On  the  east  side  of  the  State  extends  southward  to  Port  Huron,— C.  K.  Dodge. 

527.    PICE  A,  Link.    SPRUCE. 

*1659.    P.  nig-ra,  Link.    Black  Spruce.  Th. 

Frequent  northward,  and  occasional  south,— a  small  tree  in  sphagnous  swamps.  The  following  species 
is  more  common  northward. 

1660.    P.  alba,  Link.    White  Spruce.  N.  &  U.  P. 

From  Ludington  to  Alcona  Co.,— Dr.  Beal ;  Petoskey  and  northward.    Common. 

528.     TSUGA,  Carriere.     HEMLOCK. 

*  1661.     T,  Canacleiisis,  Carriere.  Th.  except  S.  E. 

Grand  Ledge.  Rarely  seen  south  of  latitude  43°  except  west,  and  scarce  on  the  Huron  shore,  but  com- 
mon on  the  east  shore  of  L.  Michigan,  and  from  the  central  part  of  the  State  northward.  Very  abundant 
and  of  great  size  in  Emmett  Co.  Bark  an  article  of  commerce,  used  for  tanning. 

529.     ABIES,  Link.    FIR. 
1662.    A.  balsamea,  Miller.    Balsam  or  Balm-of-Gilead  Fir.    N.  C.  &  U.  P. 

Frequent  in  the  northern  part  of  Clare  Co.;  abundant  at  Petoskey,  and  northward. 
53O.     LAKIX,  Tourn.     LARCH. 

*1663.    L.  Americana,    Michx.      American  or  Black  Larch.     Tamarack. 
Hackmatack.  Th. 

Swamps.  A  slender  tree  southward,  but  sometimes  reaching  100  feet  in  height  northward,  where 
t  is  abundant. 

531.     THUYA,  Tourn.    ARBOR  VITJE. 
1664.    T.  occirteiitalis,  L.    Arbor  Vitas.    White  Cedar.  v    Th. 

Very  common  northward.    Timber  very  durable,  much  used  for  fence  posts,  etc. 

532.     JUXIPERUS,  L.    JUNIPER. 

*  1665.    J".  comnumis,  L.    Common  Juniper.  Th. 

Occasional  throughout,  along  the  highest  grounds. 

1666.    J.  Safoiiia,  L.,  var.  procumbeus,  Pursh.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Abundant,  trailing  over  low  sand  dunes  at  the  head  of  Little  Traverse  Bay:  Old  Mission,— W.  J.  Beal, 
and  northward. 

*  1667.    J.  Virginiana,   L.    Red  Cedar.    Savin.  Th. 

Bluffs  and  sterile  soil.    Throughout,  but  scarce. 

533.     TAXUS,  Tourn.    YEW. 

*1668.    T.  Caiiacleiisis,  Willd.    American  Yew.    Ground  Hemlock. 

Moist  woods  in  the  shade  of  evergreens.  Along  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  as  far  south  as  S. 
Haven,— Bailey;  Macomb  Co.,  where  it  is  rarely  found.  Common  northward. 

CX.     EQUISETACE^E.    HORSETAIL  FAMILY. 

534.     EQUISETUM,  L.  HORSETAIL.    SCOURING  RUSH. 

*1669.    E.  arvense,  L.    Common  Horsetail.  Th. 

Damp,  sandy  grounds.    Common. 

1670.  var.  campestre,  Milde. 

Keweenaw  Co., — F. 


166  FLORA   OF  MICHIGAN. 

*1671.    E.  prateiise,  Ehrh.  Th. 

Macomb  Co.;  Flint ;  to  Pine  Lake,  Emmet  Co.,— Winch.  Cat.    Rare. 

*1672.    E.  sylvaticum,  L.  Th. 

Ann  Arbor,  rare,— Allmend.  Cat.;  Clinton  Co.;  Montcalm  Co.;  Flint  and  northward  where  it  is 
common. 

1673.  E.  palustre,  L.  U.  P. 

Lake  Huron  to  the  Arctic  sea,— (Hook.  Fl.) 

1674.  E.  littorale,  Kuhlewein. 
New  Buffalo;  Oscoda;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

*1675.    E.  limosum,  L.  Th. 

In  shallow  water.    Common. 

1676.  var.  polystaehyum,  Bruckner. 

Keweenaw  Co.,— Farwell. 

*1677.    E.  hyeinale,  L.    Scouring-Rush.    Shave-Grass.  Th. 

Wet  banks.    Common. 

1678.  E.  varieg-atum,  Schleicher.  Th. 

8.  E.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Hubbardston;  Muir;  Macomb  Co.;  Flint;  sand  dunes  at  the  head  of  Little 
Traverse  Bay;  Drnmmond's  I.,  etc.;  Port  Huron, — C.  K.  Dodge.    Infrequent. 

1679.  E.  scirpoides,  Michx.  Th. 
Macomb  Co.;  Flint;  Hubbardston;  Petoskey;  to  L.  Superior,— Whitney  Cat. 

CXI.    FILICES.    FERNS. 

535.  POLYPODIUM,  L.    POLYPODY. 

*1680.    P.  vulgare,  L.  Th. 

Dry  banks  and  rocks.    Grand  Ledge,— Dr.  Seal;  Hubbardston,  etc.    Rarely  seen  in  L.  P.,  but  very 
common  in  U.  P. 

536.  ADIANTUM,  L.    MAIDENHAIR. 

*1681.    A.  pedatum,  L.  Th. 

Rich,  moist  woods.    One  of  our  most  beautiful  ferns.    Common. 

537.     PTEKIS,  L.    BRAKE  OR  BRACKEN. 

*1682.    P.  aquiliiia,  L.    Common  Brake.  Th. 

Thickets.    Common. 

538.     PELLJEA,  Link.    CLIFF-BRAKE. 

1683.  P.  gracilis,  Hook.  U.  P. 
Louse  Is.,— W^nch.  Cat. ;  Pictured  Rocks,— G.  H.  Hicks. 

1684.  P.  atropurpurea,  Link. 
Shaded  limestone  rocks.    N.  E.,— Winch.  Cat. 

539.     CRYPTOGRAMME,  R.  Brown.    ROCK-BRAKE. 

1685.  C.  acrostichoides,  R.  Br.  U.  P. 

Isle  Royale,— Gray's  Manual;  Caribou  Island,— Porter. 

54O.     WOODWARDIA.  Smith.    CHAIN^ERN. 

*1686.    W.  Virgiiiica,  Smith.  Th. 

Marshes.    Marquette  Co.,— Burt  MS.  Cat.;  Westville,  Montcalm  Co.;  Macomb  Co.;  Flint;  So.  Haven,— 
Bailey;  Hubbardston;  Ann  Arbor,— Allmend.  Cat. 

1687.    AV.  aiigustifolia,  Smith, 

The  only  known  locality  for  this  fern  in  Michigan  is  at  South  Haven,  where  it  was  detected  in  1880  by 
L.  H  Bailey,  Jr. 


FLQRA   OF  MICHIGAN.  167 

541.    ASPLENIUM,  L.    SPLEENWORT. 

1688.  A.  Trichomaiies,  L.  N.  &  U.  P. 
N.  E.,— Winch  Cat. ;  Keweenaw  Point;  Isle  Royale,— Porter.    Infrequent. 

1689.  A.  ebeneum,  Ait. 

Allegan,— Miss  Josie  A.  Williams.    Only  station  known  in  the  State. 

1690.  A.  Ruta-muraria,  L. 

N.  E.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— V.    Rare. 

*1691.    A.  angustifolium,  Michx.  C.  &  S. 

Rich  woods.  8.  W.,— Wright  Cat.;  Ann  Arbor,  rare,— Allmendinger  Cat,;  Flint;  S.  Haven,— Bailey, 
Ionia  Co.    Infrequent. 

*1692.    A.  thelypteroicles,  Michx.  Th. 

Rich  woods.    Frequent. 

*1693.    A.  Filix-foemiiia,  Bernh.  Th. 

Moist  woods.    Exceedingly  variable.    Common. 

542.     CAMPTOSOKUS,  Link.    WALKING-LEAP. 

1694.    C.  rhizophyllus,  Link. 

Keweenaw  Co.,— F.;  occurs  in  N.  Ohio,  and  at  Owen  Sound,  Ont.     Reported  from  Alpena,— Prof .  V. 
M.  Spalding. 

543.     PHEGOPTERIS,  Fe"e.    BEECH  FERN. 

*1695.    P.  polypodioicles,  Fee.  Th. 

Isle  Royale,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. ;  Frankfort;  Inland,  Grand  Traverse  Co.;  rocks, 
Grand  Ledge.    Abundant  northward. 

*1696.    P.  hexag-oiioptera,  Fee.  Th. 

Beech  woods.    Flint;  Hubbardston;  Ann  Arbor,— Allmendinger  Cat. ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.      Frequent. 

*1697.    P.  Dryopteris,  Fee.  Th. 

Open  woods.    Frequent  n.  of  lat.  43°,  especially  under  pines. 

544.    ASPIDIUM,  Swartz.    SHIELD  FERN. 

*1698.    A.  Thelypteris,  Swartz.  Th. 

Swamps.    Frequent. 

*  1699.    A.  Xoveboraceiise,  Swartz.  L.  P. 

Swamps.     Ann  Arbor,— Allmendinger   Cat.;  Macomb   Co.;  Hubbardston;   Gore   Bay,   Manitoulin 
Island,— J.  Bell,  Canadian  Cat. 

1700.    A.  fragraiis,  Swartz.  U.  P. 

Crevices  of  shaded  cliffs.    Isle  Royale,  and  Keweenaw  Peninsula,— Dr.  Lyons. 

*1701.    A.  spinulosum,  Swartz.  Th. 

Shady  woods.    Flint;  Hubbardston;  L.  Superior,— D.  C.  Eaton,  Ferns  of  N.  A. 

*  1702.  var.  intermedium,  D.  C.  Eaton.  Th. 
Woods.    Common. 

1703.  var.  clilatatum,  Hook.  Th. 

Woods.      Ann   Arbor,— Allmendinger   Cat.;    Macomb   Co.;    Flint;   Hubbardston;   Petoskey,    and 
northward. 

1704.  A.  Boottii,  Tuckerman. 

Alder  thickets.    Hubbardston ;  Ann  Arbor,— Winch.  Cat.    Rare. 

*1705.    A.  cristatum,  Swartz.  Th. 

Swamps.    Frequent. 

*1706.  var.  Clintonianum,  Eaton.  Th. 

Ann  Arbor,— Allmendinger  Cat.;  Hubbardston.    Found  at  Lake  Nipigon,  Ont.,— Macoun.    Infrequent. 


168  FLORA  OF     MICHIGAN. 

*  1707.    A.  Goldiaiium,  Hook.  C.  &  S. 

Moist  woods.    Flint;  Hubbardston;  Owosso,— G.  H.  Hicks.    Rare. 

'  1708.    A.  Filix-mas,  Swartz.    Male-Fern.  U.  P. 

Rocky  woods.    Keweenaw  Peninsula,  Lake  Superior,— Gray. 

*1709.    A.  marginale,  Swartz.  Th. 

Hillsides  in  rich  woods.    S.  Haven, — Bailey;  Flint ;  Hubbardston  and  northward.    Frequent. 

*  1710.    A.  acrostichoides,  Swartz.    Christmas  Fern.  Th. 
Shady  hillsides.    Fronds  evergreen,  used  for  decoration.    Common. 

1711.  A.  Loncliitis,  Swartz.  U.  P. 
Woods.    Southern  shore  of  Lake  Superior,— Prof .  Whitney. 

1712.  A.  aculeatum,  Swartz.,  var.  Braunii,  Koch.  U.  P. 
Ontonagon  Peninsula,— Eaton's  Ferns  of  N.  A. ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

545.     CYSTOPTEKIS,  Bernh.    BLADDER  FERN. 

*1713.    C.  bulbifera,  Bernh.  Th. 

Moist  shaded 'hillsides.    Locally  frequent. 

*1714.    C.  fragilis,  Bernh.  Th. 

Woods  and  river  banks.    Ann  Arbor,— Allmend.  Cat.;  Flint;  Hubbardston;    northward  to  Lake 
Superior,— Whitney. 

546.     ONOCLEA,  L. 

1715.    O.  seiisibilis,  L.    Sensitive  Fern.  Th. 

Wet  places.    Abundant. 

*1716.    O.  Struthiopteris,  Hoff.  Th. 

Alluvial  soil.    Infrequent, 

547.    WOODSIA,  R.  Br. 

1717.  W.  Ilveiisis,  R.  Br.  N.  &  U.  P. 
N.  E.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Lake  Superior,— Whitney  Cat. ;  Lower  Falls  of  the  Quinnesec,  -E.  J.  Hill, 

1718.  W.  hyperborea,  R.  Br.  U.  P. 

Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

1719.  W.  obtusa,  Torr.  U.  P. 
Rocky  places.    Not  rare. 

1720.  W.  Oregaiia,  D.  C.  Eaton.  U.  P. 
Crevices  of  rocks  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior,— Dr.  Bobbins  in  Gray's  Manual. 

548.    DICKSONIA,    L'Her. 

1721.  D.  pilosiuscula,  Willd.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Petoskey,  Emmet  Co.,— Winch.  Cat. ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

549.     OSMUND  A,  L.    FLOWERING  FERN. 

*1722.     O.  reg-alis,  L.    Flowering  Fern.  Th. 

Swamps.    Common. 

*1723.    O.  Claytoniana,  L.  Th. 

Moist  grounds.    Common. 

*1724.    O.  ciimamomea,  L.    Cinnamon  Fern. 

Swamps.    Common. 


[W.   GL.ABELL.A,   R.  Br. 

Occurs  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  may  be  looked  for  in  our  district.] 


FLORA   OP  MICHIGAN.  169 


CXII.    OPHIOGLOSSACEJ3.    ADDER'S-TONGUE  FAMILY. 

55O.     BOTRYCHIUM,  Swartz.    MOONWORT. 

1725.  B.  Liuuaria,  Swartz.  N.  &  U.  P. 

"  Lake  Superior  (Lesquerenx)  and  sparingly  northward,'' — Eaton  in  Gray's  Manual;  collected  in  1888 
at  Harrisville  by  Dr.  W.  J.  Beal.    Rare. 

1726.  B.  simplex,  Hitchcock.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Hillsides.    Westward  to  Lake  Superior,— D.  C.  Eaton,  Ferns  of  N.  Am. ;  near  Oscoda  in  1888— the  only 
station  known  in  the  lower  peninsula.    Rare. 

1727.  B.  lanceolatum,  Angstroem.  U.  P. 

Damp,  mossy  places.    Lake  Superior, — H.  Gillman. 

1728.  B.  matricariaefolium,  Braun.  U.  P. 
Dark,  wet  woods.    Lake  Superior,— D.  C.  Eaton ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F. 

*1729.    B.  teruatum,  Swartz,  var.  intermedium,  D.C.Eaton. 

Frequent. 

*1730.  var.  obliquum,   Milde. 

Pastures  and  meadows.    Fort   Gratiot  and  S.  Mich.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Flint;  8.  Haven,— Bailey;  Ann 
Arbor,— Allmendinger  Cat.;  Gratiot  Co.    Infrequent. 

1731.  var.  dissectimi,  Milde. 

South  Haven,— Bailey;  Detroit,— Foerste. 

*1732.    B.  Virgiiiiauum,   Swartz.  Th. 

Rich  woods.    Variable.    Common. 

551.     OPHIOGLOSSUM,  L.    ADDER'S  TONGUE. 

1733.  O.  vulgatum,  L.  U.  P. 

Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Rare. 

» 

CXIII.     LYCOPODIACE^E.     CLUB-MOSS  FAMILY. 

552.     LYCOPOmUM,  L.    CLUB  Moss. 

1734.  L.  Selago,  L.  U.  P. 

Lake  Superior,— Gray's  Manual ;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.    Infrequent. 

*1735.    L.  lueiclulum,  Michx.  Th. 

Moist  woods.    Frequent. 

1736.  L.  immdatum,  L.  Th. 

Drummond's  L,  Willow  river,  Huron  Co.,  Sugar  Is.,— Winch.  Cat.;  Keweenaw  Co.,*-F. 

1737.  Li.  aiiiiotiiium,  L.  N.  &  U.  P. 

Woods.    Petoskey  to  L.  Superior.    Common. 

*1738.    L.  obscurum,  L,  Th. 

Moist  woods.    Common. 

1739.  var.  dendroideum,  D.  C.  Eaton. 

Macomb  Co.,— Cooley;  Keweenaw  Co.,— F.;  Oscoda. 

*1740.    L.  clavatum,  L.    Common  Club-Moss.  Th. 

Dry  woods.    Common. 

*1741.    L<.  complaiiatum,  L.    Ground-Pine.  Th. 

Bangor,  Van  Buren  Co.,— Bailey ;  shore  of  Pine  lake;  Woodward  lake,  Ionia  Co.;  Flint;  Macomb   Co. 
Stanton,  and  northward. 


170  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 

1742.  var.  Cliamaecyparissus,  D.  C.  Eaton. 
Tp.  of  Arthur,  Clare  Co.,  May  15. 1849,— G.  H.  Cannon. 

CXIV.     SELAGINELLACE^E. 

553.     SELAGINELLA,  Beauv. 

1743.  S.  spiiiosa,  Beauv.  U.  P. 
Isle  Royale,— Dr.  A.  B.  Lyons. 

*1744.    S.  rupestris,  Spring.  Th. 

Flint;  Woodward  Lake ;  rare  in  L.  P.,  but  common  in  U.  P.,  Park  Lake,  Clinton  Co.,— C.  F.  Wheeler; 
Oscoda ;  Grayling;  Harrison,— Dr.  Beal. 

*1745.    S.  apus,   Spring, 
Ann  Arbor,— Allmendinger  Cat.;  Hubbardston;  Grand  Ledge,  1891,— C.  F.  Wheeler.    Infrequent. 

554.     ISOETES,  L. 

1746.    I.  echinospora,  Dur.,  var.  Braimii,  Engelm. 
Gray's  Manual. 


[I.  LACUSTRIS,  L.  Quillwort. 

River  St.  Marie  at  the  head  of  the  canal,— Macoun.] 


INDEX  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Page. 

Abele.... 135 

Abies 165 

Abutilon 78 

Acacia,  Three-thorned 85 

Acalypha  -—  130 

ACANTHACE^E --  121 

ACANTHUS  FAMILY 121 

Acer 80 

Acerates 113 

Achillea 105 

Acnida  ._ 125 

Acorns      ._  144 

Actsea.. 69 

Actinomeris 104 

Adam-and-Eve —  136 

Adenocaulon 102 

Adders-Mouth 135 

Tongue 169 

ADDER' s-ToNGUE  FAMILY.  .  169 

Adder's-Tongue,  Yellow  ....  140 

Adiantum 166 

Adlumia 71 

.Escuius 80 

Agassiz,  Louis,  Catalogue  of  7 

Agrimonia 88 

Agrilnony 88 

Small-flowered ...  88 

Agropyrum 164 

Agrostis 160 

Alder...  132 

Black 79 

Green  or  Mountain  ...  182 

Smooth 132 

Speckled  or  Hoary ....  132 

Aletris...  138 

Alfalfa 83 

Alisma 145 

ALISMACKffi! 145 

Allium 139 

Allspice,  Wild 

Almendinger,    Miss    E.    C., 

regarding  flora 7 

Alnns 132 

Alopecurus 159 

Alum-root 90 

Alyssum 72 

AMARANTAOE^: 125 

Amaranth 125 

AMARANTH  FAMILY 125 

Amarantus 125 

AMARYLLIDAOE^ 138 

AMARYLLIS  FAMILY 138 

Ambrosia 103 

Amelanchier 89 

Ammophila 161 

Amorpha 83 

Ampelopsis 80 

Amphicarpaea 85 

ANACARDIACE^E 81 

Anagallis.. 112 

Anaphalis 102 

Andromeda 110 

Andropogon 158 

Anemone 67 

Long-fruited 67 

Wood 67 

Anemonella 68 

Angelica 93 

22 


Page. 

Antennaria  __________________      102 

Anthoxanthum  ...  ........  ..      158 

Anychia  ____________________      125 


Apera 


160 


... 

Aphyllon  ......  ______  .......  120 

Apios  _____________  __________  85 

Aplectrum  __________________  136 

APOCYNACE.S;  _______________  113 

Apocynum  ________  .........  .  113 

Apple  ______________________  88 

American  Crab  ________  88 

Cultivated  _____________  89 

May  _______  ........  ....  70 

of  Peru  _____  .....  ______  117 

Thorn  _________________  117 

April  flowers 


Aquatic  plants 85 

Aauiiegia 69 

Arabis 72 

ARAOE^E 144 

Aralia 95 

ARALIAOE^E 95 

Arbor  day 62 

Vitte 165 

Arbutus,  Trailing 110 

Arctium _ 106 

Arctostaphylos 110 

Arenaria — .  75 

Arethusa 137 

Arisaerna  ... 144 

Aristolochia..  128 


ARISTOLOCHIACE^;. 


128 

Aristida  ..  159 

Arnica 106 

Arrhenatherum 161 

Arrow-head 145 

wood 96 

Artemisia 105 

,  Artichoke,  Jerusalem 104 

128  I  Arum,  Arrow. 144 

Dragon 144 

ARUM  FAMILY 144 

Arum,  Water...          144 


Asarabacca 128 

Asarum 128 

ASCLEPIADACEJE 113 

Asclepias 113 

Ash 112 

American  Mountain 88 

Black... 113 

Blue  ...     .....  112 

Green 112 

Northern  Prickly  ...  79 

Prickly    .  79 

Red 112 

White 112 

Asparagus 140 

Aspen 135 

American 135 

Large-toothed 135 

Asphodel,  False. 141 

Aspidium 167 

Asplenium 167 

Aster 100 

azureus 101 

cordifolius 101 

corymbosus 100 

diffusus...  101 


Page, 
Aster— Continued. 

dumosus 101 

ericoides 101 

junceus 101 

leevis 101 

Lindleyanus 101 

macrophy  llus 100 

mnltiflorns...  101 

Novee-Angliee 100 

paniculatus 101 

patens 100 

ptarmicoides.. 101 

puniceus 101 

sagittifolius-  — 101 

salicifolius 101 

sericeus 100 

Tradescanti 101 

umbellatus 101 

undulatus 101 

vimineus 101 

Astragalus 83 

Atriplex 126 

Autumn  flowers 38 

foliage,  brown 28 

colors  of  ..  28 

crimson...  29 

green 28 

orange 29 

red.. 29 

scarlet  ....  29 

yellow 29 

Avena 161 

Avens 87 

Purple...     87 

Water...  87 


Bailey,  L.  H.,  jr.,  Carices  of 
Keweenaw  Penin. 


8 


Bailey,  L.  H.,  jr.,  plants  at 

South  Haven  ..............  7,8 

Balm,  Horse  ......  .  .........  122 

Balsam  .....................  79 

apple,  Wild  .........  93 

Baneberry  ___________________  89 

Bed  ..............  60 

White  ............  69 

Baptisia  .........  .  ...........  82 

Barbarea  ....................  73 

Barberry  ....................  70 

BARBERRY  FAMILY  ..........  70 

Barley  ________  ...............  164 

Barrels,  timber  for  ..........  42 

Bartonia  ....................  114 

Baskets,  timber  for  .........  42 

Basswood  ___________________  78 

Bayberry...  .................  181 

Beal,  W.  J.,  as  author  of  this 

work  _____  .....  _____  .......  1 

Beal,  W.  J.,  Flora  of  sandy 

pine  plains  _____  .......  ...  8 

Beal,  W.  J.,  List  of  trees  and 

shrubs....  ............... 

Bean,  Sacred  _____ 


70 


..... 

Bearberry  ...................  110 

Beardslee,    H.   C.,  List    of 

Cheboygan  plants  .........  9 

Beard-tongue  ................  118 

Beaver-Poison  .............  94 


172 


INDEX  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Page. 


Bedstraw. 


Northern 
Rough... 


KOUtfD 

Small. 


Sweet-scented  _____  98 

Bee-Balm  _____  .........  123 

Beech  ___________  .......  _____  133 

American  _____  .  .  133 

Blue  or  Water...  132 

Beech-drops,  False    .....  Ill 

Beeplants  _____________  ......  48 

Beggar's  Lice  ___________      .  115 

Beggar-ticks,  Common  _____  104 

Swamp  ___      .  104 

BeUflower  ...........  ______  109 

Marsh...  109 

Tall  .....  _________  109 

Bellwort  ______________  .....  140 

Benjamin-bush  _____________  128 

BEBBEBIDAOE.E  ____________  70 

Berberis  _____________________  70 

Bergamot  __________________  123 

Berry,  Pigeon  _______       .....  126 

Berula  ______________________  94 

Betony,  Wood  _______________  120 

Betula  _____________  .....  ____  131 

Bibliography...  ______________  7 

Bidens...  104 

Bilberry,  Bog  _______________  109 

Bindweed  ..  116 

Black  ____________  128 

Hedge...  116 

Birch  ________________________  131 

Black  ____________  .....  131 

Cherry  ________________  131 

Dwarf  ________  .......  .  132 

Low  ___________________  132 

Paper  or  Canoe  132 

White  _________________  132 

Yellow  or  Gray  .....  132 

Bishop's  Cap  _________  89 

Bitter-nut  _____________  131 

Bittersweet  _________________  117 

Climbing    or 

Shrubby  ______  80 

Bitter-  weed  ____  .....  103 

Birthroot  ______  141 

Birthwort  _____________  .....  128 

BIETHWOBT  FAMILY  ________  128 

Blackberry,      Common     or 

High  ______________________  86 

Blackberry,  Low 


'  86 

Running  Swamp  86 

Bladder-nut  ________________  81 

BLADDEKWOET  FAMILY  _____  121 

Bladderwort,  Smaller  121 

Blazing-Star...  141 

Blephilia      .....  123 

Elite,  Strawberry  ____  .......  126 

Blood-root  __________________  71 

BLOODWOET  FAMILY  .....  ...  138 

Blueberry  .  ____  109 

Dwarf  ____________  109 

Low  ______________  109 

Swamp  ______  109 

Blue  Bells  ___________________  115 

Blue  Grass,  English  _________  162 

Kentucky  _______  162 

Blue-hearts  ____  119 

Bluets  _____  .....  .  ......  ____  97 

Blue-weed  ___________________  116 

Boats,  timber  for          _  42 

Boehmeria  __________________  130 

Bog  plants..  .........  _______  33 

Boneset  _______________  ......  99 

BOEAGE  FAMILY  ____________  115 

BOBBAGINACE;E._  .......  ____  115 

Botanic     garden,     how     to 

make  one  ___________  ......  25 

Botanic  garden,  lessons  to 

learnfrom  ________  .......  26 

Botany  in  the  school  _______  61 

teaching..  ........  ..  63 

Botrychium  ________________  169 

Bouncing  Bet  _______  ,  _______  75 


Page. 

Bouquets,  plants  for  in  win- 
ter...  33 

Bouteloua 161 

Bowman's  Root  _.  86 

Box-Elder 81 

Boxes,  timber  for 42 

Brachyelytrum 159 

Bracken 166 

Brake.. 166 

Cliff 166 

Rock 166 

Bramble 86 

Brasenia 70 

Brassica 73 

Brilliant  twigs... 30 

Brooms 163 

Bronze-leaved  evergreens 32 

Brooklime,  American 119 

BEOOM-EAPE  FAMILY 120 

Broom-rape,  Naked 120 

Brook.weed .  112 

Brunella 124 

Buchnera 119 

Buckbean 114 

Buckeye,  Ohio 80 

Buckthorn _ 80 

BUCKTHOEN  F  AMILY 80 

BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY 126 

Buckwheat,  Climbing,  False  128 

Bugbane 69 

Bugle-weed 122 

Bugloss,  Viper's 116 

Bug-seed 126 

Bulrush 149 

Bunch-berry  ..  95 

Burdock 106 

Burnet,  Canadian. 88 

Burning-Bush 80 

Burt,  W.  A.,  Catalogue  of...  7 

Bush,  Strawberry 80 

Bu tter  and  Eggs 118 

Buttercup 68 

Butterfly-weed 113 

Butternut 151 

Butter-weed 101 

Butterwort.. 121 

Button-bush 97 

Buttonwood 131 

Cabbage,  Skunk 144 

Cacalia... 106 

CACTAOE-ffi! 93 

CACTUS  FAMILY 93 

Cakile.. 6 

Calamagrostis 160 

Calamintha 123 

Calamint 123 

Calamus 144 

Calla 144 

Callitriche 91 

Calopogon 137 

Caltha...  69 

Calypso 136 

Camassia 139 

Camass,  Eastern 139 

Camelina 72 

Campanula 113 

CAMPANULA  FAMILY 109 

CA.MPANULAOEJE 109 

Campbell,  D.  H.,  Plants  of 

Detroit  river 8 

Campion,  Starry 75 

Camptosorus 167 

Cancer-root,  One-flowered..  120 

Cannabis 130 

CAPEE  FAMILY 74 

CAPPABIDAOEJE 74 

CAPBIFOLIAOKS; 96 

Capsella 73 

Caraway 94 

Cardamine 71 

Cardinal-flower. 108 

Carex 150 

adusta.. 156 

alopecoidea 155 

alpina.— 151 


Page- 
Carex—  Continued. 

aqnatilis 152 

arctata 152 

aurea.. 154 

Backii 154 

bromoides 156 

canescens 156 

capillaris... 152 

Careyana 153 

castanea 152 

cephaloidea 155 

cephalophora 155 

chord  orhiza 155 

communis 154 

conoidea 153 

Crawei 153 

crinita 152 

Crus-corvi 155 

Davisii 153 

debilis 152 

decomposita .  155 

deflexa 154 

Deweyana 156 

digitalis 150 

eburnea 154 

echinata,    Murr.,    var. 

cephalantha 155 

filiformis  151 

flava 153 

fcenea 156 

folliculata 150 

formosa  152 

fusca 152 

gracillima 152 

grannlaris 153 

Grayii 150 

grisea... 153 

gynocrates 155 

Hitchcockiana 153 

Houghtonii       151 

hystricina .....  151 

intumescens ...  150 

Jamesii 154 

laxiculmis _  153 

laxiflora.. 153 

lenticularis 152 

limosa...  152 

livida ..'..'.'.'.  154 

longirostris 152 

lupulina 150 

lurida 151 

Magellanica 152 

Michauxiana 150 

monile    151 

Muhlenbergii 155 

Muskingumensis 156 

oligocarpa 153 

oligosperma 151 

pallescens 153 

pauciflora.... 150 

pedunculata 154 

Pennsylvania 154 

plantaginea 153 

platyphylla 153 

polytrichoides 155 

prasina ...  152 

Pseudo-Cyperus 151 

pubescens 154 

retrorsa 151 

Richardsonii .  154 

riparia 151 

rosea 155 

Saltuensis ..  153 

Sartwellii 155 

scabrata.... 151 

Schweinitzii 151 

scirpoidea 154 

scoparia 156 

siccata 156 

sparganioides 155 

squarrosa 151 

stipata    _ 155 

straminea 156 

stricta 152 

sychnocephala 150 


INDEX  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN.1 


173 


Page. 
Carex —  Continued. 

tenella -  155 

tenuiflora 156 

teretiuscnla 155 

tetanica 154 

tribuloides 156 

triceps 152 

trichocarpa 151 

trisperma 156 

Tuckermani 151 

umbellata 154 

utriculata 151 

varia 154 

virescens 152 

vulpinoidea .  .. 155 

Willdenovii 154 

Carnation 75 

Carpet-weed 

Carpinus    __  132 

Carp  ponds,  plants  for 49 

Carrion-Flower 139 

Carrot 93 

Carum 94 

Carya 131 

CARYOPHYLLACE.E 75 

CASHEW  FAMILY 81 

Cassandra...     110 

Cassia 85 

Castanea 133 

Castilleia „  120 

Cat-brier...  139 

Catchfly 75 

Night-flowering ...  75 

Sweet-William 75 

Sleepy 75 

Catgut 83 

Cat-Mint.  - 123 

Catnip 123 

Cat-tail 143 

CAT-TAIL  FAMILY 143 

Caulophyllum 70 

Ceanothus  ..         80 

Cedar,  Red 165 

White 165 

Celandine 71 

CKLASTRACE;E__ 80 

Celastrus....  80 

Celtis 130 

Cenchrus 158 

Centaury 113 

Cephalanthus 97 

Cerastium 76 

CERATOPHYLL  ACE.S: 135 

Ceratophyllum 135 

Cercis 85 

Cheprophylium 94 

Chamselirium 141 

Chamomile,  Wild 105 

Charlock,  English 73 

Cheat 163 

Chekme -...  118 

Chelidonium 71 

CHENOPODIACE.E 125 

Chenopodium 125 

Cherry,  Black...  86 

Choke   86 

Dwarf 85 

Ground...  117 

Red  ..  85 

Sand 85 

Chess,  Wild 163 

Chestnut 133 

Chickweed... 76 

Field 76 

Forked.. 125 

Indian 93 

Larger  Mouse-ear  76 

Mouse-ear 76 

Chicory  ...  107 

Chimaphila             _ Ill 

Chinquapin,  Water... 70 

Chiogenes 110 

Choke-berry 88 

Chrysanthemum 105 

Chrysopogon 158 

Chrysosplenium 90 

Cichorium  ._  107 


Page. 

Cicuta.. 94 

Cimicifuga 69 

Cinque-foil 87 

Common... 88 

Shrubby...  87 

Silvery 87 

Three-toothed.  ..  87 

Cinna 160 

Circsea 93 

CISTACE^: 74 

Cladium 150 

Claytonia 77 

Clearweed 130 

Cleavers 98 

Clematis 67 

Climate 14 

Climbing  plants: 

climbing  by  prickles 31 

leaf  climbers 31 

root  climbers 31 

twiners 31 

tendril  climbers 31 

Clintonia 140 

Clotbur 103 

Clover...                             82 

Alsike  82 

Bush 84 

Low  Hop 82 

Mammoth. 82 

Rabbit-foot  or  Stone  82 

Red 82 

Running  Buffalo 82 

Sweet...  82 

White 82 

Yellow  or  Hop...  82 

Zigzag 82 

Club-Moss 169 

CLTJB-MOSS  FAMILY 169 

Cnicus 106 

Cockle ...  75 

Cocklebur 103 

Coffee-tree,  Kentucky 85 

Cohosh...  69 

Black 69 

Blue 70 

Coleman,  N.,  Catalogue  of..  7 

Colic-root ..- -. --.  138 

Collinsia 118 

Collinsonia 122 

Colors  of  autumn  foliage  ...  28 

Coltsfoot 105 

Sweet 106 

Columbine 69 

Columbo ,  American 114 

Comandra 129 

Comfrey 116 

Wild 115 

Commelina 142 

COMMELINAOKffi: 142 

Comparison     of     trees     of 
Michigan   with    those   of 

other  countries. _. 17 

Compass-Plant 102 

COMPOSITE 98 

found    on   pine 

plains 20 

COMPOSITE  FAMILY 98 

Cone-flower 103 

Purple 103 

CONIFERS 164 

Conioselinum 93 

Conium 94 

Conopholis 120 

Contents 5 

CONVOLVULACE^E 116 

Convolvulus 116 

CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY 116 

Cooley,  D.,  Catalogue  of...,  7 

Coptis ...  69 

Coral-berry 97 

Corallorhiza 136 

Coral-root 136 

Cockle,  Corn  75 

Cord-Grass,  Fresh- water 157 

Coreopsis  ..  104 

Tall 104 

Corispermum 126 


Page, 

IIORNACEJE 95 

Jornel 95 

Dwarf 95 

Panicled ..  96 

Silky 95 

Oorn  Salad 98 

3ornus 95 

Corpse-plant 111 

Corydalis 71 

Golden.  .  71 

Pale 71 

Corylus 132 

Cotton-wood 135 

Uowbane,  Spotted 94 

Cowberry 110 

Cowslip 111 

American 111 

Virginian  __ _.  115 

Cow-Wheat . 120 

Crab-grass 157 

Cranberry 109 

Large  or  American  110 

Mountain 110 

Small...  110 


Cranberry-tree . 

Cranesbill... 

Wild 

CRASSTJLACEjE 

Cratspgus ... 

Creeper,  Virginian . 

Cress,  Bitter 

Lake 

Marsh .... 

Rock 

Small  Bitter 

True  Water] ". 
Water... 

Winter ...... 

Crowfoot 

CROWFOOT  FAMILY 

Crowfoot,  Bristly .. 

Common    White 

Water 

Cursed 

Early 

Hooked... 


Small-flowered 
Stiff  Water.  .. 
Yellow  Water.. 

CROW  BERRY  FAMILY 

Crowberry,  Black  ______ 

CRUOIFERJE 

Cryptogrdmme  ___  .  ____ 

Cryptoteenia  ...  ..........  . 

Cuckoo  Flower 

Cucumber-root,  Indian 

CUCURBITACEJE 

Cudweed 

Low 

Purplish 
Culver's-root 
Cup,  Huntsman's  _____  . 
Plant 

CUPULIFEHJK 

Currant 

Fetid 

Indian 

Red 

Wild  Black 
Cuscuta  ____________  ..... 

Cut-grass,  Rice  _________  . 

Cycloloma  _____  .....  . 

Cynoglossum  ____________ 


Cyperas 
Cypripedium.  _________  _ 

Cystopteris  _______ 

Dactylis  ____  ..... 

Daisy,  Ox-eye 

White  ..... 

Dalibarda...  ..... 

Dandelion 

Dwarf 

Fall  __________  . 

Danthonia  ... 


68 


135 

135 

71 

166 

94 

72 

141 

93 

102 

102 

102 

119 

70, 

103. 

181 

90 

90 

97 


116 
158 
125 
115 
147 
147 
138 
168 
162 
105 
105 
86 
108 
107 
107 
161 


174 


TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Darnel  ..................  ..... 

Datura  ...................... 

Dancus...'  ___________________ 

Davis,  C.  A.,  Herbarium  of  . 
Day-flower  ............... 

Decodon  ____________________ 

Dentaria  .  .................  .. 

Deschampsia  ________________ 

Desmodium  ................. 

Devil's-bit  __  ................ 

Dewberry  .............  _  ...... 

Dewey,      L.    H.,     list     of 
Tecnmseh  plants.  ........ 

Dianthera  .....  _  ............. 

Dianthus  ____________________ 

Diarrhena  ................... 

Dicentra  ...................  . 

Dicksonia  .........  .  .......  _. 

Dioscorea  ___________________ 

DlOSOOREAORffl  ..........  ... 

DlPSAOE-S...  ................ 

Dipsacus  ____  ............  ____ 

Dirca  ______  ......  ______  ...... 

Distribution  of  plants  ______ 

Dock.  ..................  _____ 

Bitter..  ............... 

Curled  .........  .  ...... 

Narrow  .......  _________ 

Pale...  .........  _______ 

Patience  .......  _______ 

Prairie  ________________ 

Swamp  .............  ... 

Spatter  ......  .  ......... 

White  ................. 

Dockmackie  .....  ----  ....... 

Dodder  .......  .  .............. 

Dodecatheon  _____  ........... 

Dodge,  C.  K.,  list  of  Port 
Huron  plants  .....  -------- 

Dogbane  ____________________ 

DOGBANE  FAMILY  .....  _____ 

DOGWOOD  FAMILY  __________ 

Dogwood,  Flowering  ________ 

Poison  ......  ______ 

Round-leaved  ... 
Draba  ..............  _________ 

Dracocephalum  .  ........... 

Dragon-head,  False...  ...... 

Dragon-root  ...........  _____ 

Drifting  sand,  plants  to  held 
Drosera  ......  ______  ......... 

DBOSEBAO-ffil  ......  _  .......... 

Duck's-meat  ..............  .. 

Duckweed  ................... 

DUCKWEED  FAMILY  ......... 

Dnlichium  __________________ 

Dutchman's  Breeches  ....... 

Eatonia  ..................... 

Echinacea..  ........  .  ........ 

Echinocystis  ............  ---- 

Echinodorns  __________  ...... 

Echinospermum  ____________ 

Echium  .........  ____  ........ 

Eglantine 


Elder 


Marsh.. 
Red-berried 
Wild  .. 


Eleocharis 
Elensine  ......  . 

Elm  ........... 

American. 

Cork  ...... 

Red  _______ 

Rock  ..... 

Slippery.. 
Elodea.  ....... 

Elodes  ......... 

Elymus 


Empetrnm  ____ 

Epigaea  .......  . 

Epilobium  ____ 

Epiphegus  ____ 

EQUISETAOK-E  . 


age. 
164 

Equisetnm  

Page. 
165 

Flowers  in  May—  Continued. 

117 

Eragrostis 

162 

shrubs  noted  for 

93 

Erechtites  

106 

summer  and  au- 

8 

EKIOAOE^: 

109 

tumn 

142 

Ericaceae,    found    on    pine 
plains  . 

20 

trees  noted  for_. 
Fcerste,  A.  F.,  Plants  of  Belle 

71 

Erigenia 

95 

Isle 

Erigeron             .        

101 

Fog-fruit  . 

S3 

ERiooAULnaa 

147 

Foliage,  Autumn 

Eriocaulon 

147 

Green  in  autumn 

86 

Eriophorum 

149 

Forage  plants 

Erodium 

79 

Forget-me-not 

9 

Erynginm  . 

95 

Foster,  J.  W.,  Catalogue  of. 

Eryngo  ..     . 

91 

Foxglove,  Downy  False  

75 

Erysimum   . 

73 

Smooth  False  ... 

Erythraea 

113 

Foxtail 

71 

Erythronium 

140 

Floating  

168 

Knonymus 

80 

Meadow 

Eupatorium 

99 

Fragaria  

189 

Euphorbia 

129 

Frasera 

98 

EUPHORBIACE^C       

129 

Fraxinus...  

98 

Euphrasia 

120 

Fringed-Orchis,  Ragged 

T>9 

European  plants  becoming 

FROG'S  BIT  FAMILY 

14 

naturalized 

57 

Frost-  weed 

126 

EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY 
Evergreens,  small 

92 
82 

Fruit  trees  and  shrubs  noted 
for  beautiful   _  

V>6 

Everlasting,  Pearly 

102 

Fruits,  wild 

Eyebright 

120 

for  improving. 

126 

Fagopyrum 

128 

Fuirena 

126 

Fagus 

133 

FUMARIACE^E   ._  _  

102 

Families  of  plants  not  rep- 

FUMITORY FAMILY 

126 

resented  on  the  pine  plains 

20 

Fumitory,  Climbing  

70 

Farm  implements,    Timber 

Fungi,  parasitic 

for 

42 

Furniture,  best  timber  for_. 

9« 

Farwell,  O.  A.,  List  of  plants 

Galeopsis 

116 

of 

9 

Gale,  Sweet  

111 

Fennel-flo  wer 

69 

Galingale 

Fern 

166 

Galium  

9 

Beech 

167 

Garden  and  Forest  on  road- 

Bladder 

168 

side  planting  

113 

Chain       .  

166 

Garden,  Planting  a  wild  one 

Christmas 

168 

Garget... 

qc 

Cinnamon 

168 

Garlic 

81 

Flowering 

168 

Wild  

95 
T> 

Ferns  for  cultivation,  Lists 
of 

35 

Garfield,    Hon.    C.    W.,  On 
cutting  out   the  roadside 

128 

Male 

168 

trees                        .  .      

\'>^ 

Sensitive 

168 

Gaultheria  

144 

Shield 

167 

Gaura             .      

46 

163 

Gaylussacia 

91 

'  Taller 

163 

GENTIANACETE 

91 

Sheep's 

163 

GENTIAN  FAMILY 

144 

Festuca 

163 

Gentian 

144 

128 

Closed 

144 

96 

Fringed.        

148 

93 

Horse 

71 

Fig,  Indian         .          

93 

Smaller  Fringed.  _. 

161 

FIGWORT  FAMILY 

118 

Soapwort 

108 

118 

Spurred  

98 

Filbert 

132 

GEBANIAOEJE  

145 

FlLIOES 

166 

Geranium      

115 

148 

GERANIUM  FAMILY 

116 

Finger-Grass 

157 

Geranium,  Feather  

88 

Fir 

165 

Gerardia 

129 

Balm  of  Gilead 

165 

Purple 

96 

165 

Slender  ..... 

103 

106 

Germander  

96 

41 

American      

95 

49 

Geum 

102 

Five-Fincer 

88 

Gillenia.                      

118 

Marsh 

87 

Gill-over-the-G  round  

161 

Flag  Blue 

138 

Ginger.  Wild      

130 

'  Cat-tail 

143 

GINSENG  FAMILY              

130 

Sweet 

144 

Ginseng                  

180 

Flax 

78 

Dwarf             

130 

False 

72 

Glaucous  plants  

130 

FLAX  FAMILY 

78 

Gleditschia                     

ion 

102 

Glyceria 

135 

Daisy 

102 

Gnaphalium 

77 

114 

Goat'  s-beard 

164 

79 

Golden-rod      

185 

Goldthread                     .  

145 

21 

Three-leaved  ... 

110 

Flora  of  Pine  Plains 

19 

Good-King-Henry.        

92 

138 

Goodyera    

120 

36 

Gooseberry          ..      

165 

May... 

38 

Missouri  

Page. 
29 

38 
29 

8 

122 
27 
28 
36 
116 
7 

119 
119 
158 
160 
159 
87 
114 
112 
138 
135 
74 

30 
36 
43 
150 
71 
71 
71 
59 
41 
124 
131 
147 
98 

24 
25 
126 
139 
139 


24 

110 

92 

109 

113 

114 

114 

114 

114 

96 

114 

114 

144 

78 

78 

78 

126 

119 

120 

120 

122 

122 

87 

86 

123 

128 

95 

95 

95 

31 

85 

163 

102 

107 


69 
126 
136 
90 
90 


INDEX  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 


175 


Page. 
Gooseberry— Continued. 

Swamp 99 

GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY 125 

Goosefoot 125 

Maple-leaved 125 

Oak-leaved 125 

GOURD  FAMILY 93 

GRAMINEJE 157 

Grand  River  Valley,  north- 
ern and  southern  plants  in  22 

Grape 80 

Summer 80 

Graphephorum 163 

GRASS  FAMILY 157 

Grass,  Arrow 145 

Barnyard           ..  158 

Beard _-.  158 

Bent 160 

Black 142 

Blue 162 

Blue-eyed 138 

Blue- Joint...  160 

Bottle.. 158 

Bottle-brush 164 

Bristly-Foxtail 158 

Brome .  168 

Brown  Bent 160 

Bur .,  158 

Canary 158 

Cat's-tail 159 

Cotton _           .  149 

Couch  ...L 164 

Crab 161 

Dog's  tail 161 

Drop-seed 160 

Eel 135 

English  Blue...  162 

Feather 159 

Fescue 163 

Fiorin 160 

Fowl  Meadow..  162 

Foxtail.... 159 

Goose 98 

Grama 161 

Hair 161 

Holy 158 

Hungarian 158 

Indian 158 

June 162 

Lyme 164 

Manna 163 

Marsh 157 

Meadow....  162 

Millet 159 

Muskit 161 

Oat 161 

Old-witch 157 

Orchard 162 

Panic 157 

of  Parnassus 90 

Pigeon 158 

Porcupine... 159 

Quack 164 

Quick .  164 

Quitch 164 

Rattlesnake  163 

Ray 164 

Red  Top 160 

Reed 160 

Reed  Canary 158 

Rush 160 

Rye 164 

Sand-Reed... 161 

Scorpion 116 

Shave 166 

Spear... 162 

Squirrel-tail 164 

Star ...  188 

Tape 135 

Thin 160 

Triple-awned 159 

Umbrella              .      .  150 

White ....                ....  158 

Whitlow  ...  72 

Wire 162 

Wood 162 

Reed ..  160 


Page 

Grass,  Yard 161 

Yellow-eyed 142 

Gratio]« 119 

Gray,  Dr.  Asa,  on  causes  for 

distribution  of  trees 18 

Gray,  Dr.  Asa,  on  improving 

wild  fruits  and  nuts 44 

Greenbrier 139 

Common 139 

Gromwell 116 

Corn...  116 

False 116 

Ground-nut 85 

Groundsel 106 

Grove ,  planting  one 24 

Gymnocladus 85 

Habenaria 137 

Hackberry 130 

HjBMODORACEaC 138 

Halenia 114 

HALORAGKELS; 91 

HAMAMELIDEJE 91 

Hamamelis 91 

Harbinger-of -Spring 95 

Harebell       .     109 

Harrington,  M.  W.,   Herba- 
rium of...  8 

Haw,  Black...".".: 96 

Hawkbit...  107 

Hawkweed 107 

Long-bearded...  107 

Hawthorn 89 

Hazel-nut 132 

Beaked..  132 

Wild... 132 

Heal-all 124 

Heart's-ease ..  75 

HEATH  FAMILY 109 

Hedeoma 123 

Hedgehog-grass 158 

Helenium 105 

Helianthemum . .             .  74 

Helianthus 103 

Heliopsis. 103 

Hemerocailis 139 

Hemicarpha 150 

Hemlock 165 

Ground 165 

Parsley 93 

Poison 94 

Water 94 

Hemp. 130 

Indian 113 

Henbane...  117 


Black 

Hepatica 67 

Heracleum 93 

Herbaria  consulted 8 

Herbarium  of  Alma  College, 
made   by    O.    J.    Stilwell 

and  C.  A.  Davis 8 

Herbarium  of  Geo.  L.  Ames.  8 

W.J.  Beai_...  9 

Dr.  D.Clark..  8 
Miss  Mary  H. 

Clark 8 

G.    F.     Corn- 
stock  9 

Dr.  D.  Cooley  8 
C.A.Davis...  8 
M.    W.    Har- 
rington... 8 
G.  H.  Hicks..  8 
Dr.  D.  Hough- 
ton 8 

Geo.  D.  Spnes  8 
State  Univer- 
sity noticed  8 
F.  E.  Wood..  8 

Herb  Robert 78 

Herd's-Grass 159 

Hesperis 73 

Heteranthera 141 

Heuchera 90 

Hyssop,  Hedge 119 

Hibiscus 78 

Hicks,  G.  H.,  Herbarium  of  8 


Page. 

Hickory .  131 

Broom 131 

Shag-bark 181 

Swamp 131 

White-heart 131 

Hieracium 107 

Hierochloe— 158 

Highwater-shrub... 103 

Hill,     E.     J.,     plants      of 

Menominee  region  8 
Hill,   E.  J.,  Flora  of  Lake 

Superior  region 8 

Hillsides,  plants  to  hold 48 

Hippuris 91 

Hog-weed 103 

HOLLY  FAMILY...  79 

Holly 79 

Mountain 79 

HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY 96 

Honeysuckle 97 

Fly 97 

Honewort 94 

Hop.. 130 

Hop-Hornbean 132 

American. ..  132 

Hop-tree 79 

Hordeum 164 

Horehound 124 

Water.. 122 

Hornbean 132 

American 132 

HORNWORT  FAMILY 185 

Hornwort 135 

Horse-brier 139 

Horse-chestnut 80 

Horse-Mint .  122 

Horseradish 73 

HORSETAIL  FAMILY 165 

Horsetail 165 

Horseweed 101 

Houghton,    Dr.  D.,  Herba- 
rium of 8 

Hound's  Tongue 115 

Houstonia 97 

Huckleberry 109 

Black 109 

Hudsonia...  74 
Hull,  W.  C.,  list  of  Albion 

plants 9 

Humulus 130 

Hyacinth,  Wild 139 

Hydrastis 69 

HYDROCHAKIDACE^; 135 

Hydrocotyle 95 

HYDROPHYLLACE^E 115 

Hydrophyllum 115 

HYPERICACEJE 77 

Hypericum 77 

Hypoxys 138 

Hyssopus 122 

Hyssop...             122 

Giant 123 

Hyoscyamus 117 

Ilex 79 

COINED; 79 

ILLECEBRACE^... 125 

Ilysanthes 119 

Impatiens 79 

Indian  Physic 86 

Indigo,  False.. 82 

Wild 82 

Innocence 97 

Introduction 7 

Inula _ Ill  102 

Ipomoea _ 116 

DACEJE                      138 

Iris... 

Lake  Dwarf 138 

IRIS  FAMILY 188 

Iron-weed 98 

Iron-wood  .. 132 

Isoetes 170 

Isopyrnm 69 

Iva       103 

Ivy,  Poison... 81 

Jamestown-Weed 117 

Jeffersonia 70 


176 


INDEX  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Page. 

Jewel-weed...  79 

Joe-Pye  Weed... 99 

Judas-tree 85 

JUGLANDACE^E  _ 131 

Juglans 131 

JUNOACE^E 142 

Juncus 142 

June-berry 89 

Juniperus .  165 

Juniper 165 

Kalmia      110 

King-nut. _ 131 

Kinnikinnik...  95 

Knawel... 125 

Knotweed 127 

KNOTWORT  FAMILY 125 

Kceleria...  161 
Kofoid,  C.  A.,  list  of  Che- 

boygan  plants 9 

Krigia 107 

Kuhnia 99 

Kyllinga               ....  148 

LABIATE 122 

Lactuca       ....        .  108 

Ladies' Tresses 136 

Lady's  Slipper 138 

Larger     Yel- 
low    138 

Showy....  138 
Smaller   Yel- 
low   138 

Stemless  ...  138 

Small  White.  138 

Lady's  Thumb 127 

Lambkill 110 

Lamb's- Quarters 125 

Lamium 124 

Laportea 130 

Larch 165 

American  or  Black 165 

Larix 165 

Lathyrus 84 

LAURAOE^E 128 

LAUREL  FAMILY 128 

Laurel,  American 110 

Ground ...           110 

Pale 110 

Sheep..-- 110 

Laurestinus... 96 

Leaf-Cup 102 

Leather-Leaf 110 

Leatherwood...  129 

Lechea 74 

Ledum...                            ....  110 

Leek,  Wild 139 

Leersia  158 

LEGUMINOS^E 82 

LEMNACE.SE 144 

Lemna 144 

LENTIBULARIACE,E 121 

Leontodon 107 

Leonurus 124 

Lepachys 103 

Lepidium 73 

Lespedeza 84 

Lettuce..                  108 

Lamb..  98 

Wild 108 

Prickly 108 

Lever-wood 132 

Liatris 99 

LILIACE^; 139 

Lilium 140 

LILY  FAMILY 139 

Lily..  140 

Day 139 

Turk's  Cap 140 

Water  Tuber-bearing....  70 

Wild  Yellow 141 

Yellow  Pond  ..  70 

Wild  Orange-red 140 

Limnanthemum  ..        114 

Limosella 118 

LINAGES...                    78 

Linaria 118 

Linden 78 

LINDEN  FAMILY  ...  78 


Page. 

Lindera 128 

Linnsea 96 

Linum 78 

Liparis ...  136 

Lippia.                122 

Liquorice,  Wild... 98 

Liriodendron 69 

Listera 136 

Lithospermum 116 

Live-for-ever 90 

Liver-leaf 67 

Lizard's-tail Iz8 

LOBELIACKS: 108 

LOBELIA  FAMILY 108 

Lobelia.  Great 108 

Water...         109 

Local  lists  consulted 9 

Locust,  Clammy 83 

False  Acacia 83 

Honey.. 85 

Locust-tree 83 

Lolium 164 

Lonicera 97 

Looking-glass.  Venus's 109 

LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY 92 

Loosestrife 92 

False 92 

Swamp 92 

Tufted. 112 

Lophanthus. 123 

Lopseed...." 122 

Lousewort 120 

Lucerne 83 

Ludwigia 92 

Lungwort 115 

Lupine    82 

Wild.. 82 

Lupinus 82 

Luzula 143 

Lychnis 75 

Evening 75 

Lycium 117 

LYCOPODIACEJE 169 

Lycopus 122 

Lycopodium 169 

Lyons,     A.    B.,     medicinal 

plants 7 

Lysimachia 112 

LYTHRAOEJE 92 

Lythrum 92 

Macoun,  John,  Catalogue  of 

Canadian  plants 8 

MADDER  FAMILY 97 

Maianthemum 140 

Maidenhair 166 

MAGNOLIAOEJE  _ 69 

MAGNOLIA  FAMILY 69 

Mallow 77 

MALLOW  FAMILY 77 

Mallow,  Common 77 

Curled...    78 

High 78 

Indian...             ....  78 

Musk 78 

Rose 78 

Swamp  Rose 78 

MALVACEAE 77 

Malva 77 

Mandrake.  .                      70 

Man-of-the-Earth 116 

Maple 80 

Ash-leaved 81 

Black  Sugar 81 

Mountain   _.          81 

Red 81 

Rock. 81 

Striped 80 

White  or  Silver  ..  81 

Mare's  Tail 91 

Marigold.  Bur 104 

Larger  Bur 104 

Marsh..... 69 

Smaller  Bur 104 

Marrubium 124 

Marsh  plants 33 

Matricaria 105 

Matrimony- Vine 117 


Mayflowers 38 

Meadow-Grass,  Roughish...  162 

Meadow-Rue  _  68 

Early.... 68 

Purplish 68 

Meadow-Sweet 86 

Medeola 141 

Medicago 83 

Medicinal  plants 63 

Medick 83 

Black.. 83 

Melampyrum 120 

Melilot 82 

Yellow 82 

White.. 82 

Melilotus 82 

MENISPERMACEJE 70 

Menispermum 70 

Menominee  region,  Plants  of  8 

Mentha 122 

Menyanthes 114 

Mercury,  Three-seeded 130 

Mermaid,  False... 79 

Mermaid-weed... 91 

Mertensia.. 115 

MEZEREUM  FAMILY..... 129 

Michigan,    area,    divisions, 

etc..... 9 

Microstylis 135 

MILKWEED  FAMILY 113 

Milkweed 113 

Green 113 

Purple 113 

Swamp ...  113 

Milkwort 81 

MILKWORT  FAMILY 81 

Milium 159 

Millet 158 

Mimulus 118 

MINT  FAMILY.. 122 

Mint —  122 

Wild...    122 

Mist-flower 99 

Mitchella 97 

Mitchell,  I.  N.,  List  of  Mich- 
igan plants. ..     9 

Mitella 89 

Mitre-wort...                   89 

False 89 

Moccason-flower 138 

Moker-nut 131 

Mollugo...                      93 

Monarda 123 

Moneses 111 

Moneywort 112 

Monkey-flower 118 

Monotropa 111 

MOONSEED  FAMILY 70 

Moonseed 70 

Moonwort 169 

Moosewood 129 

Morning  Glory 116 

Morus 130 

Moseley,   E.    H.,    plants   of 

Union  City 9 

Motherwort 124 

Mountain-Saxifrage,  Yellow  89 

Mudwort 118 

Mugwort 105 

Muhlenbergia 159 

Mulberry 130 

Red 130 

Mullein                                 ..  118 

Moth 118 

Musquash  Root 94 

MUSTARD  FAMILY 71 

Mustard.. 73 

Black 73 

Hedge 73 

Tansy 73 

Tower 72 

Treacle 73 

White 73 

Worm-seed 73 

Myrica... 131 

MYRICACE^: 131 

Myriophyllum 91 


INDEX  TO  THE  FLORA  OP  MICHIGAN. 


177 


r 

age. 
116 

Oryzopsis 

Page. 
159 

NAIAD  AOEJE 

145 

Osier  

133 

Naias 

147 

Basket  

184 

72 

Osmorrhiza 

94 

Neckweed 

119 

Ostrya  

132 

81 

Oxalis 

79 

70 

Ox-eye 

108 

NemopantheB 

79 

Painted-Cup 

120 

123 

Scarlet  .. 

120 

NETTLE  FAMILY  

130 

Palmer,  Elmore,  Catalogue 

Nettle 

130 

of          ..    

7 

Dead 

124 

Panicum 

157 

False 

130 

Pansy 

75 

Hedge 

124 

PAPAVEBACEJE        

71 

Hemp  Common 

124 

Papaver 

71 

Hemp,  Red 

124 

Paper  pulp,  woodfor  

43 

Wood 

130 

Pappoose-root 

70 

Nettle  tree 

130 

Parasitic  flowering  plants.. 

60 

Nicandra 

117 

Parasitic  fungi  

59 

117 

Parnassia 

90 

Nigella 

69 

Parsnip  

94 

Nightshade 

117 

Cow 

93 

Enchanter's 

93 

Water  

94 

NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY 

117 

PARSLEY  FAMILY  

93 

Nimble  Will 

159 

Posts,  trees  best  for 

41 

Nine-bark 

86 

Partridge-berry  

97 

Nonesuch 

83 

Pastinaca 

94 

Northern  plants  found    on 

Pear 

88 

the  east  side  of  the  State 

21 

Prickly 

93 

Nuphar 

70 

Pea,  Beach 

84 

Nuts,  wild 

46 

Pea,  Everlasting  

84 

for  improving 

43 

Pea,  Hoary 

83 

Nymphaea 

70 

Pea-nut,  Hog 

85 

NYMPHJEAOE^E 

70 

Pearlwort  .  .  . 

76 

Nyssa     • 

96 

Pedicularis 

120 

OAK  FAMILY 

131 

Pelhea.  

166 

Oak 

132 

Peltandra  . 

144 

Black 

133 

Ptnnycress  

73 

Bur 

132 

Pennyroyal,  American 

123 

Chestnut 

132 

Mock 

123 

Dwarf  Chestnut 

132 

Pentstemon  

118 

Jerusalem 

126 

Pennywort,  Water 

95 

Laurel 

133 

Penthorum 

90 

Over-cup  or  Mossy-cup 

132 

PEPPEB  FAMILY  ._ 

128 

Pin 

133 

Peppergrass 

73 

Poison 

81 

Pepperidge  

96 

Red 

132 

Pepper-root 

71 

Scarlet 

133 

Peppermint 

122 

Shingle. 

133 

Pepper  wort    ... 

73 

Spanish 

133 

Petasites 

106 

Swamp  White 

132 

Phacelia  

115 

White 

132 

Phalaris 

158 

Yellow 

132 

Phegopteris  

167 

Yellow-barked 

133 

Phleum  

159 

Oakesia 

140 

PHLOX  FAMILY 

115 

Oat 

161 

Phlox  

115 

Oats,  Water 

158 

Phragmites 

161 

Oat-grass 

159 

Phryma 

122 

(Enothera 

92 

Physalis  

117 

OLEAOE.S: 

112 

Physic,  Culver's 

119 

OLEASTER  FAMILY 

129 

Physocarpus  _  ..  __ 

86 

OLIVE  FAMILY 

112 

Physostegia  ...      .  ... 

124 

ONAGBAOEJE 

92 

PHYTOL  A  cc  A.CEX 

126 

Onion 

139 

Phytolacca  

126 

Wild 

189 

Picea              

165 

Onoclea 

168 

PlOKEREL-WEED  FAMILY 

141 

Onopordon 

107 

Pickerel-  weed 

141 

Onosmodium 

116 

Pig-  weed  ...    

125 

OPHIOGLOSSAOEJE 

169 

Winged 

125 

Ophioglossum  . 

169 

Pilea...  

130 

Opuntia 

93 

Pimpernel 

112 

Orache 

126 

False 

119 

Orange-root 

69 

Water 

112 

OBCHIDACEvE 

135 

Pimpinella      .      

94 

OBCHIS  FAMILY 

135 

Pine-sap 

111 

Orchis 

137 

Pinguicula  

121 

Crane-fly 

136 

PINK  FAMILY 

75 

Rein 

137 

Pink 

75 

Showy 

137 

Fire 

75 

White,  Fringed 

137 

Ground  or  Moss  . 

115 

Yellow   Fringed 

137 

Maiden  . 

75 

OBPINK  FAMILY 

90 

Mullein  

75 

Orpine 

90 

PINE  FAMILY 

164 

Garden 

90 

Pine 

164 

OBOBANOHACEJE 

120 

Ground  ... 

169 

Orth,  S.  P.,  list  of  plants  of 

Jack            

165 

Imlay  City  ... 

9 

Norway  ,„, 

165 

Page. 
Pine — Continued. 

Red 165 

White 164 

Pine  drops Ill 

Pine  plains,  Flora  of 19 

Pinus 164 

Pinweed ...  74 

Pipe,  Indian  .__.'. Ill 

PIPEBAOE^; 128 

PiPEWORT  FAMILY.  __ 147 

Pipsissewa 111 

PITOHEB  PLANTS 70 

PLANE-TEEE  FAMILY... 131 

PL  ANT  AGIN  AOE.E 127 

Plantago 124 

PLANTAIN  FAMILY...    .....  124 

Plantain 124 

English  ..  125 

Indian  106 

Plant,  Lead 83 

Plantain,  Mud 141 

Pale  Indian     106 

Rattlesnake 136 

Robin's 102 

Tuberous  Indian..  106 

Planting  a  grove 24 

on  the  roadside 24 

the    roadside    and 

near  the  home...  23 

what  to  select    ...  25 

Plants,  climbing...  31 

for  bees 48 

bogs,     marshes, 

ponds 33 

carp  ponds 49 

forage 46 

winter  bouquets  33 
from  Europe  becom- 
ing naturalized...  57 
fast    disappearing 

and  how 56 

glaucous 81 

immigrated       from 

theN.E 22 

immigrated       from 

the  N.  and  W 22 

light  colored 31 

overlapping   in  the 

G.  River  Valley...  22 

medicinal 63 

poisonous... 61 

rare  or  local 53 

with  white  hairs 32 

PLATANACE^E 131 

Platanus 131 

Pleurisy-root 113 

Plum,  Cherry 85 

Wild 85 

Yellow 85 

Poa._  162 

Podophyllum 70 

PODOSTEMACE.S; 128 

Podostemon 128 

Pogonia 137 

Poisonous  plants 61 

Poke.. 126 

Poke-milkweed 113 

POKEWEED  FAMILY 126 

Pokeweed...  ....125,126 

Polanisia 74 

POLEMONIACE.E 115 

POLYGALAOE^; 81 

Polygala 81 

Fringed.. 81 

POLYGONACE-ffi; 126 

Polygonatum 139 

Polygoneila 128 

Polygonum 127 

Polypodium 166 

Polypody 166 

Polymnia  ... 102 

Polytamia 94 

Ponds,  plants  for 35 

PONDWEED  FAMILY 145 

Pondweed 145 

Pondweed,  Horned 147 

PONTEDERIAOE.® 141 


' 


178 


INDEX  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 


Pontederia...                   141 

Poplar 135 

Balsam...  135 

Necklace  _.  135 

White 135 

POPPY  FAMILY 71 

Poppy 71 

Celandine 71 

Populus 135 

Portulaca '77 

PORTULACACE^E 77 

Potomageton 145 

Potato-vine,  Wild.. _..  116 

PotentiJla 87 

Poterium.. 88 

Prairie  plants 21 

Preface 3 

Prenanthes 108 

PRIMROSE  FAMILY 111 

Primrose Ill 

Bird's-eye 111 

Evening 92 

Primula 111 

PRIMULACE^:... _ Ill 

Prince's  Feather  127 

Prince's  Pine..., Ill 

Proserpinaca 91 

Prunus 85 

Ptelea...  79 

Pteris 166 

Pterospora 111 

Puccoon 116 

of  the  Indians 116 

Yellow 69 

Pulp,  wood  for  paper  43 

PULSE  FAMILY 82 

Purse,  Shepherd's 73 

PURSLANE  FAMILY 77 

Purslane  ...                        77 

Water 92 

Putty-root.. 136 

Pyrola 111 

One-flowered 113 

Pyrus 88 

Queen  of  the  Prairie 86 

Quercitron ..  133 

Quercus 132 

Quillwort 170 

Rosaceee,     found     on    pine 

plains 20 

Ragweed 103 

Ragwort,  Golden 106 

Ram' s-head  Lady's  slipper..  138 

RANUNCULACE.E 67 

Ranunculus 68 

Rare  plants 53 

Raspberry,  Black 86 

Dwarf 86 

Purple     Flower- 
ing   86 

Wild  Red 86 

Rattlesnake-Master 95 

root 108 

weed 107 

Reed 161 

Bur 143 

Red-bud 85 

Red-osier.      .            96 

Red-root...                        ....  116 

Red-top,  False 162 

Tall.-.- 161 

Regions  of  Michigan  _____  10 

Region,  Eastern  U.  P 13 

Keweenaw 14 

Marquette 14 

North-central 12 

Northeastern     Lit- 
toral   13 

Northwestern    Lit- 
toral   18 

South-central .  11 

Sagina w  V  alley 11 

Southeastern      Lit- 
toral __ 10 

Southwestern     Lit- 
toral... 10 

RHAMNAOE^;  ...  80 


Page. 

Rhamnus  .............  _.  .....  80 

Rheumatism-root  __________  70 

Rhinanthus._.  120 

Rhus  _______________  ......  _..  81 

Rhynchospora  ______________  150 

Ribes  ________  ..........  ______  90 

Ribgrass.  ......  ________  .....  125 

Ribwort  _____________________  124 

Rice,  Indian  ________________  158 

Mountain    _.  .......  159 

Water  .......  _________  158 

Richweed     _____  ......  ______  130 

Rich-weed  ____  ......  _________  122 

Ripplegrass  ..  ____  __________  125 

RIVER-WEED  FAMILY  _______  128 

River-weed  __________________  128 


Robinia  _________  .....  .  ...... 

Rocket  ... 

Yellow  ______________ 

Rock-rose  ___________________ 

ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY  _________ 

Rominger,    C.,    Geology   of 
Lower  Peninsula  __________ 

Roadside  planting... 
Rosa  ______________  .......  ... 


ROSE  FAMILY 
Rose 

Climbing.  .. 

Prairie  .....  ____ 

Rosin-weed  _________________  102 

RUBIAOE^E  ____                           ____  97 

Rubus     .  86 

Rudbeckia  _____  ..........  ...  103 

RUE  FAMILY..  ..........  79 

Goat's...  83 

Ruellia  ......                     .  121 

Rumex  ________  .  .....  _________  126 

RUTACE^E  _____  ....  .........  ..  79 

RUSH  FAMILY  ...          _______  142 

Rush  142 

Beak..  ...........  _____  150 

Bog  .  142 

Club  ___________________  149 

Club,  River.  149 

Nut  ____________________  150 

Scouring       .      ____  165,  166 

Sea  Club  ________  .....  149 

Soft  142 

Spike  __________  ........  148 

Twig                 ____    ..  150 

Wood  _____              _____  143 

Rye,  Wild  164 

Sabbatia...                 ________  114 

Sage,  Wood  .  ..122 

Sagina  ________  .....  _________  76 

Sagittaria  ___________________  145 

SALICACE^:  ...  .....  ...  ......  133 

Salix  ______  .....  _____________  133 

Salmon-berry  _______________  86 

Sambucus     ..........  ...  96 

Samolus  ____________  ......  __  112 

SANDALWOOD  FAMILY  ______  129 

Sandwort  _______  .......  _____  75 

Thyme-leaved  ____  75 

Sanguinaria  ___________  ......  71 

Sanicle   _____  .....  ___________  95 

Sanicula  ____  .....  ___________  95 

SANTALACEJE  ____  ____________  129 

SAPINDAO&ffi!  .  .  ________  ......  80 

Saponaria  ___________________  75 

Saprophytes  ________________  61 

SARRACENIACE.E  ____________  70 

Sarracenia  __________________  70 

Sarsaparilla,  Wild  __________  95 

Bristly  _______  95 

Sassafras  ........  ____________  128 

Saururus...      ______________  128 

Saxifraga  _________  ......  ____  89 

SAXIFRAGACE^E  _____________  89 

SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY  _________  89 

Saxifrage  ___________________  89 

Early  _____________  89 

Golden  ........  _..  90 

Scabious,  Sweet  ..........  .-.  102 

Scheuchzeria  _____  ........  ...  145 

School,  botany  in  ...........  61 


Page. 

Scirpue... _'.  149 

Scleranthus 125 

Scleria 150 

Scoke 126 

Screens,  trees  for 43 

Scrub       Pine,       Gray       or 

Northern.. 165 

SOROPHPLARIACE^E 118 

Scrophularia     _        .  118 

Scutellaria...  123 

Seal,  Golden  69 

Sea-Rocket 78 

Sedge 150 

SEDGE  FAMILY 147 

Sedum 90 

Seed-box 92 

SELAGINELLACEJE.  170 

Selaginella 170 

Self-heal 124 

Senna  .  .  85 

Wild....".."..."."."."""."  85 

Senecio 106 

Service-berry 89 

Setaria  158 

Shad-bush 89 

Sheep-berry  96 

Shell-bark 131 

Shepherdia      129 

Shin-leaf ill 

Shooting-Star 111 

Shrubs  and  trees,  list  of 49 

noted  for  flowers 29 

small  ones 50 

with  beautiful  fruit.  80 

twigs  30 

Sickle-pod 72 

Sida 78 

Side-saddle  Flower  ._  70 

Silkweed 113 

Sills,  trees  best  for      .  41 

Silene 75 

Silphium 102 

Silver-Weed 88 

Sisymbrium 78 

Sisyrinchium  ._ 138 

Sium 94 

Skullcap 123 

Mad-dog  ...  123 

Smartweed 127 

Water 127 

Smilacina 140 

Smilax 139 

Smith,  E.  F.,  catalogue,of  . .  8 
Smith,  E.  F.,  notes  on  cli- 
mate   15 

Smith,  E.  F.,  notes  on  dis- 
tribution of  plants 15 

Snakeroot...  95 

Black 69,95 

Button 95,99 

Seneca  82 

Virginia ...  128 

White 99 

Snake-head 118 

Sneeze-weed 105 

Sneezewort 105 

Snowberry,  Creeping 110 

SOAPBERRY  FAMILY 80 

Soapwort _..     _  _  .  75 

Soil,    quality   indicated   by 

plants 89 

Solanum 117 

Solea 75 

Solidago 99 

bicolor 99 

caesia 99 

Canadensis..- 100 

Houghtonii 100 

humilis 99 

juncea 100 

lanceolata 100 

latifolia 99 

macrophylla 99 

neglecta... 100 

nemoralis   _.  100 

Ohioensis 100 

patula 100 


INDEX  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 


179 


Page. 
Solidago—  Continued . 

Eiddeltii... 100 

rigida 100 

rugosa 100 

serotina 100 

speciosa 99 

uliginosa...  99 

ulmifolia 100 

Virgaurea 99 

SOLANACE^; „  117 

Solomon's  Seal 189 

False 139 

Great 139 

Smaller 139 

Sonchus 108 

Sones,    G.    D.,     Herbarium 

of 8 

Sorrel...  126 

Dock 127 

Sheep 127 

Sour-Gum  Tree ...  96 

Southern  plants   found   on 

the  west  side  of  the  State.  21 
Spalding,  V.  M.,  medicinal 

plants... 7 

Sparganium 143 

Spartina 151 

Spearmint 122 

Spearwort,  Creeping 68 

Water  Plantain.  68 

Specularia 109 

Speedwell . 119 

Corn 119 

Field 119 

Marsh 119 

Purslane... 119 

Thyme-leaved 119 

Water 119 

Spergula 76 

Spice-bush 128 

SPIDERWORT  FAMILY 142 

Spiderwort      142 

Spikenard 95 

False 140 

Spindle-tree 80 

Spiraea 86 

Spiranthes 136 

Spirodela 144 

Spleenwort 167 

Sporobolus 160 

Spring-Beauty 77 

Spruce 165 

Black... 165 

White 165 

SPURGE  FAMILY      .  129 

Spurge 129 

Spurrey 76 

Corn 76 

Squaw-root 120 

Squaw-weed.. 106 

Squirrel  Corn 71 

Stachys 124 

STAFF-TREE  FAMILY 80 

Staff-tree. 80 

Staphylea 81 

Star-flower 112 

Star-grass 188 

Starwort 76,  100 

Steeple-Bush        86 

Steironema 112 

Stellaria 76 

Stitchwort,  Long-leaved 76 

Long- stalked...  76 

Stickeeed 115 

Stick-tight 104 

Stipa ....  159 

St.  John,  C.  E.,  list  of  plants 

in  Mason  Co 9 

ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY...  77 

St.  John's-wort        . .    .  77 

Great...  77 

Kalm's ...  77 

Marsh  77 

Shrubby....  77 

Stillwell,O.  J.,  Herbarium  of  8 


Page. 

Stone-crop...  90 

Ditch 90 

Mossy 90 

Stone-root 122 

StorksbiU 79 

Stramonium,  Common 117 

Strawberry 87 

Barren 87 

Streptopus 140 

Strophostyles 85 

Stylophorum 71 

Succory 107 

Sugarberry 130 

Sugar,  trees  for 48 

Sumach,  Dwarf... 81 

Fragrant 81 

Poison 81 

Smooth 81 

Staghorn 8.1 

Summer  flowers 38 

SUNDEW  FAMILY 91 

Sundew,  Hound-leaved 91 

Slender 91 

Sundrops _..  92 

Sunflower 103 

Sweet  Cicely 94 

Sw BET-GALE  FAMILY 131 

Sweetbrier ...  88 

Sycamore 131 

Symphoricarpos 97 

Symphytum 116 

Symplocarpus 144 

Synthyris 119 

Tamarack 165 

Tanacetum 105 

Tansy 105 

Taraxacum 108 

Tare 84 

Taxus 165 

Tea,  Labrador 110 

Mexican 126 

New  Jersey 80 

Tear-thumb,  Arrow-leaved , .  127 

Halberd-leaved  127 

TEASEL  EAMILY 98 

Teasel . .  98 

Wild 98 

Tephrosia 88 

Teucrium 122 

Thalictrum 68 

Thimbleberry 86 

Thistle,  Canada...  107 

Field-Sow 108 

Pasture 107 

Plumed 106 

Scotch...  107 

Sow 108 

Spiny-leaved  Sow..  108 

Swamp.  106 

Yellow 106 

Thlaspi 73 

Thorn,  Cockspur 89 

White 89 

Thorn-Apple,  Purple 117 

Thoroughwort 99 

Thuya 165 

Thyme 122 

Creeping 122 

THYMEL^EAOE^E 129 

Thymus 122 

Tiarella  ._ 89 

Tickseed 104 

Tiedemannia ...  93 

Tilia 78 

TlLIACEJE 78 

Timber  for  boats 42 

boxes,    baskets, 

barrels 42 

farm  implements  42 

furniture 41 

best   for   posts   and 

sills 41 

best  trees  for... 40 

Timothy 159 

Tipularia 136 


Page. 

Toad-flax 118 

Bastard 129 

Tobacco.           117 

Indian  ....  109 

Wild.... 117 

Tofieldia  141 

Toothache  tree...  79 

Toothwort 71 

Topography 9 

Touch-me-not,  Pale 79 

Tradescantia 142 

Tragopogon 107 

Tree  planting 24 

Trees  and  large  shrubs,  list 

of .....  49 

Trees  best  for  firewood 41 

Trees,  distribution  of,  ex- 
plained by  Dr.  A.  Gray 18 

Trees  for  sugar 43 

screens  and  wind- 
breaks  43 

timber 40 

Trees  noted  for  flowers 29 

Trees  of  Michigan  compared 
with  those  of  other  coun- 
tries   17 

Trees  of  Michigan  con- 
trasted with  those  of 

Great  Britain 17 

Trees,  those  of  the  Atlantic 
contrasted  with  those  of 

the  Pacific... 18 

Trees,  Why  has  Great  Brit- 

ainsofew?.. 18 

Trees,  Why  has  Michigan  so 

many?.... 18 

Trees  with  beautiful  fruit. ..  30 

twigs..  80 

Trefoil...  82 

Shrubby  79 

Tick 83 

Trientalis...  112 

Triglochin 145 

Trillium   ..  141 

Dwarf  White 141 

Painted ...  141 

Triodia 161 

Trios  teum 96 

Trisetum 161 

Trifolium  82 

Tsuga...  165 

Tulip-tree.... 69 

Tumble  Weed 125 

Tupelo 96 

Tussilago 105 

TuthiJl,  F.  H.,  notes  by...  7 

Turnip   .  73 

Indian,. 144 

Turtle-head...  118 

Tway  blade                            ..  186 

Twin-flower...  96 

Twin-leaf..                       ....  70 

Twisted-stalk 140 

Typha... 148 

TYPHACEJE  143 

Ulmus  130 

Umbelliferee'Y.I.. ..."..""..."  93 

Urtica                           .. 130 

URTIOACBLE...                 ....  130 

Utricularia 121 

Uvularia.. 140 

Vaccinium.. 109 

Valerian 98 

Valeriana 98 

VALERIANAOK3E 98 

Valerianella 98 

VALERIAN  FAMILY 98 

Vallisneria 135 

Velvet-leaf 78 

Verbascum 118 

Verbena 121 

VERBENACK2E 121 

Vernal-grass,  Sweet 158 

Vernonia 98 

Veronica ...  119 


180 


INDEX  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MICHIGAN. 


J 

Page. 

Vervain..  

121 

VERVAIN  FAMILY  .  

121 

Vervain,  Blue  .. 

121 

White  

121 

Vetch  ... 

84 

Milk  

83 

Viburnum  ... 

96 

Sweet  

96 

Vicia  

84 

Vincetoxicum  

113 

VINE  FAMILY  .  

80 

Viola  

74 

VIOLACEJE  

74 

VIOLET  FAMILY  

74 

Violet,  Arrow-leaved  

•    74 

Bird-foot  

74 

Canada  

75 

Common  Blue    . 

74 

Dame's.  _. 

73 

Dog's-tooth  

140 

Downy  Yellow  

74 

Great-spurred  

74 

Green  

75 

Lance-leaved  

74 

Long-spurred  

75 

Pale  

75 

Round-leaved  ... 

74 

Sweet  White  

74 

White  Dog's-tooth.. 
rgin's-Bower.  

140 
67 

PAC'^yTC 

80 

tis            ..  .. 

80 

w'aahoo  

80 

Waldsteinia.  . 

87 

Walking-Leaf  

167 

Walnut         

131 

WALNUT  FAMILY..  

131 

Walnut,  Black      

131 

Wake  Robin  

141 

Water-Dock,  Great  

126 

Water-Pepper  
Water-Plantain  

127 
145 

WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 

145 

Waterleaf  

115 

Page. 

WATERLEAF  FAMILY...  115 

Water-Hemp 125 

WATER-LILY  FAMILY  . .  70 

Water-Lily  70 

WATER-MILFOIL  FAMILY...  91 

Water-Milfoil 91 

Water-Nymph 70 

Water-Pepper 127 

Water-Shield 70 

Water-Star  wort 91 

Water-weed 135 

Wayfaring-tree,  American.  96 

Wax-work 80 

Wax-Myrtle 131 

Weeds  from  Europe.. 52 

native 53 

and  introduced  51 

Wheat-Grass,  Awned  ..   ....  164 

Wheat-Thief  ._ 116 

Wheeler,  C.  F.,  Cyperaceee 

of  Central  Michigan 8 

Wheeler,  C.  F.,  as  author  of 

this  work 1 

Wheeler,  C.  F.,  catalogue  of  7 

herbarium  of  8 

Whitney,  W.  D.,  catalogue  of  7 

Wicky 110 

Wilder,  Marshall  P.,  on  im- 
proving fruits 44 

WILLOW  FAMILY...  133 

Willow 133 

Black 133 

Dwarf  Gray 133 

Glaucous  ..          133 

Heart-leaved 134 

Hoary...  134 

Myrtle 134 

Petioled...  134 

Prairie 133 

Shining...    133 

Silky 134 

Tomentose... 134 

Water 121 

White...  133 


Page. 

Willow-herb 92 

Great 92 

Winchell,  Alex,  climate, 

notes  on .  14 

Winchell,  N.  H.  catalogue  of  7 

Wind-breaks,  trees  for.  43 

Wind-flower 67 

Winter  bouquets,  plants  for  33 

Winterberry... 79 

Wintergreen 111 

Aromatic 110 

Chickweed 112 

Creeping 110 

Flowering 81 

Spotted 111 

WITCH-HAZEL  FAMILY 91 

Witch-Hazel.      .      .  91 

Withe-rod...                    97 

Wolfberry 97 

Wolffia 144 

Wood,  F.  E.,  Herbarium  of .  8 

Woodbine 97 

Woodsia         168 

Wood-Sorrel 79 

Woodwardia 166 

Wormwood 105 

Wright,  John,  Catalogue  of.  7 

Xanthium 103 

Xanthoxylum 79 

XYRIDACE^:  ...  142 

Xyris 142 

YAM  FAMILY...               ....  139 

Yam  139 

Yam-root,  Wild... 139 

Yarrow 105 

YELLOW-EYED-GRASS  FAMILY  142 

Yellow-Rattle 120 

Yew :  165 

American 165 

Zannichellia 147 

Zizania 158 

Zizia 94 

Zygadenus. 141 


€05171014^7 


BERKJEL  'NI 


